SCHOLAE ACADEMICAE: 

OR 

UNIVERSITY STUDIES IN THE EIGHTEENTH 
CENTURY. 




©amtidDgc: 

PIUNTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A., 
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 



SCHOLAE ACADEMICAE: 



SOME ACCOUNT OF THE 



STUDIES AT THE ENGLISH UNIVERSITIES 



IN THE 



Cisl)tetntJ) Ctttturj). 



BY 



CHRISTOPHER WORDSWORTH, M.A. 

EECTOR OF GLASTON, BUTLAND 

SOMETIME SCHOLAR OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE 

FELLOW OF PETERHOUSE 

AUTHOR OF " SOCIAL LIFE AT THE ENGLISH UNIVERSITIES IN THE 

EIGHTEENTH CENTURY." 



Antiquam exquirite Matrem.'"'— Veeg. 



CAMBRIDGE : 

AT THE UNIVEESITY PRESS. 



LONDON: CAMBRIDGE WAREHOUSE, 17, Pateenoster Row. 
CAMBEIDGE : DEIGHTON, BELL, AND CO. 

1877 
[All Eights reserved.] 






L^'bi^' 



^1 






/ 



^^7 



PEEFACE. 



No one who has any experience of the working and life of 
Cambridge can be ignorant how completely we have been 
removed from Cambridge of half a century ago, or that we 
have lost almost the last glimpse of what our University, 
even forty years since, was like. 

Not only has she changed, as all that lives must change, 
but one after another the men of advanced years or of clear 
memory (such as Dr Gilbert Ainslie, Francis Martin, Sedgwick, 
Shilleto and Dr Cookson) have passed away, leaving no such 
memoranda as Gunning or Pry me left, at least none which 
are at present generally accessible, to tell us what were the 
methods and processes of University Study through which 
were educated the minds which have done much to make our 
University and our Country what they are. 

In this quick transition of our academical methods, cus- 
toms, and institutions, the difficulty becomes intense when we 
set ourselves to attempt to picture either of our Universities 
(for the like holds good of Oxford^) at a period removed still 
further from us by two or three generations. 

^ It is as well here (as elsewhere) to apprise the Reader that in the names of 
persons or colleges mentioned in this volume the itaJic tijpe has been reserved 
(except where no confusion was anticipated, e.g. on pp. 140 — 142, or in a reprint) 
for those which belong to Oxford or some foreign seminary. 

w. h 



vi PREFACE, 

Thougli I am conscious how unworthy my work is of the 
Universities, to the knowledge of whose history I desire even 
remotely to contribute, I have endeavoured to collect in this 
volume some of the materials wliich are requisite for a faithful 
account of Cambridge and Oxford in the Eighteenth Century, 
These lay scattered and isolated, partly in memoirs and mis- 
cellaneous publications, and I have taken some pains to bring 
to light some of the secrets of University history and of 
literary lore which have lain dormant in manuscripts, known 
perhaps to a few, and read, it may be, by fewer. 

The Table of Contents and the Index will enable the curious 
to use the volume as a book of reference. 

The following method of arrangement has been adopted : 
Six chapters (iT — Vil) are devoted to the history and 
method of the old Cambridge test and examination for the 
first degree in Arts, and of mathematics, the study predomi- 
nant ; after which a place is given (ch. Vlll) to the ' trivials ' 
(grammar, logic and rhetoric), which under the more ancient 
regime led the undergraduate on his four years' march. Classics 
and Moral Philosophy, the subsidiary studies of the old Tripos 
(x, xi), close this portion of the work. 

The elements of professional education are next considered, 
viz. Law (ch. xi), with which Oxford has taught us to associate 
modern history, thereby encouraging us to' give a place to 
the complete equipment of a man of the world (xii). 

Oriental Studies (xiii) supply so much of the special edu- 
cation of a Divine as can be well divorced from the topic 
of Religious Life, which is not here under our consideration. 
The elementary methods of the Physician's education are 
described in five chapters (xiv — XVIll) on physics, anatomy, 
chemistry, mineralogy and botany. 



PREFACE. Vii 

Special qualification for tlie second degree in Arts, though 
barely recognized at Cambridge, was more fully developed at 
Oxford (xix) ; but its antient ' quadriviar subjects were either 
•neglected, studied independently as music (xx), or anticipated 
in the course of astronomy, &c. (xxi). 

The concluding chapter (xxii) is miscellaneous and sup- 
plementary; while the nine Ajypendices contain documents 
relating chiefly to old courses and schemes of study, methods 
of examination and disputations, honorary degrees, Cambridge 
University Calendars, and the University Press. A collection 
of undergraduates' letters will probably interest several readers 
as they have beguiled me in transcribing them. 

In producing the present publication I have been enabled, 
by the generosity of the Syndics of the Cambridge University 
Press, to complete the second of three works on University 
Life and Studies in England during the Eighteenth Century, 
which were announced in the Preface to a book on Social 
Life, published by Messrs Deighton, Bell and Co. in 1874, in 
compliance with the provision for the Le Bas Essay prize. 

Thg,t the day is not far distant when the materials which 
I have collected and published already will be worked up and 
turned to good account by one who is well qualified for the 
task, I have good reason to hope. 

For the present I will record my thanks to the Rev. Pro- 
fessor John E. B. Mayor of S. John's, and to Mr H. Jackson of 
Trinity, who with great patience and kindness have suggested 
improvements and corrections while the sheets have been pass- 
ing through the press : to Mr H. Bradshaw of King's, the 
University Librarian, and to the past and present Librarians 
of Gonville and Caius College ; to the Rev. H. R. Luard, the 
University Registrary, to Professor T. M°K. Hughes, Mr J. 



viii PREFACE. 

W. L. Glaisher, and the Kev. Ri. Appleton of Trinity, to the 
Rev. T. G. Bonney of S. John's, to Mr R. L. Bensly of Gon- 
ville and Caius, and to Mr J. D. Hamilton Dickson and the 
Rev. Arthur Lloyd of Peterhouse, as well as to the Rev. Pro- 
fessor J. R. T. Eaton of Merton, the Rev. Professor T. Fowler 
of Lincoln, and the Worshipful Walter G. F. Phillimore of All 
Souls College, Occon., for criticizing or supplementing certain 
sections -or passages; to the Rev. H. G. Jebb, rector of Chet- 
wynd, and to Mr F. Madan, fellow of Brasenose College, as 
well as to Professor John E. B. Mayor, the Rev. W. G. Searle 
of Queens', and Mr J. W. Clark of Trinity, for their liberality 
in communicating papers or MS. collections in their possession. 

My obligations to books are, I hope, sufficiently expressed 
in the text and notes of this work, unless it be to Mr Thompson 
Cooper's New Biogi-aphical Dictionary (1873), a work of most 
agreeable comprehensiveness. 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER PAGE 

I. General Inteoduction 1 — 15 

LiBRAEiES. Uffeubacli ...... 3 

College Lectuees . 11 

Gibbon and Gentlemen-commoners ... 15 

II. The Teipos, name and thing 16 — 21 

III. The Sophs' Schools before 1765 .... 22—31 

A. de la Pryme 23 

Ei. Langbtou, Byrom ...... 25 

Dr Paris and Austey . . . . . . 26 

Cumberland, Cbafin, and Fenn . . . . 27 — 31 

IV. Acts and Opponencies after 1772 32 — 43 

Scholastic latinity 40 — 43 

V. The Senate-Hocse 44: — 58 

VI. The Admission of Qcestionisxs. Huddling . . 59 — 63 

VII. The Mathematicks 64—81 

Introduction of Newton ..... 65 
Clarke, Whiston, Nic. Saunderson, Ki. Laughton, &c., 

Waring, &c 67—71 

Anti-Newtonianism . . ' . . . . . 69 

OxTORD opinion 71, 72 

The Limits of reading 73—77 

Mathematical Text-books . ... . . 78—81 

VIII. The Trivial Aexs 82—89 

Grammar 83, 84 

Logick 84—87 

Ehetorick 87—89 

IX. HtTMANITT 90-119 

Foreign Classical Scholars and Eeviews, Euster, Euhn- 

ken, Wyttenbach, &c 92—119 

English Magazines 96—98 



X CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER PAGE 

Frankfort-on-Oder Jubilee 98, 99 

Publick-Schools, Winchester aud Westmiuster, Vin- 
cent Bom-ne, latin verse . , . . . 100 — 101 

Quantity aud Pronunciation 105 — 109 

Person and Greek verse ..... 112 — 115 

Aristotle, Xenophou, Cicero, Greek Plays, &c. . . 116 

Lack of Examination in Greek .... 116, 117 

Classical books at tbe end of the century . . . 118, 119 

X. Morals and Casuistry 120 — 134: 

Text-books 121, 122 

A Short and Easy Way at Oxford ... 123 

Aristotle and Descartes ...... 124 

' ~~-- Locke's Essay 126 

Paley, and Philosophical Essays .... 128 

Text-books . . 129—132 

Casuistry 132—134 

XI. LawI 135—146 

Canon 135—138 

Civil 139—142 

Common (and Civil) 142—145 

International 146 

Xn. Modern Studies 147—161 

History . • 147 

The King's Modem Professors aud Scholars . . 148 — 152 

Political Philosophy aud Economy . . . 151, 152 

Modern Languages ....... 153 

Travellers and Travelling Studentships . . 154 — 156 

Wits and Poets 156—158 

Antiquaries ........ 158 

Saxonists 159—161 

XIII. Oriental Studies- 162—170 

at Cambridge 163—167 

at Oxford 167—170 

XIV. PnYsiCK^ 171—181 

XV. Anatomy ' . . 182—186 

XVI. Cuemistry 187—195 

XVII, Geology and Mineralogy 196 — 201 

Ballad on E. D. Clarke . ..... 199—201 

1 See also pp. 264, 265. " See pp. 266—268. 

3 Sec also p. 264. 



CONTENTS. 



XI 



CHAPTER 

XVIII. Botant: 

at Oxford 

List of Puhlicatioiis 

at Cambridge 

List of Publications 



XIX. 



XX. 



The Degi-ee of M.A 

The Oxford Course . . , 

The M.A. Examination — Statute 
Vicesimus Knox on the Oxford Course . 
[Prof.] Conington's sagacious remarlcs on Oxford 
Cambridge ...... 



and 



ML'SICK 

Gradiaate Anthem- Writers 

Ballad on Ld. Sandwich's Concert 



XXI. Astronomy 

Cambridge Text-books, eir. 1730 

List of Mathematical Publications (1731- 



-1809) 



XXII. Conclusion 

Work at Oxford, and Cambridge (cir. 1793) 
Hard reading ...... 

The Tutorial System 

Suspicions of Partiality .... 

Private Tutors. Tutorial Fees 
Professorships, Privileges and Disabilities . 
Supplementary notes to 

chapters xi, xiv (Law and Physick) 
and XIII (Orientalists) . . 



PAGE 

202-212 

203—206 
206, 207 
207—212 

208, 209 

213-234 

215—221 
222—227 
228—233 

233, 234 

235-240 
237, 238 
238—240 

241-251 

248, 249 
249—251 

252—270 

253—256 

257, 258 

259 

260, 261 

261, 262 

262, 263 

264, 265 
266—268 



APPENDICES. 

i. Kelliquiae Comitiales ex codd. Caiensibus ms.tis . 273—288 

Duporti Praevaricatio desiderata. 1631.1 . . . 273 — 286. 

Shepheai-di Musiea Praelectio, Terrae-Filius, et Pliilo- 

soplius Eespondens Ealeigh. Oxoii. 1615 . 287, 288 

ii. Letters from Persons in Statu Pupillari at Cambridge 

I70i— 1791 289—329 

W. Eeneu (Jes.) to J. Strype, &c. . . . 290—312 

T. Goodwin & T. Hinckesman (Trin.) to S. Jebb 312, 315, 318, 319 
J. Hinckesman (Queens') to S. Jebb . . 313, 314, 316—318 
W. Gooch (Caius), Letters, accounts, &c. . . . 319 — 329 

^ The ground or excuse for printing this 17ta century document in tho 
present collection will be found stated below on p. 273. 



xii CONTENTS. 



PAGE 



APPENDIX 

iii. A Stddent's Guide 170G— 1740 . . . • • 330—337 
'Advice to a joxmg Student' [by D. Waterland (Magd.)]^ 

iv. 'EyKVKXoTraiSeia, or A Method of Instructing Pupils, 1707, 

by Dr Bo. Green of Clare Hall . . . 338—342 

V. Trinity College Examinations 343—351 

for Fellowships 343—346 

Scholarsliips 346, 347 

Directions for Study for T. Zouch (1756) . . 347, 348 

Examination Paper for Fellowships (1797) . . 348, 349 

Freshmen (1799) . . . 350, 351 

vi. St John's College Examinations (1765—1775) . . 352—356 
Old Examination Paper from a MS. in Gonville and 

Caius Coll. Library 357 

vii. Antiquities of the Tripos Lists and Calendars . 358—367 

Proctors' Optimes, Honorary and J^^grotat Degrees . 358 — 362 

A Junior Proctor's Paper (1752) .... 363, 364 

Notes on the earliest Cambridge Calendars . . 364 — 365 
Cover of the Calendar for 1802 .... 366 

A few peculiarities of later editions .... 867 

viii. Antiquities of the Schools from MSS. in Gonville and 

Caius CoU. (1772—1792) 368—376 

Specimens of the Arguments at the Acts . . 369 — 374 

Names of Disputants 374, 375 

Theses or Questions 375, 376 

ix. Annals op the Cambridge Press 377 — 393 

Chronological List of Classical and other works 

produced from the Universities (1701 — 1800) . 394 — 417 

Index 418—435 



1 This tract, or one with the same fall title, is ascribed in Watt's Bibl. Brit. 
985 i. to W. Wotton, D.D., author of Reflexions on Autient and Modern Learn- 
ing, who graduated B.A. at Catharine-hall in 1679, and subsequently gained a 
fellowship at S. John's and a prebend at Salisbury. 



CORRIGENDA. 



for read 

second third 

the bishop's son prebendary of Salisburj' 

Bates, W. Emm. and King's, Bates, W. Emm. and 

Queens'. 

1797 1794 

Plane Spherical Plane and Spherical 

Phil. Eouquet Phil. Bouquet 

264 n. 284 n. 

care cure 

It is fair to the credit of the Cambridge University Press to state that 
several grammatical or tyiiographical errors, which may be observed in quota- 
tions in this volume, are due not to inadvertence but to exact and careful 
reproduction of the originals. 



Page 


line 


from the 


14 


13 


top 


99 


4 


)) 


129 


12 


.. 


250 


3 


bottom 


251 


6 


,, 


268 




(anno 1715) 


279 




(note) 


297 


5 


top 



UNIVERSITY STUDIES, 



CHAPTER I. 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. 

' Books were there 
Eight many, and in seeming fair. 
But who knows what therein might he 
'Twixt hoard and board of oaken tree ? ' 

The Ring given to Venus.— W. Moreis. 

The eighteenth century is hardly far enough removed from us 
to be canonized among ' the good old times,' and the tradition 
of abuses which have been since reformed or partially reformed, 
is sufficiently strong an advocatus diaboli to deter us even from 
beatifying it. 

Nevertheless, if we search into its records, we shall, I be- 
lieve, find no lack of interest in them, though in form (with the 
exception of such books as Boswell's Johnson) they are apt to 
be almost repulsive. 

Considering the two great shocks which England had sus- 
tained in the preceding sixty years, the last century, or at least 
the reign of Queen Anne, might be said to have opened hope- 

fully. 

Politically there was not sufficient cause for either Jacobite 

or Whig to despair for the future ; the star of the national army 

and navy was in the ascendant, and our commercial prospects 

had markedly improved even before the Revolution. The 

w. 1 



2 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Church was improved in temporalities by the Queen, in re- 
spect both of her fabrics and of her poverty-stricken clergy : the 
Lower House of Convocation was making efforts to revive eccle- 
siastical discipline, and to repress immorality. The venerable 
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge had originated in 
1699 : a branch of it was already doing missionary work in the 
plantations of Maryland, and received a charter in 1701 as the 
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Hammond and 
Jeremy Taylor were dead, but Lake and Ken both lived, and 
the works of all of them were keeping alive a secret, but a very 
clear and strong, flame in the hearts of some of our men and 
women. 

In the province of literature, which more nearly concerns 
our present subject, matters were even more hopeful, except in 
the department of amusement, where Steele and Addison had 
not yet produced their wares as a set-off against the pernicious 
artificial comedy, nor had the Spectator as yet drawn the atten- 
tion of the public to the charms of Shakespeare and Milton. 

Clarendon's History of the Behellion, destined to become a 
source of twofold advantage to his own university, came out 
in 1702 — 4 ; while Burnet's 'romance,' as the staunch Church- 
men called it, had reached its second volume. 

Sir Isaac Newton had published his Principia in 1G87, and 
John Locke his Essay in 1G89 : — which two works were to 
mould the mind of Cambridge for the coming century. 

John Ray had j)ublished his important works, and was alive 
imtil 1705, two years before the birth of Linnaeus. Robert 
Boyle had died at the end of 1691. 

Among the 'heads' at Oxford the most noted was John Mill, 
principal of S. Edmund Hall. To him Richard Bentley ad- 
dressed an Epistle in 1690, and after publishing Boyle Lectures 
and Dissertations on Phalaris, was installed master of Trinity 
College, Cambridge, Feb. 1, 1699—1700. To his activity, as 
much as to the writings of Newton and Locke, we may attri- 
bute the revival of Cambridge studies since the Revolution. 

When Zachary Conrad von Uffenbach visited the English 
Universities in the summer of 1710, few things seem to have 
impressed him so much as the wretched state in which most of 
the college libraries were kept. 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. 3 

The great exception, it is hardly necessary to say, was the 
noble library of Trinity College. 

But even here the librarian knew little of his charge, while 
at the smaller colleges the condition of things was most de- 
plorable. In ' Tschies Colledge,' (Kdse Collegium) as his servant 
called the enlarged foundation of Gonville, the librarian was not 
to be found, and all the books that were to be seen were in a 
miserable attic haunted by pigeons^, and so dusty that the 
German was forced to take off his ruffles^ 

So of the other colleges, with a few exceptions. In one he 
noticed that the illuminated initials had been snipt recklessly 
out of a manuscript of Aulus Gellius. But, alas ! ' Pembrocks- 
Colledge' is not the only place at Cambridge where this bar- 
barity has been committed ; nor is the Vatican the only library 
where the keeper has turned a dishonest penny by selling the 
paintings from the vellum. We can sympathize w^ith UfFen- 
bach's blunt aheat in malam crucem talis Bibliothecarius^ ! But 
what should we think now-a-days if Bodley's librarian employed 
his time as Hudson did in disturbing the readers with a noisy 
'he! he! he!' or in making a profit from the sale of duplicates ? 
We should not then be surprised to find that the under-libra- 
rians, ill-paid and well-worked like master Crab and Tom 
Hearne, looked anxiously lest they should lose the expected 

1 In T. Baker's Act at Oxford (1704) Small blame to chapters cut down to 
one of the characters talks of putting four or five elergyxnen.'-— Quart ei-ly 
up his horses in the College library at Rev. cclix. 249, 250. In Peterliouse 
Balliol on that festive occasion. library the gilding &c. of some of the 

2 Uffenbach, i?t'i6'eHiii. 13 &c. (Ulm, initials of Fust and Schaeffer's Latin 
1754). Bible (Mentz, 1462) has been scratched 

3 Ibid. III. 59, 60 ; cp. 37. ' A great and mutilated in days when even 
bibliographer relates with glee how by choristers were allowed free access to 
a present of some splendidly bound the room, which was in sad disorder 
modern books he obtained possession of when Uffenbach visited it, Aug. 7, 
thechief treasures of a certain cathedral 1710. One of the offenders (a fresh- 
library. In that library you yet may man or a junior soph) has left not 
turn over volume after volume out of only his name but the date of his 
which the illuminations have been indenture in the burnished gold — 
sliced by the penknives of visitors. [Jacques] ' Spearman, 1732'. 

In that library you still see strata as Dr.W. Stanley, ex-master of C.C.C.C., 

it were of collections — plenteous ore in printed (at Bowyer's) in 1722, at his 

one generation from folios to broad- own expense, a catalogue of the Parker 

sheets, in the next tenuis argilla. . . . MSS. which Nasmith improved in 1774. 

1—2 



4 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

douceur. When such days return we may expect to see, as 
UfFenbach saw them, the country folk staring in amazement at 
the Bodleian 'like a cow at a new gate\' 

With Mr W, Dunn Macray's Annals of the Bodleian Li- 
hrary, Oxford before us, we cannot complain that there is lack 
of information about the past history of that institution. Some- 
thing of the same kind on a smaller scale has been contributed 
in behalf of the Cambridge University Library by Mr Bradshaw ; 
and it is to be hoped that he will not allow this to remain in so 
inaccessible a place as the pages of the University Gazette'^ 
of 1869. In 1870 Mr Luard edited for the university a 
Chronological List of the Graces, Documents, &c, which concern 
the Library. 

In Isaac Casaubon's time (1613) the Bodleian collection was 
meagre, but was more conveniently open for readers than those 
of Paris. Its appearance in 1691 is described by Mrs Alicia 
D'Anvers in Academia : or the Humours of the university of 
Oxford in Burlesque Verse (pp. 20 — 23). Its arrangement had 
varied little from what it was about 1675 when David Loggan 
sketched -it for his Oxonia Illustrata, the duodecimos on the 
lower shelves, the folios with chains at the top^ 

But in the more important respect of its contents it was in 
Hearne's time (1714) double what it had been when Casaubon 
was at Oxford a century before, i. e. at the latter date its manu- 
scripts were 5916, and printed books 30169. 

Uffenbach spent about two months at Oxford in the autumn 
of 1710, and some of his impressions of the Bodleian have been 
translated by Mr Macray from the Commerciuni Epistolare. A 
no less curious account, to which I have already made allusion, 
is contained in his German diary*, of which professor Mayor's 
summary is tarrying in the press. Uffenbach seems to have 
little higher opinion of 'bookseller' Hudson and Crabb than 



1 Ihid. III. 88,' wie eine Kuli ein neu the back : tliey were airanged in the 

Thor ausahen.' Cp. 157. shelves -with their fore-edge outward, 

* Nos. IX— XV. pp. 69, 77, 85, 93, and on it was written the name or 

101, 109, 117. class-mark. At Peterhonse a catalogue 

3 Cp_ the Guardian, No. lx. (1713). of each shelf was written on the oaken 

The books in hbraries down to the be- panel at its end. 
ginning of last century had no titles on * Rciseii in. 87—179. 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. 5 

Hearne himself had, but he commends the latter, and notices 
his great share (and Crabb's) in the new catalogue which came 
out eventually in 1738 (2 vols.) with no mention of him whatever. 
Uffenbach includes all three officials in the charge of over- 
anxiety for fees : but it must be admitted that they were miser- 
ably under-paid. After the foreigner had got formal admission 
as a reader he made his first regular visit, which he describes 
after the followmg sort : — I asked the way to the Baroccian 
mss. ; Mr Crabb told me that he would bring me any ms. I re- 
quired ; I told him that I wished to go through the principal 
mss. by the catalogue and make notes of each. At last he 
agreed to go up with me if I would give him a good present. 
So I was fain to open my purse and give him a guinea. I pre- 
ferred giving the profit to him, diesem armen Teufel, rather 
than to the head-librarian Hudson ; for first I must have given 
him more, and next I should have seen less ; for he does not 
always stay to the end : whereas Mr Crahb is poking about the 
whole time. Next morning I wished to return to the Baroc- 
cian mss. ; but as Mr Ci'abh was occupied with strangers and 
had much besides to do, I turned over the register of donations. 
It was probably most unfortunate for the library that 
Hearne, its most devoted worker, was excluded on some paltry 
charge of Jacobitism in 1715. Between 1730 and 1740 we 
learn^ that many days passed without there being a single 
reader in Bodley, and rarely above tAVO books per diem were 
consulted, whereas about 1648-50 the average was above a 
dozen. In 1787 complaints were formally lodged against the 
librarian for neglect and incivility by Dr T. Beddoes {Pemb.) 
the chemistry reader. New rules were drawn up, and matters 
began to improve^ about 1789. In 1794 we find the curators 

1 Macray, 152. Tlie atlvantage wMch Worlcs i. 53). It was not until 1829 

undergraduates enjoyed of easy access tbat B.A.s were allowed to have books 

to the Bodleian and other libraries on out of the Cambridge library, after a 

their tutors' introduction is insisted on two years' struggle for the privilege, 

by prof. Bentham [Divinity Lectures, In 1833 some rules were printed re- 

p. 37) in 1774, and by Philalethes in latiug to the admission of undergrad- 

answer (p. 7) to V. Knox's misstate- nates, and in 1834 it was ordered that 

ments, 6 Feb. 1790. Gibbon, as a they should ring a bell before entering 

gentleman-commoner, had a key of the library. 
Magdalen Ubrary in 1752 (Misc. ^ Macray's Annals, lb, 152. 



6 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

in consultation with the librarians of the colleges respecting 
scarce books \ &g. 

Uffenbach had visited the Cambridge public library a fort- 
night before he went to Oxford. In those days, when the 
present Catalogue-room was still the Senate-house, our col- 
lection of books was, as he saw it, contained in 'two mean 
rooms of moderate size. In the first on the left-hand side are 

« 

the printed books, but very ill arranged, in utter confusion. 
The catalogue is only alphabetical, and lately compiled on the 
basis of the Bodleian catalogue. It is also local, indicating 
where the books are to be sought. In the second room, which 
is half empty, there were some more printed books, and then 
the MSS., of which, however, we could see nothing well, because 
the librarian, Dr Laughton (or as they pronounce it, Laffton), 
was absent ; which vexed me not a little, as Dr Ferrari highly 
extolled his great learning and courtesy. Uara avis in his 
terris. 

' We met here however by accident the librarian of St 
Johns library, Mr Baker, a very friendly and learned man, 
by whose help we saw several other things ; for otherwise the 
maid, who had opened the door and was with us, would have 
been able to shew us but little.' He describes the Codex 
Bezoe, some Anglo-Saxon MSS., which he saw, and an untidy 
drawer of miscellaneous coins. The under library-keeper, who 
was there, gave him a leaf of an imperfect codex of Josephus 
written with thick ink, as a curiosity to take away^ ! 

We cannot but look with envy upon the donation-book 
and enriched catalogues of the Bodleian. Although the Gough 
and Douce collections did not come in until the present 
century (1809, and 1834), yet Hi. JRawlinson's (including 
Hearne's curious papers) was acquired in 1755, and the 
(original) Godiuyn collection was imported in 1770. But beside 
these, numerous smaller legacies, &c. came j^ouring in from 
Locke, Hody, Narcissus Marsh, South, and Grabe (1701! — 24), 
Tanner (1736), J. Walker (1754), and Browne Willis in 1760 : 
— not to mention many other less eminent donors. Mean- 

* Macray's Annuls, p. 200. 70 — 75, 81. Baker, Ferrari and New- 

^ Rcisen iii. p. 20 (prof. Mayor's come eiiriclied St John's library in 
version, p. 140). Also pp. 33—40, 1740, '44, 'G5. 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. 7 

while Cambridge came off very poorly, whether because she 
did not make such graceful speeches to her benefactors, or 
because the inexorable care with which Bodley kept the books 
within his walls pleased book-collectors better than the ex- 
cessively accommodating open-handedness' wherewith we lent, 
and practically gave away our treasures, — or from whatever 
cause, I cannot say. Since Holdsworth's books in 1649 and 
Hackett's in 1070 Cambridge acquired no considerable collec- 
tions with one grand exception^ and her treatment of that 
one was not very encouraging to future donors. 

In September, 1710, Sherlock received an announcement 
from Lord To>vnshend that King George I. was about to present 
to the University (whether out of regard to whiggish^ ration- 
ality or ignorance, the party wits could not agree) the valuable 
library of the late Bishop Moore of Ely, which he had pur- 
chased for 6000 guineas. This collection exceeded the number 
of thirty thousand volumes (including 17.90 MSS.), and was more 
than double of the existing stock of our University Library. 

In the course of fifteen years a new Senate-house* was 
built in order to set free the present catalogue-room for the 
reception of this noble gift; but, as Mr Bradshaw says, it 

1 The convenience of our system was porfiry aocount is given by Eeneu to 
appreciated by tlie learned Oxonian, Strype in an appendix to this volume : 
Humphrey Wanley, in 1699. He testi- but it was not until a century later 
fies thus (Ellis' Letters of Lit. Men, that this part of the fund was applied 
289) : ' The truth is, the Cambridge to this object. It is now worth about 
gentlemen are extremely courteous and a thousand pounds annually to the 
obhging, and, excepting those of Ben- libi-ary. 

net College [where they were bound by ^ It is curious that in 1718, the year 

sterner laws than the Bodleian], I can of Bentley's degradation, Philip Brooke 

borrow what books I please.' The in- (Joh.) the librarian was admonished 

convenient part of the Oxford eonserva- for neglect in July and resigned under 

tive system is much relieved by the a charge of tvant of loyaltij in Decem- 

use of the 'camera,' and the liberty ber, and the V.-C.(Gooch) was inhibited 

which the curators now have to lend by the proctor Towers on the same 

out MSS. and rare books when really plea for his leniency in dealing with 

wanted; while the jieril attending our him. 

Cambridge Liberty has been diminished * An account of expenses of building 

of late years by a wholesale draught- the senate-house, 1722 — 32, is in Caius 

ing-off of the rarer books into sur- Coll. Library, MS. 621, No. 10. Also 

veiUance. for fm-ther completion, 1767 — 9, ibid. 

2 We might mention also the Worts' MS. 604 ( = 339 red), No. 53 ; MS. 602 
benefaction (1709), of which a coutem- ( = 278 red),Y{o. 6 ; and MS. 621, No. 16. 



8 



UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 



was ' upwards of five and thirty years before the new library 
was ready for use, and during that time the pillage was so 
unlimited that the only wonder is that we have any valuable 
books left,' When at last the arrangement was completed 
(July, 1752) the MSS. were bundled into shelves with no care 
or order^ though a respectable inventory was made of them. 

At the same period (1748) no less than 902 volumes were 
reported as missing from the old library, so that our loss was 
not only from Bishop Moore's collection. Yet in that very 
year the new ' Orders for the publick library ' gave readers 
freedom of access to the books. Indeed it was not until 1809 
that any special restriction was put upon the borrowing of 
MSS. The result was that at the review of the library in 
1772 a large number of rare books were not forthcoming. 
Graduates were convicted of stealing books in 1731 and 1736 ; 
and in 1846 J. Dearie was transported for the same offence. 



1 The following extracts from T. 
Baker's letters to J. Strype in 1715 
and the following years, maybe thought 
interesting. 

Univ. Camb. MS. Add. 10, No. 95. 
* Cambr. Oct. 6th [1715] You see our 
university flourisheth, by the King's 
Eoyall bounty. It is indeed a noble 
gift, I wish we may finde as noble a 
Bepository to lodge it in, wcli is much 
talkt of, and I hope will be effected. 
In the mean while I doubt it will be 
some time before I can have the tui-n- 
ing of the MSS: otherwise I should 
hope to have somewhat to impart.' 

No. 96. ' Cambridge, Oct. 16. As 
to a new Library, I have nothing cer- 
tain to inform. The Law Schools 
have been spoke of, but as there is 
hardly roome enough, so they that 
think of that, seem neither to consult 
the honor of the Donor, or of the uni- 
versity. The great design wch is like- 
wise spoke of, is a new Building to 
front ye present Schools on either side 
the Eegent walks, with an Arch in the 
middle. For this money is wanting, 
and yet if it were begun, I should hope, 
such a public work would hardly stick 



for want of encouragement! In the 
mean while that wing of the Library 
is spoke of for the MSS : in the part of 
wch the present MSS. are lodg'd al- 
ready, and the printed Books remov'd.' 

No, 98. (18 Feb. 1715—16.) Baker 
regrets that he is stUl unable to get at 
the books. 

No. 99. [28 June, 1716.] 'We seem 
to have come to a resolution, to fit up 
the Law Schools for the Bp of Ely's 
Books, but as the execution will be 
slow, so I am sure that there will want 
roome for a great part of them.' 

No. 100, * Cambridge, Nov. 9, 1716. 
'When the Bp of Ely's Books are 
opened (wch I doubt they will not be 
in hast) I shall hoi^e to meet with 
somewhat worth imparting.' 

No. 107. 28 Sept. 1717. 'not one 
book yet put up j nor one class towards 
receiving them, and when all is finisht 
will be a very unequal Eepository to so 
noble a gift.' And the King expected 
to visit Cambridge. 

No. 117. 8 Mar. 1717—18. 'One 
part ... almost finisht, tho' it will not 
hold much above half the Books, ' 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. 9 

In 1766 it was agreed to print a catalogue of the printed 
books, but no trace even of a commencement of the work is 
known to exist. It was not until 1794 that Nasmith undertook 
to make a fuller list of the MSS. on the basis of the then 
existing one. About this time the library hours were from 
10 a.m. to 2 p.m. 

In 1740 vols XXIV — XLii of Baker's MSS. were acquired, 
and the Askew classical MSS. in 1786. Donations are recorded 
from Mr Worthington (1725), Archd. Lewis (1727), Duke of 
Newcastle (1759), King Charles III. of Spain (1764), Duke of 
Marlborough (1782), Earl of Hardwicke (1798), and Sir R. 
Worsley (1799) for small presents, such as Oxford received in 
abundance. 

From the nature of the terms of admission into the Cam- 
bridge library^ it is impossible to measure the use made of 
it at any period as was done in the case of the Bodleian, but 
one of the causes which probably deterred some from frequent- 
ing that building in the more studious months, was not wanting 
here. The severity of cold in winter of which Mr Macray 
speaks had power to dishearten even the enthusiastic Thomas 
Baker, whose health was not good^ It was not until 1790 and 
1795 that fire-places were put into our library, and warming 
apparatus was recommended in 1823, and 1854 — 6. About 
1797 Marshall, the library-keeper, became perfectly crippled 
with rheumatism, and his assistants could not stay above three 
years in the library, which ' was so extremely damp that few 
persons could pass any length of time in it with impunity V 

But to return to Uffenbach's visit to England in 1710. 
The absence of librarians and others for the vacation at Cam- 
bridge obliged him to betake himself to other occupations, 
which he recounts in a no less interesting way. But even in 
term-time when he reached Oxford it was unfortunate that 

1 In answer to K. Charles' quaere in University. If any strangers be per- 

Aug. 1675 the Cambridge heads de- mitted the use of the Library, it is by 

clared that ' No University members licence given them from the V. Chaa- 

under the Degree of Masters of Ai'ts cellor.' (Dyer Prir. i. 370.) 

have admittance to the use of the ^ MS. Add. 10, No. 62 (19 AprU, 

pubhck Library, and those upon no 1712). 

other caution but their Matriculation » Gunning Reminisc. Vol. Ii. ch. iii. 
oath, taken at their admission into the 



10 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

when the visitor wanted to go to the Ashraolean museum, the 
under-librarian had gone oif to the Oxford races (SejH. 18), 
whither Uffenbach himself went in a barge to see the ' Smoak- 
race\' horse races, &c. Still more must we regret that he 
visited the universities in the long vacation, both for the credit 
of the country and for the knowledge which we might have 
gained of the manners of the time : — for though he attended 
a music party and met some of the celebrities of the day at 
the Greek's Coffeehouse and elsewhere, yet many of the senior 
members of the University were not in residence ; and of 
undergraduate-life we hear next to nothing, and that little 
not from personal observation. 

Soon after his arrival in Cambridge, — that wretched town 
which he described as about the size of Hochst near Frankfurt, 
— Uffenbach was astonished to hear from his cicerone, the 
Italian Ferrari, that there were no classes or lectures (collegia) 
in the summer, and in winter only three or four, and those 
generally delivered to the walls (die sie vor die Wdnde thun). 
It is possible that he had heard an account of what were at 
Oxford actually called WaM-lectures^ — the sex soUemnes lectiones 
of the statutes, ' read pro forma in empty school ' (1773) as a 
qualification for the degree of M.A., and the 'ordinaries' for 
D.D., which were performed in a slovenly way and to the bare 
walls, unless some tiresome visitor came in and shamed the 
student into a more serious exhibition of his proficiency, 
Ferrari, a foreigner, was not a good person to explain to 
another the manners and customs of Cambridge, which both 
in name and thing differed widely from those of the seminaries 
with which they were familiar. Suffice it to say that if they 
had made enquiry in term-time they would have found 
Roger Cotes of Trinity, Daniel Waterland of Magdalene, 

1 Probably a smock-race : see The tweeu two running footmen who wore 

Scouring of the White Horse (by the even less covering than the athletes of 

author of ' Tom Brown'), which illus- the present clay — braccatos, ivimd ne 

trates the sports of Thames-country. braccatos quidem, as an Oxford proctor 

Compare also Uffenbach's account of called them. 

the contest ' der das garstigste Gesicht ^ [Bliss'] Oxoniana i. 62. Cp. Con- 

dazu macht' with ' grinning through sideration on the Public Exercises, 

horse-collars.' Also Hearne's account Oxon. 1773. p. x. 
(Diary, 20 Sept. 1720) of a race be- 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. 11 

Nicholas Sanderson of Christ's, Chr, Anstey (the elder) and 
J. Newcome of St John's, and I know not who beside \ with 
well-filled lecture-rooms in 1710. And if they failed to find 
in his college auditorimn their friend Eichard Laughton of 
Clare, the popular 'pupil-monger,' it would be only because 
then, as in the preceding year, he was proctor, and in his own 
person (as we shall see below) fulfilling the ofiice of moderator 
in the schools for the University at large, where he was en- 
couraging the senior sophs and questionists to adopt the New- 
tonian philosophy in the exercises for their bachelor's degree. 

I have shewn already in my University Life (pp. 83 — 87) that 
at the close of the eighteenth century a large number of professors 
at each University did not pretend to lecture. But though 
this was doubtless a bad state of things, and would have sounded 
still more deplorable to a foreigner who was ignorant of our 
English system of college tutors and lecturers ; still this would 
not prove that even at the dead time, a century after Uffen- 
bach's visit, all teaching-life was extinct at our Universities. 

There was always a svipply of college tutors who, like 
H. Laughton of Clare, fulfilled their duty . scrupulously, and 
consequently made their colleges popular with careful parents 
and aspiring students. Nor indeed, as I have previously 
shewn, was the common neglect by any means universal among 
the 'professors. In a small society it sometimes happened (as 
indeed it may now) that some precocious freshman* read faster 
than his tutor did in lectures with the bulk of the men of his 
year, and in the lack of the new intercollegiate system was 
excused attendance. But [Waterland's] Advice to a Young 
Student (a thoroughly practical and popular guide, which had 
a * run ' in MS. and print for at least thirty years) is only one 
among several witnesses which might be produced to prove 
that students relied upon their college tutors for initiation in 
each subject which they took up. Even Gibbon, when it was 
represented that he had generalized too much from his own 

1 William Whiston of Clare, Lucas- autumn of that year. 

ian professor, published Praclectiones - e.g. Sir J. Fcnn, Caius, 1757 ; ,S(> 

Physico-Mathematlcac, Cautabrigiae IV. Jones, Univ. 1764 ; H. Gunning, 

in Scholis puhlicis hahitae up to that Chr. 1785. 
time, and was silenced only in the 



12 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

brief and deplorable experience at Magdalen College, 
Oxford, whither he went in his fifteenth year in 1752, 
and remained but fourteen months, diversifying that short 
period by ' schemes ' or excursions to Bath, to Buckinghamshire, 
and four to London, — even Gibbon was able to mention the 
names of John Burton (D.D. 1752), who before his time had 
been a most painstaking tutor of Corpus Christi, Oxon. for 
fifteen years, and of Sir William Scott, M.A. 1767 (afterwards 
Camden Reader of History, and celebrated as a judge under 
the name of Lord Stowell), who after his time migrating from 
Corpus Christi became a good and popular tutor at University 
College, Oxon. One of his own tutors at Magdalen (for Gibbon 
had the misfortune to change his instructor) was T. Waldgrave 
or Waldegrave (D.D. 1747), whom he describes as *a good, 
sober man, but indolent ;' and who frequently walked with his 
pupil to the top of Heddington-hill and ' freely conversed on a 
variety of subjects \' though the lad was pleased to neglect his 
Terence lectures which others attended for an hour every 
morning. In Gibbon's second term his tutor went out of. 
residence and waa succeeded by a careless man as it appears. 
But at that very time George Home was a fellow of the 
college ; about the time Gibbon should have taken his degree 
Bi. Chandler, learned in inscriptions, came into residence, 
and at least two years before he lurote his ' Autobiography ^ ' 
Martin Joseph Bouth had edited the Euthydemus and Gorgias 
of Plato, and was already deep in theological research. Forty 
years earlier E. Holdsworth, a Wykehamist well versed in 
Virgil, had been a successful tutor at Magdalen (1711-15) 
until he chose rather to leave his demyship and the certainty 
of a fellowship than to take the oaths of allegiance ^ 

But, as we see, Gibbon had generalized unduly from the 
condition of the * monks of Magdalen ' (where no ' commoners ' 
were admitted) in 1752 to the normal condition of that and 
all ' the other colleges of Oxford and Cambridge.' In answer 

1 Had he known his former pupil's ^ Gibbon seems to have commenced 

theological difficulties, Waldegrave his ' Autobiography ' after he went to 

would in 1753 have striven to dispel Lausanne in 1782. It was published 

them. (See Gibbon's Misc. Works, posthumously by Ld Sheffield in 1796. 

Vol. II. Letter xi.) ^ Nichols' Lit. Anecd. in. G7 n. 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. 13 

to this assumption Dr Parr in note 84 to his Spital Sermon 
(Easter Tuesday 1800)^ has merely to array, with occasional 
comments, some three hundred and fifty names of eminent men 
of letters and science who had resided in the universities in his 
own time. 

The following list of certain subjects on which there were 
lectures at different periods in the colleges is taken at random 
from biographies &c., and is of course a mere specimen, 

1710. 8t John's, Camb., for freshmen, M. Hierocles^ Tu., Th., 
Sat, Logic. In a later term, Algebra : for junior sophs, 
Ethics : senior sophs, Tacquet's Euclid^, Rohault's 
Physics, 

1737. St Johns, Camb, Logic. 

1738, Ch. Ch. Oxon. Paffendorf, 

1747. Trin, Coll. Camb. Cicero de Officiis, 
1752, Magd. Oxon. Terence for freshmen daily. 
1755. Trin. Coll. Camb. Puffendorf, Clarke on the Attributes, 
Locke, Duncan's Logic. Daily early lectures in hall, 
with a weekly viva voce examination conducted in 
Latin. 

1766. Trinity Hall, Camb, Cicero de Officiis. 

1767. Feterhouse, Camb. Newton's Principia, Greek Testa- 

ment, 
1770*. Christ's Coll., Camb, Classics and Locke alternate 

mornings. Two evenings, Greek Testament, one a 

Greek or Latin book. 
1772, Jesus, Camb, Algebra, and Duncan's Logic. These, 

1 Sydney Smith in the 1st no. of ^ Cambridge editions of Tacquet's 

theE(Zin&ur(;7ji?euiezy compared Parr's Euclid in 1702 — 3, 1710, by Wliiston 

sermon, with its abnormal notes, to (then Lucasian professor), with select 

the wig which its author wore : — 'while Theorems of Archimedes and practical 

it trespasses little on the orthodox corollaries, 

magnitude of perukes in the anterior •* This date and place are conjectural 

parts, it scorns even episcopal limits — from the Monthly Magazine, 1797, 

behind, and swells out into boundless i. p. 360 a. For the year 1772 one 

convexity of frizz, the ;ue'7a davixa, of authority mentions only two subjects 

barbers, and the terror of the literary at Jesus Coll., another mentions three 

^orld.' others as well, and that for freshmen 

2 i. e. the work of Eierocles the only ; which shews that we must not 

Neo-Platonist, edited by P. Needham, take the rest of my list as exhaustive, 
Gamh. 1709. 



14 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

with classical books, Euclid and Arithmetic, were the 
freshmen's lectures at all colleges, the Logic, however, 
not being universally taught. 

1780. Cath. Hall, Camb. Moral Philosophy. 

1785. Christ's Coll.; Camb. Euclid, I — VI., Maclaurin's Al- 
gebra, Classics, Locke, Moral Philosophy, Grotius and 
Logic and (?) Chemistry. (Gunning's Reminisc, 1. 11.) 

1793. Trinity College, C&mh. A junior soph, Euclid, XL 

It will be observed that our first and fullest list (Ambrose 
Bonwicke's at St John's, in 1710-13), just coincides with the 
time of which UfFenbach conceived so gloomy an impression. 
A glance at Waterland's Scheme, which will be found in the 
second appendix to this present volume, will give us a still 
clearer and more encouraging view of Cambridge College- 
lectures between 1710 and 1740. 

I have mentioned the weekly examination at Trinity, con- 
ducted in the Latin language. Yearly college examinations 
were the exception in that century, but some account of those 
established at St John's, Cambridge, in Dr Powell's days, will 
be found in another ai^pendix. Under Dr Postlethwaite yearly 
examinations of freshmen and junior sophs were instituted at 
Trinity in 1790. Bp Monk, when head-lecturer in 1818, 
extended the college examination to students of the third 
year\ We find, moreover, that throughout the century can- 
didates for degrees were examined sometimes nominally, some- 
times thoroughly, by the fellows of their own colleges before 
they were allowed to pass to the public examination of the 
schools or senate-house. Examples of college tutors examining 
their pupils privately to see whether they made proper progress 
are not wanting^. 

One of Gibbon's reflexions on his experience of Magd. Coll., 
Oxon. in 1752, is — *A tradition prevailed that some of our 
predecessors had spoken Latin declamations in the hall ; but of 



1 Life of Bentley, ii. 424. the Dean once a week a Latin theme' 

^ Gunning Reminisc. i. ch. i. In besides their lectures. This was just 

chapter ii. the same author says it two years before Gibbon icrote his 'Au- 

was the custom of his college (Christ's) tobiography. ' 

' for the undergraduates to send in to 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. 15 

this ancient custom no vestige remained : the obvious methods 
of public exercises and examinations were totally unknown.' 

If he referred to the order of gentlemen-commoners alone, 
we may make reply, as Evelyn testifies (anno 1637), that at 
Balliol they ' were no more exempted from exercise than the 
meanest Scholars there ' and Erasmus Phillips of Pembroke, 
nearer his own time, had in 1721 to take an essay to the 
Master, and to declaim in hall. But it is also true that in 1774 
(fourteen years before Gibbon's Memoir was written) the fellow- 
commoners of St John's, Cambridge, were obliged to attend 
the examination : — in 1790, in all the colleges of Oxford, a 
more rigorous discipline was enforced upon noblemen and 
gentlemen-commoners than the amendments of V. Knox pro- 
posed, and in several the heirs of the first families of the king- 
dom submitted to the same exercises and the same severity 
of discipline with the lowest members of the society. In 1802, 
S. M. Phillipps, a fellow-commoner of Sidney, was 8th wrangler. 
Nevertheless, it must be admitted that even in later times, 
students of this rank were in some instances allowed to be idle 
or even encouraged in idleness. Indeed, the university as dis- 
tinct from their college examinations appear scarcely to have 
reached them, and it is even asserted that Felix Vaughan, of 
Jesus College (who was also a good classical scholar), was the first 
fellow-commoner whose name appeared on the tripos. He was 
eleventh senior optime in 1790, being two places below John 
Tweddell. James Scarlett (Lord Abinger, Exchequer Baron) of 
Trinity, who took his degree in that same year, though not in 
honours, is said by Peacock {Statutes, p. 71 n.) to have been the 
first fellow-commoner who in later times appeared in the scJiools. 

In 1750 however Gray mentions {Letter to Wharton, in. 78) 
the election to a fellowship at Pembroke, Camb., of E. Delaval, 
a fellow-commoner * who has taken a degree in an exemplary 
manner, and is very sensible and knowing.' 

Also T. Gisborne, fellow-commoner of St John's, B.A. 1780, 
was sixth wrangler and senior medallist. 

But if Gibbon's remarks related to all ranks of students 
impartially, the following pages must serve to limit the scope 
of his censure. 



CHAPTER II. 



THE TRIPOS. 



'Cry you mercy, I took you for a joint-stool.' 

K. Lear, Act iii. Sc. 6. 



Before entering upon the details of tlie university exercises 
and examinations, we ought to try to divest ourselves of a 
modern opinion, that study exists for examinations rather than 
examinations for study. Indeed, to apply the measure of their 
prevalence and efficiency to the education of past generations, 
would be to commit an anachronism. 

We might look in vain for any public examination to justify 
the learning and research which in the seventeenth century 
made English students famous : — whose efforts were fostered, 
rather by the encouragement of tutors and friends, than by the 
disputations in the schools. Examinations in our modern ac- 
ceptation there were none. As books became cheaper, the 
quicker and the more diligent students discovered that they 
could acquire knowledge for themselves where previous gene- 
rations had been dependent on the oral teaching. Then arose 
the necessity of examination, and as this has come to be more 
scientifically conducted, and its results to be more public, and 
at last in a sense marketable, there has been a fresh demand 
for oral instruction. 

Again, the increased use of paper and of printing^, which has 

^ There was a paper duty in Eug- cal part of tlie seuate-liouse examina- 
land from 1694 to 1861 (Haydn, Diet. tion was demonstrated on paper by 
of Dates). About 1770 the mathemati- the candidates, but the questions were 



THE TRIPOS. 17 

(lone much to improve and facilitate the art of examining, lias 
in a great measure changed the character of the tripos itself. 

The Cambridge tripos is a development of the eighteenth 
century, and its growth may be fairly taken as a sign of the 
vitality of Cambridge. 

The ground in whi<3h it was nursed was the new senate- 
house, which was in course of preparation in the years 1722-30. 
The oiame of 'the mathematical tripos' was indeed unknown: 
for not only was it not exclusively mathematical until the intro- 
duction of the Previous Examination, nor was it called so until 
there was a classical tripos from which to distinguish it ; but 
the very name of tripos by no means implied an examination.- 

The history of its name is scarcely less remarkable than the 
development of the examination to which in process of time 
it came to be applied. 

In the ceremonies which were performed on Ash-Wednesday, 
in the middle of the sixteenth century, at the admission of 
questionists to be bachelors of arts, an important function was 
executed by a certain 'ould bachilour' who was appointed as 
first champion on the side of the examining and honour-holding 
university. He had to ' sit upon a stoole before Mr Proctours ' 
and to dispute first with the ' eldest son ' (the foremost of the 
questionists) and afterwards with 'the father' (a graduate 
representing the paternal or tutorial piety of the hall or college 
coming to the rescue of the young combatant) on the two 
questions thrown down as a challenge by the eldest son. At 
this period, the only ' tripos ' was the three-legged stool. 

When we next catch full sight of these proceedings a century 
later, soon after the Restoration of K. Charles II., we find the 
* ould bachilour,' if not recognised already as a licensed buffoon, 
yet needing to be exhorted by the Senior Proctor ' to be witty 
but modest withall.' Whether it was the contempt for cere- 
monies which was rife in England in the Reformation period, 
or the example of the royal patron of Ignoramus (who would, 

dictated orally by the moderator -who the year 1801 the problem papers (but 

sat at a table with them. At certain not the other questions) began to be 

times they were engaged by themselves printed. I do not remember to have 

with a problem paper, of which they seen one above eighty years old. 
must have obtained a MS. copy. Before 

w. 2 



18 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

it may be supposed, have thoroughly eDJoyed the incongraities 
of a noisy Commemoration), or from these and other influences, 
the university Quadragesimal ceremonies, though not entirely 
stript of their religious character, (private prayer being sub- 
stituted for Mass and the de prqfundis,) had lost their dignity. 
We find in the second year of K. Charles I. (May, 1626) the 
Heads^ j)rotesting against this degeneracy. Not only had the 
' eldest son ' or questionist, whom we may consider as the prin- 
cipal, handed over the conduct of his case to the 'father' whose 
client he was, but the serious exposition of the argument on 
the part of the university had now, by custom, fallen into the 
hands of the first and second regent Master of Arts, while ' the 
bachelor,' their junior counsel, was apt, in spite of the protests 
of disciplinarians, to open the case against the petitioner in a 
speech more remarkable for personalities than for artisprudence. 
For upwards of a century we find the university authorities 
scandalized by this functionary and falling foul of him. Ac- 
cordingly there was some appropriateness in the change of 
language which (apparently some time between 1560 and 1620) 
recognised him no longer as the ' old bachelor answering ' but 
as ' the tripos^ ' (or ' Mr Trij)os ' quasi dicer ent ' Mr Three-legged 
stool') according to the figure whereby important personages are 
sometimesreferred to as 'the Chair,' 'the Woolsack,' or 'the Bench.' 
We find the name Tripos or Tripus applied to the B.A. 
speaking at the ' prior ' and ' latter ' acts of Comitia Minora or 
Bachelors' Commencement, both colloquially and in academical 
documents, for a period of more than a century ^ Possibly 

' Cooper, Annals, iii. 185, saj's Mr Leslie Stephen has pointed out) 

8th May. — Dyer, PriviL i. 293, gives was 'tripos' at the later act, 'in 

the (late as 1" Mai. comitiis posterioribus' of the Bache- 

2 When writmg r^Hii'.Zi/c, p. 41 jj.l, lors' Commencement— only he seems 

I was inclined to think that in Hearne's to have been something more than an 

day Triims had come to be used as an ould bachilour — a young M.A. J. 

eqiiivalent for Praevaricator or Varier, Byrom, who mentions the degradation 

the corresponding of disputant of the of ' one Law,' a M.A. and fellow of 

Major Commencement. A comparison Emmanuel, to he a soph, says that his 

with p. 231 in that volume makes me speech was ' at the Trypos.' 

conclude that this was no exception to 3 e. gr. 1620, 1626, 1G65, 1667, 1702, 

the ordinary distinction of the terms, 1740. See references in Univ. Life, 

but that Mr Law or Lawes (no other pp. 218, 220, 228—231. 
than the author of the Serious Call, as 



THE TRIPOS. 19 

because of the capabilities which it afforded for puns and 
allusions classical to the Delphic Oracle, mathematical to tri- 
lateral, and personal to any one who in some way or another 
could be likened to the fylfot which quocumque ieceris stabit 

But this use of the title was not destined to continue. In 
the course of the period (a hundred and twenty years or more) 
which has been indicated as assigning the name Tripos to a 
personage, we find frequent references to the humorous orations 
delivered in the schools by those who filled this office. These 
at first were known as Tripos- Speeches (1713, 1740), but in pro- 
cess of time shared, if they did not finally appropriate, their 
composers' title. 

When it was that Mr Tripos ceased to take part in the argu- 
ments of the Sophs' schools I cannot exactly determine. I 
should conjecture that the custom was not allowed long to sur- 
vive the opening of the senate-house in 1730 and the improve- 
ment which took place in university examination between that 
date and 1750. For many years it had been usual to circulate 
copies of Latin verses {carmina' comitialia^) bearing reference 
to the formal 'questions' under disputation. Among other dis- 
putants the two Messieurs Tripos of the year were expected to 
produce each his two sets, which composition custom has con- 
tinued; and at the present time these verses (still known as 
Tripos-verses, though the writer is never called the Tripos) are 
the only reliques of the disputations which, so far as the Arts 
faculty is concerned, have been entirely superseded by the Pre- 
vious Examination and improved examination for the degree. 
These papers of verses about the middle of the last century 
afforded the single opportunity still conceded to the Triposes 
for giving vent to their wit and humour, and these broadsheets 
came (like the speeches of their predecessors) to usurp the title 
of their composers. 

About the year 1747-8 the moderators began the custom 
of printing honour-lists on the back of the two yearly triposes 
{i. e. sheets of tripos-verses) so that instead of the first Mr Tripos 
and his speech upon one of two questions at the former Act on 
Ash-Wednesday, and a second Mr Tripos and his speech more or 
less humorous upon one of two other questions at the latter Act 
1 Such verses were published as early as the Ifith century. 

2—2 



20 UNIV^ERSITY STUDIES. 

of the Bachelors' Commencement in Lent, there were, in the 
middle of the last century and subsequently, two sets of Latin 
verses more or less humorous, composed by two nominees of 
the Proctors, upon two questions, and at the back a list of 
Baccalaurei quibus sua reservatur senioritas Coniitiis Priorihus 
who had done more than satisfy the moderators by their dis- 
putations in the schools during the previous year and in their 
subsequent examination, viva voce and on paper, in the senate- 
house. Their names in the year 1753 and subsequently were 
further distinguished as ' wranglers ' and ' senior optimes.' Se- 
condly two other sets of verses^ backed by a list of Baccalaurei 
quibus sua reservatur senioritas Comitiis Posterioribus or junior 
optimes and ol iroWot. Since 1859 the two papers (prior and 
posterior') have been combined ; and the lists (known as tripos- 
lists) are circulated entire at the June Commencement. Such 
interest as is now attached to them belongs rather to the verses 
than to the lists of the several triposes (for the name has now 
at last come to signify degree examinations) which have been 
circulated already severally. But in times when there was but 
one examination in the Arts faculty (viz. before the classical 
tripos was established in 1824, distinct from or rather in ad- 
dition to the mathematical and philosophical senate-house 
examination) the honour-list printed with the verses on the 
paper must have been a more precious document ; and in com- 
mon parlance an honour-man's name was said to stand in such 
and such a place in the tripos of the year, i.e. upon the back of 
the tripos-verses. And lastly, as the honour-list was considered 
as representing the examination itself, so the name has come 



1 It was customary, at least about written audacious tripos-verses in tlie 
the close of the last century, for the previous year,beiag judged first). Gun- 
classical medallists to make Latin ning, Reminisc. i. vii. (cp. ii. iii.) says 
speeches or declamations in the law 'on the first Tripos day.' This I 
school after the distribution of verses think must be an oversight, for accord- 
on the second tripos day. They may ing to his own edition of WalVs Cere- 
have had some licence of si>€ech given monies, pp. 86, 90, the candidates for 
them as Mr Tripos had in earlier days. the Chancellor's Medals sent in their 
At all events, in 1790 Tweddell took names the day after the first tripos, 
that occasion to reflect upon the medals and the successful ones declaimed on 
examination, in which he was only the second tripos day. 
second medallist (Wrangham, who had 



THE TRIPOS, 21 

in the last stage to be transferred^ from the list to the exami- 
nation, the result of which is published in that list. 

Thus step by step we have traced the word tripos passing 
in signification Proteus-like from a thing of wood {olim trimcus) 
to a man, from a man to a speech, from a speech to two sets of 
verses, from verses to a sheet of coarse foolscap-paper, from a 
paper to a list of names, and from a list of names to a system 
of examination. 

1 However, as early as 1713 J. By- when speaking of Law's Jacobite speech 
rem of Trinity applies the term to an he says it was delivered ' at the Trypos, 
occasion and not to a i^erson or paper, a public meeting of the university.' 



CHAPTER III 

THE sophs' schools IN THE EARLY PART OF THE CENTURY. 

'Bona noiia, Mater Academia, bona noua.' 

Bedell Buck's Book (16G5). 

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries many students may 
have got their first degree in Arts with little examination or 
none at all^ Each was called upon to answer one question in 
'Aristotle's Priorums' and to be able to walk through the Re- 
spondent's Stall ! In 1555 and 1665 we read of all candidates 
being required to keep the Lenten exercise of ' sitting in xl"^ ' 
(quadragesima), which ceremony is also described in D' Ewes' 
diary (1619), p. 67. 'It was the custom for the Bachelor com- 
mencers to sit in the Schools during the whole of Lent, "except 
they bought it out," and to defend themselves against all oppo- 
nents.' But it must have depended entirely upon the Regents 
whether any student was called upon to dispute ; and the argu- 
guments and questions which were uttered seem to have been 
often frivolous and undignified. At Oxford the proceediug 
seems to have been conducted in a still more unseemly manner. 
Just before Laud's cancellariate a number of 'necessary regents' 
in addition to the ' masters of the schools ' had to be called in 
to aid the proctors in quelling the fights and in checking the 
potations and lounging which disgraced the schools of that 
university^ 

1 Some account of the early process eloquent exposition in his Terence) 

for degrees is given in my Univ. Life, have not been used since 1843. 
pp. 209, 213, 214, 217, 219. The in- ^ See Oxford Univ. Commission Ee- 

signia doctoralia (in spite of Bentley's port (1852), p. 57. 



THE sophs' schools IN THE EARLY PART OF THE CENTURY. 23 

From the answers of Heads and Presidents, Aug. 9, 1675, 
to tlie enquiries sent by Monmouth the Chancellor on the 
King's command, it appears that it was then possible to receive 
a degree after putting in 'cautions for the performance' of the 
statutable exercises, and then forfeiting the payment, and that 
this was not seldom done at Cambndge\ 

One very curious thing which we must notice is, that the 
' acts ' in the ' Schools ' as distinct from the examination in the 
senate-house were by no means exclusively mathematical. In 
Puritan times^ the mathematics were, comparatively speaking, 
neglected at Cambridge (though Ptolemy, Apollonius' Conies 
and Euclid were generally read), and in the latter half of the 
following century, after the mathematical revivals about 1G45 
and 1708, metaphysical and moral questions began to monopolize 
the ' Schools.' 

The year 1680 brought one of the most important inno- 
vations, viz., the appointment of moderators. Up to that time 
the proctors had presided in the sophs' schools ex officio. Thus 
provision was made that the disputations should be conducted 
by persons chosen especially for their scientific qualificatioBS 
and judgment. The advantage of the new oflSce seems to- 
have been at once recognised, for in 1684 the moderators were 
appointed to take a prominent part in the examination of those 
who had passed through their disputations^. 

An account of the ordeal passed by a candidate for the- 
B.A. degree at the close of the seventeenth century is given in 
the Diary of Abraham de la Pryme. A summary of this is 
given in the Autobiographic Recollections (p. 55) of his de- 
scendant. Professor G. Pryme. The following fuller and more 
accurate edition was put forth by the professor's son Charles 
de la Pryme for the Surtees Society, 1869 — 70, vol. 54. p. 82. 

'1694. January. This month it was that we sat for our 
degree of bachelors of arts. We sat three days in the colledge 
[St John's] and were examin'd by two fellows thereof in retorick, 
logicks, ethicks, physicks, and astronomy ; then we were sent to- 
the publick schools, then to be examined again three more days 

1 Dj'er, Privil. i. 369. Academiarum, 1654, c. 8. 

2 Seth Ward (Sid. Cavib.; Prof. '•* See Monk's L'cHf/p.y, i.p. 11, 
Savil, Pres. Tria. Oxoii.) J'indiciae 



24 "UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

by any one that would. Then when the day came of our being 
cap'd by the Vice-Chancellor, wee were all call'd up in our 
soph's gowns and our new square caps and lamb-skin hoods on. 
[Till 1709 undergraduates wore round caps.] There we were 
presented, four by four, by our father to the A-^ice-Chancellor, 
saying out a sort of formal presentation speech to him. Then 
we had the oaths of the dutys we are to observe in the univer- 
sity read to us, as also that relating to the Articles of the Church 
of England, and another of allegiance, which we all swore to. 
Then we every one registei-'d our own names in the university 
book, and after that one by one, we kneel'd down before the 
Vice-Chancellor's knees, and he took hold of both our hands 
with his saying to this effect, " Admitto te," &c. "I admitt 
you to be batchellour of arts, upon condition that you answer 
to your questions ; rise and give God thanks." Upon that as 
he has done with them one by one they rise up, and, going to a 
long table hard by, kneel down there and says some short 
prayer or other as they please \ 

'About six days after this (which is the end of that day's 
work, we being now almost batchellors) we go all of us to the 
schools, there to answer to our questions, which our father 
always tells us what we shall answer before we come there, for 
fear of his putting us to a stand, so that he must be either 
necessitated to stop us of our degrees, or else punish us a good 
round summ of monny. But we all of us answer'd without any 
hesitation ; we were just thirty-three of us, and then having 
made us an excellent speech, he (I mean our father) walk'd 
home before us in triumph, so that now wee are become com- 
pleat battchellors, praised be God ! 

' I observed that all these papers of statutes were thus im- 
perfect at bottom, which makes one believe that they were very 
much infected with Jacobitism.' (This refers I suppose to the 
forms of the Oath of Allegiance.) 

1 Each having dore 'his obeisance side of the Senate-House {Wall — Gun- 
to Mr V. C kneels at the upper table viiiff 1828, p. 78). Buck mentions that 
and ' giveth God thanks in his Private 'they which are admitted ad practi- 
Prayers &c.' Bedell Buck's Book 1665. canditm in Medicina vel Chirurgia do 
Perhaps this was the origin of the never kneel at the Table; neither do 
ceremony of the Esquire Bedells di- they which are incorporated.' 
reeling the questiouists to the South 



THE sophs' schools IN THE EARLY PART OF THE CENTURY. 25 

It was Bentley's boast* that about 1708-10 by the example 
of Trinity College, ' the whole youth of the University took a 
new spring of industry... mathematicks was brought to that 
height that the questions disputed in the Schools were quite of 
another set than were ever heard there before.' 

Of the good part taken by Ri. Laughton, Whiston and Nic. 
Sanderson, in adding^ life to the mathematical teaching and 
exercises in our university, we shall have occasion to speak 
hereafter. 

It was at this period that John Byrom, scholar of Trinity, 
was looking forward to 'change this tattered blue gown for 
a black one and a lambskin, and have the honourable title 
of Bachelor of Arts.' Previous to that time he had read 
Plutarch, Locke's Essay, Grew's Cosmologia Sacra (prescribed 
by his father as an antidote), Ray's Wisdom of God in the 
Creation, Whear's Method of Reading Histories, his tutor's 
ms. Chronology, lectures in Geometry, the Tatler, British Apollo, 
and had composed themes, and declamations, besides reading 
French, Italian, Spanish and Hebrew. Writing from Cam- 
bridge to John Stansfield, 21 Dec. 1711, he had previously 
been 'busy in preparing to defend my questions, though I 
might have spared my pains ; for my first opponent was a 
sottish and the second a beaiiish fellow, neither of them con- 
jurers at disputing ; the third lad put me to my defence a 
little more tightly, but urged nothing that was unanswerable ; 
so I came off very gloriously, though I wish I had had better 
antagonists, for I think I could have maintained those ques- 
tions well enough. I most of all mistrusted my want of 
courage to speak before such a mixed assembly of lads. Bache- 
lors, Masters of Arts, &c., but I was well enough when once 
up. When I came down I was overjoyed that I had done the 
last of my school exercises in order to my degree.' A Trinity 
man had been stopped that week for insufficienc}^^ 

Three or four years later the royal addition to our Univer- 
sity Library led to a rearrangement of our public buildings, 
and it is very likely that the temporary disestablishment of the 



' Ri. Bentley to T. Bateman, Xt.mas - Chctham Soc. 1854, pp. 15—17. 

Day [1712], Corresp, no, clxvi. p. 449. Byrova's Memoirs, i. 



26 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

old senate-house and Pbysick, Law and Greek schools may- 
have contributed to the degeneracy and disorder of the acade- 
mical proceedings for the B.A. degree between 1715 and 1730. 
In July of the latter year the present senate-house was inau- 
gurated, and in December of the following year an attempt was 
made by Dr Mawson, V.-C, to improve the exercises of the 
sophs and questionists which had grown disorderly and irre- 
gular, partly (it may be) through the perpetuation in 1721 of a 
grace which had been passed on an emergency in 1G84, whereby 
the examinations, declamations, &c. were not held at one 
regular time for all. The publication of Johnson's Qiiaestiones 
points also to some temporary revival about 1730. 

In 1739, which, to judge from Gray's Correspondence, might 
be considered as the midst of one of the dark ages of Cam- 
bridge, in the decline of Bentley and Baker, there was light 
enough for some to see the need of revising or reviving the 
oath taken at degrees \ On Feb. 25, 1747-8, the form, in- 
volving a declaration on the part of the candidate, that accord- 
ing to the best of his knoAvledge he had performed the sta- 
tutable and customary exercises, was adopted ^ It is from this 
time that the honour-lists printed in the Camb. Univ. Calendar 
date. Dr Paris (who had been on the Oaths' Syndicate of 
1739) was now Vice-chancellor, and exerted his influence 
to revive some of the exercises which had been disused for 
several years. Among these were the declamations to be made 
by bachelors for the degree of M.A. This revival was unpopu- 
lar with the bachelors ; and Chr. Anstey, junior, a fellow of 
King's, afterwards author of the New Bath Guide, took occasion 
to ridicule the authorities in two Latin declamations", April and 
June, 1748, which provoked his suspension. A few months later 
the Duke of Newcastle was elected Chancellor of Cambridge, 
and it appears from the ephemeral literature which sprang up 
about the reforms ushering in his cancellariate, that there 

1 Cooper's Annals, it. 242. forcement of the regulation in Ms own 

* Ibid, 258. case as an infringement of the privi- 

3 One of them was a mere rhapsody leges of King's Coll. (Cooper's Annals 

of adverbs in the fashion of the Ox- iv. 261, and Cole ap. Mayor's Bonwickc, 

onian humorist Tom Brown. It ap- p. 258.) 

pears that Anstey considered the en- 



THE sophs' schools IN THE EARLY PART OF THE CENTURY. 27 

were some tokens of revived studiousness anions^ undersra- 
d nates \ 

It was at this time that Richard Cumberland (the dramatic 
writer and essayist), was an undergraduate at Trinity. He had 
received the elements of a sound and elegant scholarship at 
Bury under Kinsman, and at Westminster in the days of 
Nichols and Vincent Bourne, while his early holidays had 
been spent in playing battledore- and-shuttlecock in the lodge 
with master Gooch, the son of his grandfather's antagonist, in 
beating such undergraduates as he could get to run short races 
in the walks, and in listening to Bentley's learned conversation 
with his visitors. When he matriculated at the age of four- 
teen he was put into rooms in the turret-staircase, in close 
proximity to the ' Judges' Chambers,' where he had been born, 
and under the wing of his grandfather's successor, Dr Smith, 
and of his tutor, old Dr Morgan, who (being troubled by the 
gout, and, it may be, by his pupil's inattention at his lectures 
on Be OJJiciis) left him to his own resources until he took 
the living of Gainford. Cumberland was then handed over to 
Dr P. Young (Bp. of Norwich), then professor of Oratory, who 
paid him still less attention, and in his third year to James 
Backhouse the efficient Westminster tutor. He had not read 
the first proposition of Euclid when his name appeared among 
the 'opponents' for the 'act' which was to open the schools for 
that year. His tutor begged him off, and after some encourage- 
ment from the master (cousin of Roger Cotes, and founder of 
the Smith's prizes), he set to work and mastered 'the several 
branches of mechanics, hydrostatics, optics and astronomy' in 
the best treatises of the day, allowing himself only six hours' 
sleep, and dieting himself with milk and cold bathing. Having 
acquired the habit of making his notes, working his proposi- 
tions, and even thinking, in the Latin language, he no longer 
felt that terror which he had experienced before, though now 
he was called upon to keep not a mere 'opponency' but an 'act' 
itself, and though his first antagonist was 'a North-country 
black -bearded philosopher, who at an advanced age had been 

1 [Green's] Academic, 1750, pp.23— 26, mentioned in Vuiv. Socielij, pp. 72, 
610, 624. 



28 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

admitted at Saint John's to qualify for holy orders (even at that 
time a finished mathematician and a private lecturer in those 
studies),' * After I had concluded my thesis which precedes 
the disputation' (says Cumberland in his Memoirs^), 'when he 

ascended his seat under the rostrum of the moderator I 

waited his attack amid the hum and murmur of the assembly. 
His argument was purely mathematical, and so enveloped in 
the terms of his art, as made it somewhat difficult for me to 
discover where his syllogism pointed without those aids and 
delineations, which our process did not allow of; I availed 
myself of my privilege to call for a repetition of it, when at 
once I caught the fallacy and pursued it with advantage, 
keeping the clue firm in hand till I completely traced him 
through all the windings of his labyrinth. The same success 
attended me through the remaining seven arguments, which 
fell off in strength and subtlety, and his defence became sullen 
and morose, his Latinity very harsh, inelegant, and embarrassed, 
till I saw him descend with no very pleasant countenance, 
whilst it appeared evident to me that my whole audience were 
not displeased with the unexpected turn which our controversy 
had taken. He ought in course to have been succeeded by a 
second and third opponent, but our disputation had already 
been prolonged beyond the time commonly allotted, and the 
schools were broken up by the Moderator with a compliment 
addressed to me in terms much out of the usual course on such 
occasions.'... 

' Four times I went through these scholastic exercises in the 
course of the year, keeping two acts and as many first oppo- 
nencies. In one of the latter, where I was pitched against an 
ingenious student of my own college, I contrived to form cer- 
tain arguments, which by a scale of deductions so artfully 
drawn, and involving consequences, which by mathematical 
gradations (the premises being once granted) led to such un- 
foreseen confutation, that even my tutor, Mr Backhouse, to 
whom I previously imparted them, was effectually trapped, 
and could as little parry them, as the gentleman who kept 
the act, or the Moderator who filled the chair.' 

His second act was, like the former, for a time delaj^ed ; for 
1 pp. 75, 76. 



THE sophs' schools IN THE EARLY PART OF THE CENTURY. 29 

the junior moderator' made an unsuccessful attempt to compel 
him to comply with the custom of the schools by bringing 
forward one metaphysical in the place of a third mathematical 
question. 

In due course of time the senate-house examination came 
on, to supplement, rectify, or confirm the impressions given 
by the disputations in the schools. Cumberland says that it 
' was hardly ever' his ' lot during that examination to enjoy 
any respite.' He 'seemed an object singled out as every 
man's mark, and was kept perpetually at the table under the 
process of question and answer ^' 

By the time he was convalescent from a fever induced by 
the exertions of his tardy application to mathematics, he 
learnt that his name would appear tenth at the back of the 
first tripos verses, viz. among the wranglers and senior optimes, 
for we have no formal distinction between them till three years 
later. 

The next glimpse that we get of the schools is in the year 
1752, which, with the account of Fenn, ten years later, does 
not differ materially from Cumberland's account, except in 
some curious details which were peculiar to the several occa- 
sions, although they add to our general view of the proceedings, 
shewing as they do what accidents might diversify the public 
exercises and examinations. 

In the former, which is W. Chafin's (of Emmanuel) account 
of one of the preliminary acts kept in 1752, the writer says, ' I 
was keeping an act as respondent under Mr Eliot [Lawr. Elliot, 
Magd.] the moderator; and [W.] Craven [4th wrangler, after- 
wards Arabic prof, and master] of St John's was my second 
opponent. I had gone through all the syllogisms of my first, who 
was [W.] Disney [Trin., senior wrangler, and only four years 
later prof, of Hebrew], tolerably well ; one of the questions 
was a mathematical one from Newton's Principia, and Mr 
Craven brought an argument against me fraught with fluxions; of 
which I knew very little and was therefore at a nonplus, and 

1 Cumberland, who bears testimony chaplain to the Abp. of Canterbury, 

to the generosity of this moderator, In the Univ. Calendar he appears as 

calls him the Reverend Mr Ray, fellow Thomas JVray, M. A. Chr. 

of Corpus C/niSf(... afterwards domestic ^ Ihid. p. 79. 



30 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

should in one minute have been exposed, had not at that 
instant the esquire bedell entered the schools and demanded 
the book which the moderator carries with him, and is the 
badge of his office. A convocation was that afternoon held 
in the senate-house, and on some demur that happened, it was 
found requisite to inspect this book, which was immediately 
delivered, and the moderator's authority stopped for that day, 
and we were all dismissed ; and it was the happiest and most 
grateful moment of my life, for I was saved from imminent 
disgrace, and it was the last exercise that I had to keep in the 
schools \' 

Our next extract relates not to the acts in the schools but 
to the 'preliminary canter' in college and the Senate-house 
examination. 

Sir John Fenn (editor of the Paston Letters) took his 
degree at Cambridge (Caius) in 1761, sixty-seven years after 
A. de la Pryme. Having read the Cambridge books on Arith- 
metic, Algebra, and Geometry in his school-days, he received 
permission from the tutor, J. Davy, to absent himself from 
lectures when he pleased. In his Early Thoughts, &c. he 
says : — 

* The week we took our degree of Bachelor of Arts we sat 
in the little combination-room of the College for three days 
to be examined by such of the fellows as chose to send for us 
to their rooms. 

' I sat my three days with the other questionists (or candi- 
dates for degrees) but was never once sent for during the whole 
time. I believe the fellows, not having lately applied them- 
selves to the studies of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, 
did not choose to examine those who were in the habit of those 
studies ; but be that as it may, I was the only one of the candi- 
dates not sent for^ 

' On the following Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, we 

^ Gent. Mag. Jan. 1818, p. 11. Being his year in that college. Perhaps the 

invalided by small-pox at the time of fellows wished only to make sure that 

the tripos, Chaiin received an ' hono- no one who would disgrace their col- 

rary senior optime,' Baher-Mayor, lege should be presented for the uni- 

II. 1090. versity competition. 

^ There was no other honour-man of 



THE sophs' schools IN THE EARLY PART OF THE CENTURY. 81 

sat in the Senate-house for public examination ; during this 
time I was officially examined by the Proctors and Moderators, 
and had the honor of being taken out for examination by 
Mr [W.] Abbott, the celebrated mathematical tutor of St 
John's College, by the eminent professor of mathematics Mr 
[E.] Waring, of Magdalene, and by Mr [J.] Jebb of Peterhouse, 
a man thoroughly versed in the academical studies, afterwards 
famous for his various writings and opinions unfavorable to 
the Established Church, of which he was sometime a member, 
but afterwards deserting it, resigned his preferment, and prac- 
tised as a physician. On the Friday following, the 23rd of 
January, 170 1, I was admitted to my degree and had the 
honor of being placed high [5th] in the list of wranglers.' 

J. Wilson of Peterhouse, afterward judge of the Common 
Pleas, was senior, T. Zouch of Trin. was third. Fenn was 
elected to an honorary fellowship at Caius, but did not reside- 
there much after taking his degree. 

We learn from the Gentleman's Magazine of 1766 (29 Jan.), 
that the sophs were to deliver copies of their 'theses' to be 
read at their disputations to the moderators, and that the best 
were to be printed by the university. At this time, by the 
efforts of Waring, Jebb, Law and Watson, our schools grew into 
a flourishing condition, which they retained until they quietly 
withered away in th« fresh growth of the Mathematical and 
Classical Triposes, 



CHAPTER IV. 

ACTS OK DISPUTATIONS IN THE SCHOOLS IN THE LATTER 
PART OF THE CENTURY. 



' See Gray, so used to melt the tender eyes, 
Stretcli'd on the orbit of a circle diesl 
And Goldsmith, whom deserted Auburn haled, 
See ou a pointed triangle impaled ! 
And to encrease their torment, while they're rackt 
Two undergraduate Devils keep an act: 
Who stun their ears with Segments and Equations. 
Moons horizontal, Tangents, and Vibrations, 
And all the jargon of your schools they're pat in; 
Bating they speak a little better Latin.' 

The Academick Dream (1774), p. 14, 



In the early part of the eighteenth century the examination 
for degrees was not in all cases adequate to the measure of 
knowledge or to the capacity of the candidates. 

In 1731, just after the new senate-house was in use, the 
exercises of sophisters and questionists were ordered to he per- 
formed in the Lent term on the same days and in the same 
form as in the terms after Easter and Michaelmas. Lent term 
'for many years had been a time of disorder by reason of divers 
undue Liberties taken by the younger Scholars, an Evil that 
had been much complained of; and all Exercise had either 
been neglected or performed in a trifling ludicrous manner \' 

1 Masters' Hist, of C. C. C. Camb., p. 196. 



ACTS OR DISPUTATIONS IN THE SCHOOLS. 83 

Fifty years later we. find this trifling (so far as the degree of 
B.A. was concerned) confined only to the ' huddling,' which was 
done (as will be seen in due course) after a fair, though not 
fully statutable, modicum of solemn exercises and exami- 
nations. 

It might have been inferred from the condition of Oxford 
that Cambridge needed Jebb's agitation in 1774-6 to arouse 
hostile authorities to improve the time-honoured academical 
exercises. However, such was not the case ; and it is satis- 
factory to know that this great reformer had little fault to find 
with the existing trial of the Sophs' year. He felt the need 
of inquiry into the work of undergraduates in the earlier part of 
their course alone ; and for this the personal reminiscences of 
Cumberland and Paley are his justification. As it was, in 
Jebb's time (1772) the ordeal was not despicable nor despised, 
and idle men were apt to think themselves driven to take 
refuge in the ranks of the fellow-commoners (at that period not 
liable to examination) ; or else to declare their intention of 
proceeding in Civil Law as harry -sophs^. 

From such authorities as are mentioned in the foot-notes ^ 
we are able to gather a fairly complete and, in some respects, a 
minute account of the exercise required at Cambridge from 
Senior Sophs and Questionists in the last year of qualification 
for the degree of Bachelor of Arts, during the period which lies 
between the years 1772 and 1827. 

The first and very important ordeal through which all 
candidates had to pass were the 

Acts and Opponencies, 

or public exercises of the Schools, conducted in Latin under the 
superintendence of the two Moderators, who were usually senior 
or second wranglers of past time, and to whom also fell the 

1 See my Univ. Life, pp. 556, 643, (copied largely from Jehh). 
644. Gradus ad Cantab. 1803, 1824. 

2 Jeib's Works (1772—87), ii. 284— [J. M. F. Wright's] Alma Mater, 

300. 1827 (relating to 1818). 

Gunning's Reminisc. s. ann. 178G, Facetiae Cantahrigienses. 183G. 

1787. Dr Whewell, '■Of a Liberal Educa^ 
Camb.Univ.Calendar,1802.1ntvod. Hon.' 1845. 

w. 3 



34 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

chief responsibility of the public examinations of the senate- 
house, which constituted the final trial \ 

In the student's third year, after the Senate-house exami- 
nations of those lucky wights who were his seniors in university- 
standing by a twelve-month, the Moderators having received a 
list of the students aspiring to honours at the next examination 
from the tutors of the several colleges (King's^ excepted) by the 
hand of a Proctor's servant, with appropriate marks (such as 
reading, non-reading'^, hard-reading man, &c.) — send notice on 
the second and subsequent Mondays in Lent Term to five students 
to ' keep their act' on the five first days beginning with that- 
day-fortnight. The Moderator s man (who expects a fee of six- 
pence for his trouble, as well as eighteen-pence at the time of 
the act, and other fees from the three opponents) delivers the 
notice in the following form : 

Respondeat Gunning, Coll. Christ. 
5^° die Februarii 1787. T. Jones, Mod", 

The ' Respondent' or ' Act,' as he now may call himself, is 
ready in the course of an hour or so to wait upon the Moderator 
with three copies of three subjects on which he purjDoses to 
argue (having selected them, perhaps, from the numerous ex- 
amples in Johnsons Quaestiones Philosophicae in Vsuni Juvent. 
Acad.*) — in the following form : 

1 The last act for a B.A. degree at '^ E. H. C. writing in the Monthly 
Cambridge was performed in 1839. Magazine in 1797, p. 266, asserts that 
They must have been discontinued, as the so-called non-reading men were 
Mr H. Sidgwick has observed to me, generally studious, only they read 
by the mdependent action of the mode- other subjects than mathematics, 
rators of the time (T. Gaskin, Jes., and ^ Not that he would have found 
Joseph Bowstead, Pemb.), for these anything so modern as Paley there. — 
exercises were commended as a guide Tho. Johnson, of Eton, King's, and 
to the moderators in the report of the Magd. Colleges. His Quaestiones were 
Examination Syndicate in the previous printed at Cambridge (pp. 1 — 54, 8vo.) 
year, confirmed May 30, 1838. Modera- tyi^is Acad. 1732. The demand for such 
tors have been appointed annually since a manual, giving reference to authorities 
1680. Up to that time the Proctors on certain stock ' questions,' may be 
held the responsibility of moderating, taken as a jn'oof of the good effect of 
and in 1709 — 10 Ki. Laughton, Clar. Dr Mawson's reformation of the Lent 
being proctor, chose to preside. disputations when he was V. C. in 

2 Jebb adds ' Trinity-Hall.' 1730, 1731. 



ACTS OR DISPUTATIONS IN THE SCHOOLS. 85 

Q. S/ 
Recte statuit Newtonus in 2^^ sectione Libri i. 
Recte statuit Newtonus in 3'^ sectione Libri i. 

Recte statuit Paleius de Utilitate. 

Except in such cases as that of Paley himself who, when a 
Senior Soph in 17G2, proposed to deny the eternity of Hell Tor- 
ments and the Justice of Capital Punishmenf^, (though, even in 
his case, the objection to this wa,s not raised by the Moderators 
— Jebb and Watson — themselves), but was induced to com- 
promise the matter by affirming the former question which 
ho had proposed to deny, so leaving the negative to the three 
opponents, who. were always expected to espouse the Worse 
Cause founded on some fallacy ^ ; — the Moderator generally ac- 
cepted the theses brought to him, and 'at his leisure' (says the 
garrulous Calendar of 1802, quoting Jebb, 1772) transcribes 
into his book the questions, together with the names of the 
Respondent, and of three other students whom, from enquiry of 
their tutors, he thinks suitable to oppose his arguments. To 
each of them he sends a copy of the questions with their own 
names and the words opponentium priimis, secundus, or tertius, 
denoting the order in which the three are to dispute. 

In earlier times there was Disputa- 'Utr. Aeternitas Poenarum contradicit 

tionum Academicannn Formulae hj Bi. divhiis Attributis? Origin of Evil in 

F. 8vo and 16mo 1638. Ap. § 2. Burnet de Statu Mortuorum 

1 I suppose these initials meant xi. p. 290. Tillotson's, Fidcles's and 

Quaestiones sunt : qi. Wesley's Guide Lni^ton's Sermons on Hell Torments. 

to Syllogism, p. 109. S. CoUiber's Impartial Enquiry, p. 10.3, 

^ Jebb's specimen, 1772, was and his Essay on Nat. and Revealed 

, Q g Religion, 142. Swindeu's Appendix to 



Treatise on Hell. Episcoi^ii Respons. 
ad Quaest. p. 67. Whitby's Appendix 
to II. Thess. Eymer's Revealed Reli- 
gion, VII. Nicholls's Conference, iii. 

. . .. 309. Scott's Chr. Life, v. § 5. 91. 
nomena som possnnt ex principiis r. i. , ,-> • . , ^ ■, 

Bates Existence of God, xii. Abp. 
opticis. „ , „ • „ ^ , . . 

^^ ,. , . , . . . , Dawes s Serm. v. 73. Fabncius- f?c 

Non ucet magistratui civem morti tra 



Planetae primariae retineutur in orbi 
tis suis vi gravitatis, et motu pro 
jectUi. 

Iridis primariae et secundariae phae- 



dere nisi ob crimen homicidii. 

Resp. Jan. 10™°' 



Veritate Rel. Christ. 720.' 
^ Facetiae Cantab, p. 120. Watson's 

Autobiog. Anecdotes, i. 31. Wesley's 
In .Johnson's Quaestiones {Metaphy- Guide to Syllogism, Appendix on 
sicae), 1732, reference is made to the Academical Disputation, p. 97. 
following authorities on the question: 



36 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

The first Respondeat of the year, under the overwhelming 
responsibility which has devolved upon him — that of ' opening 
the Schools' — takes out a dormiat^ from the dean of his college, 
enabling him to sit up late at night to study, without thought 
of having to rise early to the chapel service. He then sets to 
work to practise and prepare himself for the coming encounter. 
In the covirse of the fortnight he asks the three opponents to 
take wine with him, partly perhaps to secure personal good- 
will, when the wordy encounter comes on, partly, it appears, to 
arrange the sham-fight beforehand ^ 

In 1782 'Jemmy' Wood (the future senior wrangler and 
Master of St John's) was the worse for one of these act's-wines, 
and subsequently and consequently more sober act's-hreaJcfasts^ 
were substituted for them. 

Soon after the beginning of this century it became usual for 
the three opponents to return the compliment in the form of 
'tea and turn-out*.' From the last of these festive gatherings, 
the Respondent retired early to give the Opponents fair oppor- 
tunity of comparing their proposed arguments and making sure 
to avoid repetitions ^ 

When the fateful day arrives, the Moderator of the week, pre- 

1 Cp.Gunning's iJemmsc. I. iii., and ' vulguses,' or sold by poor students, 

my Univ. Life, p. 590. or such characters as Jemmy Gordon. 

^ This, however, was a comparative- At least, it is recorded of T. Eobinson, 

lylate refinement. 'The Rev. Reginald of Trinity, 7th wrangler in [Bp. Prety- 

Bligh, A.B.' in the advertisement (1781) man] Tomline's year 1772, as something 

at the end of his second frantic attack esxeiJtional that ' be always made his 

upon Plumptre and Milner for not own arguments when he kept an oppon- 

giving him a fellowship at Queens' enc?/' (Life by E. T. Vaughan, pp. 28, 

when he was one place above the 29). 

'wooden-spoon,' accuses G. Law of ^ Gradus ad Cantab, ed. 1, 1803, 

having ' bribed his opponent to shew s. v. 
him his Arguments, and teach him to ^ j^_ e(j_ 2, 1824, s. v. 

take them off.' ^ Gnnmng Eeyninisc. a. a. 1787. Alma 

Not only were there stock subjects Mater, 11. 37. In Symonds D'Ewes' 
to which it was usual to resort, but time (1619) the Respondent treated the 
even the line of argument was provided combatants after the disputation. So 
either by references to standard loci also after his act in the College Chapel 
classici such as are indicated in John- of St John's, he entertained the f el- 
son's Quaestiones, or even by tradi- lows and fellow-commoners with sack- 
tional ' strings ' (as they were called at possets in the ' parlour ' or Combina- 
Oxford),which no doubt were preserved tion-room. (Diary, ed. HalUwell, 67, 
after the manner of Tom Brown's 68.) 



ACTS OR DISPUTATIONS IN THE SCHOOLS. 37 

ceded by the Proctor's man (or 'bull-dog') carrying the quarto 
volume of Statutes^ enters the Philosophical Schools at 3 p.m., 
(1 ^.m. in 1818), and, ascending his chair^ at the side of the 
room, says Ascendat Dominus Respondens. 

The Respondent accordingly mounts the rostrum on the op- 
posite side of the Schools, and reads a Latin thesis on whichever 
of his three subjects he prefers. This is usually ' the 7noral 
question^' — 'Recte statuit Paleius de Utilitate' in our supposed 
case : — if not from Paley, it is generally taken from the writings 
of Locke, Hume, Butler, Clarke, or Hartley. The thesis takes 
about ten minutes. Then the Moderator says, Ascendat Oppo- 
nentium primus, and the first Opponent enters the box below 
the Moderator's chair, and facing the Respondent. He opposes 
the thesis in eight arguments of syllogistical form, the Respond- 
ent attempting to 'take off' or reply to each in turn, the 
entire discussion being carried on in Latin more or less debased. 
The Moderator, who has been acting all the while as umpire, 
when the disputation has begun to slide into free debate, says 
to the Opponent, Probes aliter-*, whenever an argument has been 
disposed of. At last he dismisses the first Opponent with some 
such compliment as Domine Opponens, bene disputasti — (optinie 

^ See above, p. 30. having already distinguished himself 

2 Until 1669 the professor's original in mathematical argument, 
gothic stone chair with those of the * GunningjRemmisc.il. x. The forms 

opponent and respondent stood in the of syllogisms, &c. commonly in use 

Divinity School at Oxford. See "Wood may he found in Mr C. Wesley's Guide 

ap. Warton's Bathurst, p. 91. The to Syllogism 1832, pp. 99-106, and in 

wooden ones in the Cambridge Schools Notes and Queries, 1st S. vi. p. 55 

still remain. Gil. Wakefield {Memoirs, 1804, ii. 75 n.' 

2 As early as 1710-11 it needed all tells of ' a Moderator in the Astrono 

the influence of an enthusiastic proctor mical Schools at Cambridge, very ill 

and moderator (Ri. Laughton of Clare) quah'fied for his office, who was in 

to induce a soph (Sir W. Browne of capable of settling the debate between 

Pet.) to keep his acts in mathematical a resolute opponent and his respondent 

questions (Mc/to^s'Lif. ^jiecrf. III. 328). and to pacify the former was accus 

But by the middle of the century the tomed to terminate the controversy by 

Cambridge examination was so far a look of complacency on the opponent 

crystallizing into the mathematical tri- and this conciliatory decision : Domine 

pos that a questionist (R. Cumberland) opponens ! hoc fortasse veriim essepossit 

was enabled by academical authority in quibusdam casibus, sed non in hoc 

in 1750 to resist the demands of a casu. Probes aliter.' [' Probo,' I take 

moderator who had required him to it, is a misprint, and rerum for verum.] 
produce one metaphysical question, he 



38 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

disputasti, or optime quidem disputasti), and his place is taken 
by the second Opponent, who has to array five arguments 
against the Respondent, and in his turn makes way for Dominus 
Opponentium tertius, of whom but three are required. The 
Respondent has to do his best to ' take them off,' as with his 
first Opponent ; and when his task is done, he is examined by 
the Moderator as to his mathematical knowledge, that he may 
be the better classed for the coming Senate-house examination : 
and at last is dismissed with Tu autem, doviine BespondenSy 
satis et optime quidem, et in Thesi et in Disputationihus, tuo 
officio functus es (in which case he may have good hopes of 
turning out a wrangler) ; or even summo ingenii acumine dispu- 
tasti, which may suggest very high expectations indeed; or with 
the more guarded praises of satis et bene, or simply bene, or satis, 
disputasti. Such compliments gave rise to the classification of 
students as senior and junior Optimes. 

In general optime quidem was the highest praise expected 
even by future wranglers ; but in 1790 W. Lax of Trinity intro- 
duced a fashion of giving high-flown compliments as moderator. 
He also extended the length of the Acts to two hours, which 
duration custom seems to have continued — so at least it was in 
1820. In the eighteenth century an hour and ten minutes was 
the usual time. Was this a Jewish mode of reckoning a dispu- 
tation p)er tres horas consecutivas^ ? 

'The distinguished men of the year appear et^/A^ times in this 
manner in the schools, — twice as Acts (or Respondents), and 
twice in each grade of Opponency. One act and three opponen- 
cies are kept before the Commencement (the beginning of July), 
and the other moiety in^ the October term. The ol ttoWoI 
(generally non-reading men) have less to do, some of them not 
appearing more than once or twice, except in the farce of 
huddling, which will be described below : and on some of them 
occasionally a Descendas^ is inflicted, or an order to quit the 

1 Cp. Gunuiiig's Reminisc. i. v. and grace, Feb. 14, 1792, providing that 

JebVs account (1772), ' the Moderator the exercises should take place from 

appearing a little before two.' The 3 to 5 p.m. 

change of the usual dinner-hour (see ^ In the Calendar 'before' was au 

my Univ. Life, p. 657 ; Gil. Wakefield's erratum. 

Mem. ch. vii.) was the cause of this ■' Facetiae Cantah.\x Bi. Alma Mater 

alteration, which was effected by a ii. 129, and my Univ. Life, p. 588. 



ACTS OR DISPUTATIONS IN THE SCHOOLS. 39 

box for incompetency. This, however, is not very frequent : 
whenever it does happen, the stigma is indelibly fixed on the 
unfortunate object\' 

I have ventured to expand an 'argument' of three 'con- 
ditional syllogisms' from the' last page of Mr C. Wesley's Guide 
to Syllogism. 

' Quaestio tertia est : Recte statuit Paleius de Virtute.' 

The Respondent, having read his Latin thesis founded upon 
Paley's Moral Philosophy, is confronted by the first Opponent, 
who begins the attack at the Moderator's bidding. 'Ascendat 
Dominus Opponentium primus.' 

Op. ' Si Dei voluntas sit virtutis regula, cadit quaestio. 
Sed Dei voluntas est virtutis regula. Ergo cadit quaestio.' 
Mesp. ' Concede antecedentem, et nego consequentiam^' 
Op. 'Probo consequentiam : — Si Dei voluntas ideo nos 
astringat quia praemia poenaeque vitae futurae ex Dei arbitrio 
pendent, valet consequentia. Sed Dei voluntas nos astringit 
propter haece praemia et poenas quae ex arbitrio Ejus pen- 
deant. Ergo valet consequentia,' 

Resp. ' Concede antecedentem, et nego consequentiam.' 
Op. ' Iterum probo consequentiam : — Si igitur posito quod 
angelorum malorum princeps summo rerum imperio potitus 
esset, voluntas ejus nos pari jure astringeret, valent conse- 
quentia et argumentum. Sed posito quod Sathanas summo 
rerum arbitrio potitus esset, voluntas ejus nos pari jure astrin- 
geret. Ergo valent consequentia et argumentum.' 

Resj). ' Ut alia taceam, Deus homines felices vult ; ange- 
lorum malorum princeps, miseros; huic ut resistamus, lUi ut 



Even in the bachelors' schools the conditional syllogism. The argument 

Moderator in Nov. 1733 had to ad- given in the text seems exactly \o fit 

monish T. Ferrand, a fellow of Trin., the syllogistic form, ' Si A sit B cadit 

vfiih'3Iodestetegeras.'(Bjrom'sDianj.) quaestio,' &c. &c., which forms the 

1 Univ. Calendar for 1802. Introd. subject of an inquu-y by ' M,' in Notes 

p. xvi. (ind Queries, 1st S. vi. 55 i. By later 

a The consequentia {=' avWoyia/jios, logicians the word minor is used in- 

collectio, conclusio. See also Ar. Rhet. stead of anfecedens. In earlier times 

II. xxi. Cic. Acad. Post. ii. 8, 9, 30) is the consequens was also called assertio, 

the connexion between the antecedent and the consequentia called loosely 

and consequent (consequens) of such a consequens. 



4.0 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

obediamus, ratio et natura suadent. Priusquam angeloriim ma- 
lorura princeps hominum felicitatem velle possit, naturam suam 
se exiiat necesse est.' 

Mod. {to Opponent) ' Probes aliter/ &c., &c., to n argu- 
ments ; viz., in the last centviry, eight. 

If ever a mathematical question was chosen instead of the 
'moral' one, a very small stock of Latin would suffice. An 
argument on the 9th Section of Newton, and another on the 
truth of the Differential and Integral Calculi, are given by 
Mr C. Wesley. In the latter the Opponent begins with 

'Si inter limites x = a, x = h, 1 — fiat hoc loco j, cadit 

J X 

quaestio.' And the Respondent's final reply consists of six 

lines of algebraical symbols pure and simple, and then the 

conclusion — 

a'' — h^ 

'Ergo valor fractionis , cum n = 0, non evanescit, sed 

^ n 

fit hoc loco J , ideoque nulla discrepantia existit.' 

Though about 1830 men were called upon to defend all 
three of the questions on their papers against a limited number 
of 'arguments' ; it is easy to see why at the end of the previous 
century the third or 'moral' question was the popular one, and,, 
as a general rule, the only one discussed. However, we have 
seen above, p. 29, that in 1753 an act was kept in Newton 
with fluxions. In 1772 there does not seem to have been any 
general rule as to which question the respondent should choose. 
It may be that the grace of 19 Mar. 1779 may have given the 
first impetus to the study of Moral Philosophy, which about 
that time became the favourite subject for the acts. 

As to the Latinity of the schools, several typical anecdotes 
are current. W. Farish of Magdalene (afterwards professor 
of Chemistry^), who was moderator in 1783 and later years, 
usually figures in them. 

1 W. Parish was vicar of S. Giles, church a paraboloid sounding-board, 
Cambridge, where he was well known which was hkened to a tin coal-scuttle 
for his nxechanical contrivances. He bonnet. Wliile it enabled all the con- 
put up over the pulpit in tlie old gregation in that most irregularly built 



ACTS OR DISPUTATIONS IN THE SCHOOLS. 41 

The faithful dog of some dominus opponentium tertius having 
followed his master into the schools, felt no doubt complimented 
when the astonished moderator in his own canine Latin ex- 
claimed : 

Verte canem ex ! 

Another choice phrase of Farish's was facinms tarn bene 
sine guam cum^. Yet again; a poll-man running into the 
Schools in haste having neglected to put on a small item of his 
academical habit, which was de rigueur on these occasions, was 
thus reminded : 

Domine Opponentium Tertie, non hahes quod dehes. — Uhi 
sunt tui...eh ! eh ! Anglich Bands ? 

He is said to have answered thus, hesitatingly, 
Domine Moderato7\ sunt in meo...Anglice Pocket. 

The following anecdote will give a notion of a certain class 
of arguments which were occasionally brought forward in this 
century, when the disputations were on their last legs, and the 
establishment of the Classical Tripos had given courage to 
clever men who had no special capacity for mathematics. I 
have heard it from Mr Shilleto, of Peterhouse, who (I had 
hoped) would have revised this account. He was then a scholar 
of Trinity keeping a second opponency under Francis Martin, 
who was then moderator (late bursar of Trinity, seventh wrangler 
in 1824). 

edifice to hear the weak voice of the the division from above, forgetful of 

preacher, it conducted not a few his guests on the upper floor, who 

whispers to his ear. His house (which awoke from their first sleep to find 

Dr Whewell was about to occupy when themselves bewitched into a double- 

Dr "Wordsworth resigned the master- bedded room. Such was his absence 

ship of Trinity in 1841, and is now of mind that on one occasion he gave 

inhabited by E. Wayman, Esq.) in the 'the measles' to his congregation in 

neighbourhood of the School of Py- place of ' the Blessing. ' His brother 

thagoras has still the grooves whereby was author of Toleration of Marriage, 

a partition was run up at pleasure ^ Alma Mater i. 198, Jacob Bryant 

through the ceiling of one floor to the records the following elegancy of a 

room above, or vice versa. One evening College Moderator of the same period 

having almost sat-out his dining-room (about 1789), 'Domine opponens non 

fire in some dynamical calculation, video vim tuum argumentum.' Nichols' 

being suddenly seized with a desire to Lit. Anecd, viii, 541. 
make liimself more snug, he let down 



42 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

The question to be disputed was a trite and favourite sub- 
ject\ Rede statuit Paleius de Suicidiis. This last word is no 
doubt a barbarism, though to most English ears unequivocal, and 
sanctioned by time-honoured use in the Philosophical Schools. 
The Opponent aforesaid being called upon for an argument 
began thus : Non recte judical Dominus Respondens de suicidio, 
ut ego quidem censeo, et'go cadit quaestio : si sues eniiyi omnino 
non caedemus, unde quaeso pernam, hillas, sumen, unde in- 
quam petasonem sumus habituri ? Est profecto judaicum et, ut 
ita dicam ' — ' Erras, Domine Opponens / ' interrupts the Mode- 
rator, ' non enim de suibus caesis loquitur Respondens, sed de 
aliquo qui ultro sibi necem consciverit.' (All this while the 
Respondent, good mathematician and Johnian though he was, 
being unacquainted with the terms of Latin pork-butcher}'-, 
was puzzling his brain to think how he could 'take off' an 
argument which he could not well understand.) ' Quid est ergo 
suicidium' (continues the Opponent) 'ut latine nos loquamur, 
nisi suum caesio ? ' 

Mr Martin, who had won Bell's and Craven Scholarships, 
and might (it was thought) have been senior classic, if he had 
been a candidate for honours in that new Tripos, enjoyed the 
joke, which would have been thrown away on Professor Farish 
had he been the moderator. 



Jebb's opinion of- the worth of these acts in 1772 is interest- 
ing and satisfactory, as coming from a rigid disciplinarian and 
a radical reformer as times went. He says, 'These exercises 
are improving ; are generally well attended ; and consequently 
are often performed with great spirit. But many persons of 
good judgment, observing, with pain, the unclassical Latin, 
generally uttered by the student upon these occasions, have 
maintained that the knowledge of that language is not pro- 
moted by the present method of disputation; and have de- 
livered it as their opinion, that these exercises should be held 
in English in order to their absolute perfection.' 

^ Cp. Alma Slater u. 36. In earlier in 1732 ou tlae Quaestio ' Utrum Siuci- 
times the only authority to which T. dium sit iUicitum?' was ^(Zams ow/SeZ/- 
Johnson referred ' the academic youth ' Murder. 



ACTS OR DISPUTATIONS IN THE SCHOOLS. 43 

Forty-seven years later the Senate-house examination had so 
far left the disputations in the rear, that Whew ell said^ these 
had no immediate effect upon a man's place in the tripos, yet 
although the syllogisms were 'such as would make Aristotle 
stare, and the Latin would make every classical hair in your 
head stand on end,' still it was, he thought, ' an exercise well 
adapted to try the clearness and soundness of the mathematical 
ideas of the men, though they are of course embarrassed by 
talking in an unknown tongue.' 

^ Wliewell's Writings and Letters (Todliuuter) ii. 35, 36. 



CHAPTER V. 



THE SENATE-HOUSE EXAMINATION. 



We'll send Mark Antony to the Senate house, 
And he shall say you are not well to day. 

Julius Ccesar, Act ii. Sc. 2. 



The candidates having been in the three terms beneath the 
scrutiny of two pairs of Moderators', at least in the capacity 
of opponent, have arrived at the dignity of Questionists by 
about the middle of January, six weeks before the First Tripos*^ 
is published. They breakfast with the 'Father' of their col- 
lege^ at 7 o'clock on the morning of Plough-Monday (ominous 
name to modern academical ears for the Monday after Epi- 
phany !) se'nnight. Then (though they are not yet formally 
admitted ad respondendum Quaestioni) the B.A. examination 
begins : the Admission of Bachelors taking place on the fol- 
lowing Friday, five weeks before 'the First Tripos comes out' ; 
this is the expression of the Univ. Calendar, but it does not 
mean the first publication of the honour list. 

The examiners have already made a preliminary assortment 

^ Univ. Calendar, 1802. lutrod. ^ By Statutum Acad. Eliz. cap. l. 

xvi., xvii. § 28, the usual expense of breakfasts 

^ As at the present day, the printing and dinners at the time of the dis- 

and publishing of the Tripos Paper putation is to be lightened and di- 

with its Verses was by no means con- minished by the Master and the ma- 

temporaneous with the settlement and jority of the Fellows, 
proclamation of the honour list. 



THE SENATE-HOUSE EXAMINATIONS. 45 

of the examinees, iuto ' classes' of six, eight, or ten, according 
to the notes made by the moderators at their acts (the persons 
in each class being arranged alphabetically), and half-a-dozen 
of these classes (eight, or so, in all) have been published at 
Deighton's, or elsewhere \ on the previous Thursday. 

Those who were placed by the Moderators in the 1st or 2nd 
classes were allowed on even a slight pretext to claim an aegro- 
tat Senior Optime' — 'a Nervous Fever, the Scald of a Tea-kettle, 
or a Bruise of the Hand, frequently put a period to the ex- 
pectation of their friends^' in the case of some who, having done 
well in disputation beyond their hopes, in greater discretion 
than valour thought good to retire with a vague honour degree, 
without being subjected to further examination. This was 
called ' gidphing it*' 

The following account of the Senate-house Examinations 
is quoted [with the exception of remarks enclosed in square 
brackets'] from John Jebb's account (1772), and the revision of 
it adopted in the Introduction to 'the Cambridge University 
Calendar for the year 1802/ and was true up to 1827. 

' On the Monday morning, a little before eight o'clock, the 
Students, generally about a Hundred, enter the Senate-House, 
preceded by a Master of Arts, who on this occasion is styled 
the Father of the College to which he belongs. On two pillars 
at the entrance of the Senate-House are hung the Classes ; and 
a Paper denoting the hours of examination of those who are 
thought most competent to contend for Honors. 

' Immediately after the University clock has struck eight, 
the names are called over, and the Absentees, being marked, are 
subject to certain fines. The classes to be examined are called 
out, and proceed to their appointed tables, where they find 
pens, ink, and paper provided in great abundance. In this 
manner, with the utmost order and regularity, more than two 
thirds of the young men are set to work within less than five 
minutes after the clock has struck eight. There are three chief 
tables, at which six examiners preside. At the first, the Senior 
Moderator of the present year and the Junior Moderator of the 

1 Vniv .Calendar iov l%02,Tg^.-v{i\.\:L. dar, will be found in an Appendix. 

2 A list of Proctor's Optimes and ^ Univ. Calend. p. xliii. 
aegrotats, omitted in the Camb. Calen- ■* Alma Mater, 1827, ii. 60. 



4G UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

preceding year*. At the second, the Junior Moderator of the 
present, and the Senior Moderator of the preceding year. At 
the third, the Two Moderators of the year previous to the two 
last, or Two Examiners appointed by the Senate. The two 
first tables are chiefly allotted to the six first classes ; the third 
or largest to the ol ttoXXoL The young men hear the Propo- 
sitions or Questions delivered by the Examiners [from books in 
their hands] ^ ; they instantly apply themselves ; demonstrate, 
prove, work out, and write down, fairly and legibly (otherwise 
their labour is of little avail) the answers required. All is 
silent; nothing heard save the voice of the Examiners; or the 
gentle request of some one who may wish a repetition of the 
enunciation. [The examination was conducted in English even 
before the year 1770.] It requires every person to use the 
utmost dispatch ; for as soon as ever the Examiners perceive 
any one to have finished his paper and subscribed his name to 
it, another Question is immediately given. A smattering de- 
monstration will weigh little in the scale of merit ; every thing 
must be fully, clearly, and scientifically brought to a true con- 
clusion. And though a person may compose his papers amidst 
hurry and embarrassment, he ought ever to recollect that his 
papers are all inspected, by the united abilities of six examiners, 
with coolness, impartiality, and circumspection. The Examiners 
are not seated (1802)', but keep moving round the tables, both 
to judge how matters proceed, and to deliver their Questions at 
proper intervals. The examination, which embraces Arithmetic, 
Algebra, Fluxions, the Doctrine of Infinitesimals and Increments, 
Geometry, Trigonometry, Mechanics, Hydrostatics, Optics, and 
Astronomy, in all their various gradations, is varied according 
to circumstances : no-one can anticipate a question ; for in the 
course of five minutes he may be dragged from Euclid to 
Newton; from the humble arithmetic of Bonnycastle, to the 
abstruse analytics of Waring. While this examination is pro- 

1 Previous to 1779 the two Modera- Poll-men especially, 

tors of the year were the only regular ^ Alma Mater. 

examiners. At that date those of the ^ In Jebb's time (1772) the Modera- 

preceding year were given equal and tors sat at the same table with the 

final authority with them. In 1791 candidates, 
they had been deputed to examine the 



THE SENATE-HOUSE EXAMINATIONS. 47 

ceeding at the three tables between the hours of eight and 
nine, printed Problems... are delivered to each person of the 
first and second classes ; these he takes with him to any window 
he pleases, where there are pens, ink, and paper prepared for 
his operations. It is needless to add that every person now 
uses his utmost exertion, and solves as many Problems as his 
abilities and time will allow.' 

In Jebb's time the examination by the Moderatoi^s was the 
least important ; when not engaged with them, any student was 
liable to be taken aside for an hour and a half together by the 
Father of some other college, to undergo a scrutiny in every 
part of mathematics and philosophy which he professed to have 
read. In like manner any M.A., or a doctor in any faculty, 
might subject him to the same ordeal. All such examiners 
were expected to give an account of their impressions ; — Fathers 
to Fathers, and other graduates *to every person who shall 
make the inquiry.' 

This plan was not always very satisfactory. John Frere 
(Caius), of Roydon, (M.P., F.RS., F.S.A. &c., elder brother of 
Lady Fenn, the writer of Cobwebs to Catch Flies and other 
delightful productions of 'Mrs Teachwell' and 'Mrs Lovechild'), 
was expected by many to beat Paley in 1763. 'He had already 
acquired singular fame in the schools, as well from the fluency 
of his language and his dexterity in repelling the arguments of 
an antagonist, as from a confidence in his own abilities, and an 
overbearing manner, which, till he very happily apologized for 
it in the thesis to his second act, had excited a general disgust... 
Mr Frere's tutor, who was one of the examiners, requested of 
Mr Paley on the morning of the first day, that in case any 
other gentleman offered to examine him he would say that he 
was engaged as he wished to examine him himself, though he 
never made good his intimation. He afterwards applied to the 
Moderators for permission to look over the Problems given to 
the first class (which consisted of Paley, Frere, Hutton and 
Hall, all of whom had distinguished themselves in the schools 
and gained the highest mark of excellency in the Moderator's 
book), together with the solutions which each individual had 
returned; a request which, as implying a suspicion of undue 
partiality, was instantly and peremptorily refused. Mr Paley's 



48 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

tutor, on the other hand, though not a member of the Senate, 
by anxiously enquiring of one of the Moderators how his pupil 
had acquitted himself, was enabled to correct a mistake which 
had arisen from two sets of papers having been delivered with- 
out names, and the inferior set attributed to Mr Paley. When 
on being first called upon for examination, the first class came 
to the bottom of the stairs, which led up to the gallery where 
the Moderators were seated, Mr Paley, after some hesitation 
amongst the whole party, ascended first, Mr Frere followed, 
then Mr Hutton, and lastly Mr Hall. On the subsequent days 
of examination the same order was observed, a circumstance 
which appears singular, as their names were afterwards so 
arranged in the honour list. As soon as Mr Paley was an- 
nounced to be senior wrangler, one of the fellows of Caius 
accused the Moderators of partiality in giving him the pre- 
cedence of Mr Frere ; but that gentleman, on hearing the alter- 
cation, came forward and ingenuously acknowledged that Mr 
Paley was his superior.' He had been promised a handsome 
estate^ if he had been senior. 

'The Moderators and Fathers^ meet atbreakfast and at dinner. 
From the variety of reports, taken in connection with their 
own examination, the former are enabled about the close of the 
second day (1772) so far to settle the comparative merits of the 
candidates as to agree upon the names of four-and-twenty, who 
to them appear most deserving of being distinguished by marks 
of academical approbation.' [These were the Wranglers and 
Senior Optimes. These together numbered only 12 in 1765 ; 
in 1759 — 60 they reached about 30 ; with those exceptions the 
aggregate numbers in each year from 1747-8 to 1776 never 
exceeded 28 nor fell short of 18 : but the exact number four- 
and-twenty was adhered to only four times in those twenty- 
nine years. The four honorary patronage degrees and occasional 
aegrotats (which then were classed) may have altered the num- 
bers somewhat ; but the numerical limit must have been found 
to be absurd. From the year 1777 there is hardly any sign of 
an attempt to control the number of the names on the ' first 
tripos paper.' In 1824 (the year of the institution of the Classical 

1 £1000. Bp. Watsou's Anecd. i. 30. 
^ Jebb's account is here resumed. 



THE SENATE-HOUSE EXAMINATIONS. 49 

Tripos) there were 59, thirty-one being wranglers, and twenty- 
eight senior op times : there were only seven junior optimes that 
year. 

Another statement of Jebb's, that ' in the latter list, or that 
of Junior Optimes, the number twelve is almost constantly 
adhered to,' applies with truth to a period of nineteen years 
(1758-76). There were two considerable exceptions ; 1760, 
when there were as many as 18 junior optimes, and the ver}' 
year in which he wrote (1772), when there were as few as six. 

The sketch of the examination questions given on pages 
46, 50, refers to the year 1802. Jebb's account of them, 
thirty years earlier, when there were only two days and a 
half employed, is as follows :] 

* The examination is varied according to the abilities of the 
students. The moderator generally begins with proposing 
some questions from the six books of Euclid, plain (sic) trigo- 
nometry, and the first rules of algebra. If any person fails 
in answer, the question goes to the next. From the elements 
of mathematics, a transition is made to the four branches of 
philosophy, viz. mechanics, hydrostatics, apparent astronomy, 
and optics, as explained in the works of Maclaurin, Cotes, 
Helsham, Hamilton, Rutherforth, Keill, Long, Ferguson, and 
Smith. If the moderator finds the set of questionists, under 
examination, capable of answering him, he proceeds to the 
eleventh and twelfth books of Euclid, conic sections, spherical 
trigonometry, the higher parts of algebra, and Sir Isaac New- 
ton's Principia; more particularly those sections which treat 
of the motion of bodies in eccentric and revolving orbits ; the 
mutual action of spheres, composed of particles attracting each 
other, according to various laws ; the theory of pulses propa- 
gated through elastic mediums ; and the stupendous fabric of 
the world.' 

'The subject-matter of the 'problems of those days was gener- 
ally the extraction of roots, the arithmetic of surds, the inven- 
tion of divisers, the resolution of quadratic, cubic, and bi- 
quadratic equations ; together with the doctrine of fluxions, 
and its application to the solution of questions " de maximis et 
minimis" to the finding of areas, to the rectification of curves, 
the investigation of the centre of gravit}^ and oscillation, and to 

W. 4 



50 UNIVEESITY STUDIES. 

the circumstances of bodies, agitated, according to various 
laws, by centripetal forces, as unfolded and exemplified in the 
fluxional treatises of Lyons, Saunderson, Simpson, Emerson, 
Maclaurin, and Newton.' 

The first problem paper of 1802 contained fifteen questions, 
of which the following are specimens : 

1. Given the three angles of a plane triangle, and the 
radius of its inscribed circle, to determine its sides. 

7. The distance of a small rectilinear object from the eye 
being given, compare its apparent magnitude when viewed 
through a cylindrical body of water with that perceived by the 
naked eye. 

cl X 

8. Find the fluents of the quantities - and 

a? . a" — aj* 

15, From what point in the periphery of an ellipse may an 
elastic body be so projected as to return to the same point, 
after three successive reflections to the curve, having in its 
course described a parallelogram ? 

' At nine o'clock the doors of the Senate-house are opened. 
Each man bundles up his papers, writes his name on the out- 
side sheet, delivers them to the examiners, and retires (only 
half-an-Iwur being allowed) to breakfast. [Many of the candi- 
dates, as we have seen, had already breakfasted with the Father 
of their college. But Gunning took his at 9 o'clock with a 
friend in Trinity, throughout the examination in 1786.] 

' At half-past nine all return again to the Senate-house ; 
the roll is called over ; particular classes are summoned up to 
the tables [though not to the same tables and examiners which 
each had attended during their first session] and examined as 
before 'till eleven, when the Senate-house is again cleared ' 

The following are some of the specimens of miscellaneous 
questions dictated by the moderators in 1802 : 

Trisect a right angle. 

Investigate the rule for the extraction of the square root. 

Required the value of ,583 of a pound. 



THE SENATE-HOUSE EXAMINATIONS. 51 

Assign the physical cause of the blue appearance of the sky 
on a clear day, and its redness at sun-set. 

Clear the equation a;' - — + ^ _ r = of fractions. 

Compare the centripetal with the force of gravity. 

Given the altitude of the mercury in the barometer at the 
top and bottom of a mountain, to find its height. 

Prove the Binomial Theorem by the method of increments. 

Given a beam, and the weight that will break it, to find the 
length of a similar beam, which being similarly situated will 
break by its own weight. 

Find the fluxion of x''' when it is a minimum. 

* Some of the lower classes are mostly employed in demon- 
strating Euclid, or solving Arithmetical and Algebraical Ques- 
tions The examination being thus continued 'till eleven, 

an adjournment of two hours take place. At one o'clock the 
whole return. Problems are then given to the 8rd, 4th, 5th, 
and 6th classes, while the Table Examinations proceed nearly as 
before,' 

The third and fourth classes had tv/enty problems in the 
afternoon — among others, 

1. Inscribe the greatest cylinder in a given sphere. 

3. Given the declination of the sun, and the latitude of the 
place, to find the duration of twilight. 

11, Let the roots of the equation x^ —px^ + qx — r = 
be a, h, and c, to transform it into another whose roots are 
a", h\ c\ 

17. If half the earth were taken off by the impulse of a 
comet, what change would be produced in the moon's orbit ? 

The fifth and sixth classes had fifteen problems, e.g. 

2, Every section of the sphere is a circle. — Required a 
proof, 

6. Inscribe the greatest rectangle in a given circle. 
[Summation of simple series to n terms and ad infinitum, 
some very simple equations with one unknown quantity]. 

1.5. How far must a body fall internally to acquire the 

vel. in a circle, the force varying j^^ ? 

4—2 



52 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

' At three o'clock the Senate-house is again cleared for half- 
an-hour ; during which time the Proctors treat the Fathers and 
Compounders with tea and coffee \ On the return, the exami- 
nations are resumed, and continue till five o'clock, when the 
Senate-house Examinations break up for the day. 

'At seven o'clock in the evening [6 p.m. in 1818] the first 
four classes... go' to the Senior Moderator's room [or the Com- 
bination-room of his college], where they continue till nine [or 
ten, 1818] to solve Problems ; and are treated with fruit and 
wine. [The number of students admitted to the evening pro- 
blem-papers became gradually less and less exclusive ^ In 
1788 only those in the first two classes were admitted except 
under exceptional causes ; in 1802 we find four classes, and in 
1818 six (i.e. all the candidates for honours). The entertain- 
ment provided became more formal in corresponding ratio. In 
1788 the students helped themselves to wine and dessert at a 
sideboard, and in 1818 they were all given tea before beginning 
their twenty-four problems. At the earlier date it was con- 
sidered rather severe to be required to extract the square and 
cube roots as far as three places of decimals ! I give two speci- 
mens of those set fourteen years later (1802). 

15. Construct the equation a^f — x^y — o.^ = 0. 

16. Compare the time of descent to the center in the 
logarithmic spiral with the periodic time in a circle, whose 
radius is equal to the distance from which the body is projected 
downward. 

The work of Examination Tuesday was similar to that of 
the Monday, and so was that of the Wednesday until the year 
1779, when it was determined to give more prominence to the 
examination in 'Natural Religion, Moral Philosojjhy, and Locke' 
which was at that time very superficial, consisting as it did at 
best of an occasional question or two in Locke, Butler's Analogy, 
or Clarke's Attributes, thrown in by the Moderator after he had 

1 They were relieved from giving Hall, in the evening, to solve prohlems. 

more elaborate entertainments by a Similar examinations in the Moderators' 

grace of March 26, 1784. rooms in the evenings of Monday and 

* However in Gil. Wakefield's time Tuesday for the first six classes are 
{Memoir i. 109) ' the three first classes mentioned as late as 1828 in Wall- 
went to the Moderator's room at Clare Gunning's Ceremonies, p. 71. 



THE SENATE-HOUSE EXAMINATIONS. 53 

exhausted his mathematical stock. By grace of Mar. 19, 1779, 
the examination was continued till 5 p. ra, on a fourth day, 
Thursday ; and all Wednesday was devoted to the moral sub- 
jects \ At the same time the Moderators of the previous year 
were added to the regular official staff of examiners, and (by a 
grace of March 20) the system of brackets (' classes quam mini- 
mas') introduced. 

In 1808 a fifth day was added to the examinations ; and in 
1827 an encroachment was made on the Friday and Saturday 
of the preceding week, leaving the Wednesday free. Other 
changes were made in 1832, 1838, and other years, until in 
1868 we find no acts and opponencies (the last was kept in 
1839), no viva voce examination, no previous classification (the 
old ' classes' were abolished in 1838), but the four days and the 
Jive days with a respite of ten days between. 

But from about 1780 until 1808 there were only four days 
(but longer days) spent in the senate-house. And here we will 
resume the course of the examination in the words of the Nar- 
rative of the Sixth Calendar of the University of Cambridge.] 

' Examination Wednesday. The hours of attendance are the 
same this day as the former. The examinations are confined 
solely to Logic, Moi^al Philosophy, and points relative to Natural 
and Revealed Religion. The authors chiefly respected are Locke, 
Foley, Clarke, Butler, &c.^ Wednesday, comparatively speak- 
ing, is considered a day of leisure, though all are full employed 
at stated periods as usual. [Howbeit, Gunning and many 
others found the time hang heavy on their hands, and solaced 

1 There is a tradition that in 1804 Reminisc. i. cb. vi. 

J. B. Hollingworth of Peterhouse ^ When Jebb wrote 1772-5 there was 

(afterwards Norrisian Professor and no special day for 'philosophy,' but 

Archdeacon of Huntingdon) won his after the other subjects 'the Moderator 

B.A. degree by his knowledge of Locke. sometimes asks a few questions in 

This however was considered extra- Locke's Essay on the Hwnan Under- 

ordinary, and he was placed no higher standing, Butler's Analogy, or Clarke's 

than next but one to the 'wooden- Attributes. But as the highest aca- 

spoon.' On the other hand James demical distinctions are invariably 

Blackburn of Trinity got his place as given to the best proficient in mathe- 

14th senior optime in 1790 by solving matics and natural philosophy, a very 

one very hard problem. In consequence superficial knowledge in morality and 

of a dispute with his tutor he would metaphysics will suffice.' (ii. 292. ) 
attempt nothing but that. Gunning 



64 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

themselves with teetotum ' below stairs V perhaps while Avaiting 
for their class to be called up for their one hour's examination.] 
Answers to the respective Questions are seldom given viva voce, 
but are required to be written down fully and legibly. It is 
expected in the examinations of this day, all persons, whether 
they be candidates for Honors or not, acquit themselves with 
respectability in the solution of the several Questions which the 
examiners may think proper to propose. The few subsequent 
Questions will give an idea of this day's examination. 

For what purpose does Locke recommend the study of 
Geometry and Mathematics ? 

Give the reasons which Gisborne urges against Paley's Prin- 
ciples of Moral Philosophy. 

What is Paley's opinion on Subscription to Articles of 
Religion ? 

Define simple and mixed modes : and shew wherein Identity 
consists. 

How is I^nthusiasm to be discovered ? 

'The examinations of this day conclude, as usual, at five 
o'clock ; but the fatigue of the Examiners is by no means di- 
minished ; for during the whole of this, as on the preceding 
nights, they have a multitude of Papers to inspect, and to affix 
to each it's degree of merit ; according to which a new arrange- 
ment of the classes is made out called the Brackets. 

'Examination Thursday.... At eight o'clock the new Classifi- 
cations or Brackets [an invention of the year 1779], which are 
arranged according to the order of merit, each containing the 
names of the candidates placed alphabetically, are hung upon 
the pillars [in the Senate-House. Should the Examiners wish 
to intimate that there is a magnum intervallum between two 
Brackets, they insert between them a number of lines propor- 
tionable to that interval. A 'bracket' may include only one 
name ; seldom more than ten are so classed together. In 1802 
there were fifteen brackets in all : the names of two men after- 
wards in the fourth (final) class were unnoticed in the Brackets]. 
Upon the exhibition of the Brackets, disappointment or satis- 
faction is visible in the countenances of the Examined ; some 

1 The Moderators sat in the gallery about 1763. 



THE SENATE-HOUSE EXAMINATIONS. 55 

think their merits are placed too low, while others rejoice in the 
Bracket assigned them. It seldom happens that a person either 
rises or falls from a Brachet ; his ultimate station being fixed 
somewhere within its limits. Each Bracket is examined [much 
as the Classes were on the preceding days], and when any one 
evidently appears to have distinguished himself above the rest 
[of those associated in his own bracket], his proper place is de- 
termined, and the Examiners give him no further trouble ; and 
in this manner the rest are arranged. Should any one however 
be dissatisfied, as frequently happens, he has the power of chal- 
lenging (often a dangerous experiment) any that he pleases to a 
fresh examination ; in which case the Moderators call to their 
assistance the Proctors and some Masters of Arts; who, after 
the most impartial and sometimes laborious scrutiny, determine 
the point at issue, and give judgment accordingly. [Isaac Mil- 
ner^ of Queens' was often thus called in to arbitrate : if he was 
hearing a challenge of some stupid men in the 5th or 6th classes 
he would call out to the Moderator at the other end of the 
room, In rebus fuliginosis versatus sum: — so translating his 
favourite expression ' Sooty fellows/' 

Fresh editions and revisions of the Brackets are published 
at 9 and 11 a. m., and 3 and 5 p. m., according to the course of 
the examination, liberty being given to any man to challenge 
the bracket immediately above his own on each occasion, until] 
'at five o'clock the examinations are finished. 

' The Proctors, Moderators, and Examiners retire to a room 
under the Public Library to prepare the list of Honors, and de- 
termine the situation of every person that has been examined. 
Thousands of the papers are frequently again produced, and 
their real character subjected to the keen criticism of an aggre- 
gate tribunal of eight learned men. The whole business is 
sometimes settled without much difficulty in a few hours; some- 
times not before two or three o'clock the next morning^ [The 
name of the Senior Wrangler was generally published at mid- 
night.] At this meeting it is determined whether all are to 
have their degrees passed; sometimes two or three are found 
deficient, in which case they are plucked, i. e. turned over to 

1 A ferocious charge of unfairness his college in two pamphlets, 1780-81. 
was hurled at him by Reg. Bligh of ^ g^e w. Gooch's letters in Appendix. 



56 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Ash Wednesday {Dunce's Day), or 'till such time as they have 
qualified themselves for their degree. It is scarcely necessary 
to add, that so little is required of these low men, that all com- 
passion on the defeat of their hopes, is totally out of the 
question. 

[At the end of the century^ 'two books of Euclid's Geome- 
try, Simple and Quadratic Equations, and the early parts of 
Paley's Moral Philosophy wei-e deemed amply sufficient. Yet 
in the year 1800 three students failed to pass even this test.' 
In 1774 a Syndicate was appointed to consider the case of such 
idle men 'secordia torpentibus' as well as that of those who 'read 
too high.'] 

' In consequence of the insufiiciency of many of the Ques- 
tionists in 1799, Mr Palmer [Joh.], Senior Moderator, signified 
that for the future no degree should pass, unless the Candidate 
should have a competent knowledge of the first book of Euclid, 
Arithmetic, Vulgar and Decimal Fractions, Simple and Qua- 
dratic Equations, and Locke and Paley. This regulation was 
communicated to the Fathers in the Senate-House, January 18, 
1799, and agreed to. 

' Such being the case, it is esteemed a reproach, both to the 
Father and the College, to send any men without being qua- 
lified, at least to bear an examination such as that above 
prescribed ; for all Societies, some time previous to Examination 
Monday, try the merits of their own men, before they permit 
them to undergo the Senate-House Examination. A select 
number {thirty at least, Stat. Acad.) of those who have most 
distinguished themselves, are recommended to the Proctors for 
their approbation; and if no reason appears to the contrary, 
their names are set down according to merit, and classed in 
three divisions, viz. Wi'anglers, Senior Optimes, and Junior Op- 
times ; which constitute the three orders of Honor, The rest 
are arranged according to merit, but not having obtained any 
Honor, are styled the ol TroWoi, or multitude, [The position 
of ' Captain of the Poll' was one of distinction. The lowest 
honor, or last Junior Optime, obtains the appellation of the 
Wooden Spoon. The last three, four, &c. of the ol ttoWoi, who 

1 G. Pryme's EccoU. p. 92. 



THE SENATE-HOUSE EXAMINATIONS, 57 

are hard run for their degrees, are arranged alphaheticallij, and 
usually obtain some distinctive title ; such as the Alphabet, Ele- 
gant Extracts, Rear Guard, Invincihles, \_Constant Quantities^ 
and Martyrs'], &c., or sometimes their titles are deduced from 
their number and concurring circumstances of the day, as The 
Twelve Judges or Apostles, The Consulate, The Executive Di- 
rectory or Septemvirate ; &c. [if there was but one, he was called 
Bion, who carried all his learning about him without the sliaht- 
est inconvenience. If there were two, they were dubbed the 
Scipios ; Damon and Pythias ; Hercides and Atlas ; Castor and 
Pollux. If three, they were ad libitum the Three Graces ; or 
Th^ee Furies ; the Magi; or Noah, Daniel, and Job. If seven, 
they were the Seven Wise Men; or the Seven Wonders of the 
World. If nine, they were the unfortunate Suitors of the 
Muses. If twelve, they became the Apostles. If thirteen, either 
they deserved a round dozen, or, like the Americans, should 
bear thirteen stripes on their coat and arms^], &c. 

'In the list of Honors, /owr*^ additional names used to be in- 
serted at the discretion of the Vice-Chancellor, the two Proctors, 
and the Senior Regent. Whether from abuse in bestowing 
these Honors, or the insignificance attached to the characters 
of those who have accepted this Cobweb Plumage, none at 
present [1802] are hardy enough to offer, and none so ridiculous 
as to accept them....' 

[These were known as Proctor s Senior Optimes^ or 'gratui- 
tous Honorati ' (Gil. Wakefield). In earlier times the number 
was not thus limited, nor the names always put at the foot of 
the Senior Optimes, but ' distributed ad libitum in various parts 
of the lists.' Tim. Lowten, a good classic, with considerable in- 
terest as a Johnian, seems thus to have been placed next the 
senior wrangler in 1761, and above T. Zouch of Trinity, who 
was properly second wrangler. Thus also in 1680, Ri. Bentley 
was hustled down from his proper place as third wrangler to 



1 Oxf. and Camb. Nuts to Crack, in 1650 Dr Arrowsmitb, master of St 
p. 247. John's, ' by the jnoctofs indulgence 

2 Wrangham's Memoirs of Zouch, had sent him unsought the seniority of 
p. xxxi. See my University Life, p. all his year,^ we have a plain pj-oof of 
210. the lack of any formal examination at 

3 When we read of M. Eobinson that that time. 



58 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

sixth. In like manner in 1776 four names^ were placed between 
the senior wrangler and Gil. Wakefield of Jesus. Wakefield 
thought this was an artifice of the V. C, Ki. Farmer, and the 
senior proctor W. Bennet, both Emmanuel men, to make the 
interval seem greater between him and their senior wrangler 
(Archdeacon) John Oldershaw. Wakefield's editor, however, 
(1804) thinks that it was done with the purpose rather of giving 
Bp H. W. Majendie a lift. About 1710 Ri. Laughton, Proctor and 
Moderator, used ' a promise of the senior optime of the year' to 
induce (Sir) Wm. Browne, then a student of Peterhouse, to 
keep his acts on mathematical questions ^ 

Gunning, in his edition of Wall's Ceremonies, p. 72, n. (1828) 
says, that ' some years since a Person thus nominated claimed 
to be a Candidate for the Classical Medal. His claim was dis- 
allowed ; and in consequence of the discussion which took place 
on the subject, this absurd practice was shortly afterwards dis- 
continued.' However, our Appendix will shew some instances 
of honorary senior optimes winning the medal.] 

'Those who take the degree of Bachelor of Arts at any 
other than this time, are called Bye-Term Men ; they are ar- 
ranged alphabetically in classes according to their supposed 
acquirements, either as Baccalaurei ad Baptistam [if admitted 
ad respondendum quaestioni after Ash Wednesday] or ad Diem 
Cinerum [if on or before that day, which was called Dunces 
Day]; and inserted in the list of seniority among the oi ttoWoI, 
[i. e. they, or any of them, may be placed before or after any 
one or other of the classes of the ' Poll.' They pay heavier fees 
to the junior proctor and marshall.] 

1 The tripos for 1776 commenced Nic. Simons, Chr. 

thus — Gil. Wakefield, Jes. 

J. Oldersliaw, Emm. See below, Appendix on honorary do- 

0. Isted, Trin. grees. 

H. W. Majendie, Chr. ^ Nichols' Lit. Anecd. in. 328. 

Bi. Eelhan, Trin. 



CHAPTER VI. 

THE ADMISSION OF QUESTIONISTS. HUDDLING. 



Haec alii sex 
Vel plures uno conclamant ore Sophistae. 

Juvenal vii. 166, 167. 



It is unnecessary to go through all the details of the admission 
of the Questionists on Friday (afterwards Saturday) morning as 
detailed by Mr Raworth in the Calendar of 1802. Suffice it to 
say that the class-lists of the Questionists are hung on the 
pillars at 8 a.m. At 10 a Bedell calls up the Houses to hear 
the Moderator s Latin speech, and admit their SiippUcats which 
are approved, and carried to the Scrutators in the non-regent- 
house to be placeted. The Questionists come down from the 
gallery of the senate-house ; and at a given signal the hoodling 
begins, i.e. each man's bed-maker puts his rabbit's-fur hood 
over his head. The School-keeper gives all men so distin- 
guished a copy of the following oath : 

'lurabis quod nihil ex iis omnibus sciens uolens praeter- 
misisti, quae per leges aut probatas consuetudines huius 
Academiae, ad hunc gradum quem ambis adipiscendum, aut 
peragenda, aut persoluenda, requiruntur, nisi quatenus per 
gratiam ab Acad em ia concessam tecum dispensatum fuerit. 
lurabis etiam quod Cancellario, et Pro-cancellario nostro comi- 
ter obtemperabis, et quod statuta nostra, ordinationes, et con- 
suetudines approbatas, obseruabis. Denique iurabis quod com- 



60 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

positionem inter Academiara et collegium Regale factam sciens 
nolens, non uiolabis. Ita te Dens adiuuet et sancta Dei Euan- 
gelia,' 

The 'Fathers' present their 'Sons' to the Vice-Chancellor 
as 'tarn moribus quam doctrina\..idoneos ad respondendum 
quaestioni.' The Vice-Chancellor admits them authoritatively, 
ad respondendum quaestioni (after they have taken the oath 
aforesaid with those of Supremacy and Allegiance), thereby 
licensing them, somewhat tardily, to undergo examination. 
This doubtless vi^as a remnant of the ancient custom of admitting 
questionists to be examined in ' Aristotle's Pn'on^ms^' by the 
'Proctors, Posers, and other Regents.' About the year 1555 
{Bedell Stolcys' Book) it was the custom for the Father to add 
his conclusion upon the answer of his * chyldren,' and if he 
shewed signs of making any lengthy strictures upon them, the 
Bedell was expected to 'knock hym out,' i.e. to drown his 
remarks by hammering on the schools door'' ! This part of the 
proceedings was not more seemlily conducted in the 18th 
century. For as the Questionists were admitted they went to 
the Sophs scliools^ under the Univ. Library : the Father, 
Moderator, or some other Regent ascended the moderator's 

1 ' A scliolar that was to take liis de- through some more serious acts and 

gree of B.A., was asked by the Dean, oppouencies in the schools ah-eady 

who was to present him to the con- and only made up the deficit in the 

gregation, with what conscience he statutable number by this fiction, but 

could swear him, who had spent his by some abuse of authority felloio- 

university career so unprofitably, to be commoners were admitted (1772) with 

fit for that degree both in learning and no other performance than this which 

in manners ? The scholar answered they despatched in the space of ten 

him, that he might well swear him to minutes ' reading in that time two 

he &t 'tarn moribus quam doctrina,' for theses, and answering sixteen argu- 

so the oath runs in Latin.' Reprint ments against six questions : hearing 

by Halliwell, from a 11th cent. Jest- also two theses, and proposing at least 

Book. eight arguments against six questions 

" See my Univ. Life, pp. 208, 217. in his turn. From the precipitation 

3 One taking an ordinary degree in with which the candidate reads his 
a bye-term, ad diem Cinerum, or ad theses, answers and proposes argu- 
Baptistam, answered his question in ments, the whole of the ceremony is 
the Senate-House. Ceremonies. Wall- very expressively denominated, "hud- 
Gunning, 1828, p. 166. dling for a degree." ' Jebb's Works 

^ ap. Notes and Queries, 2 S. viii. ii. 298, 299. At last they spoke such 

Most of the candidates had gone gibberish as Ins think-vs that-u?. 



THE ADMISSION OF QUESTIONISTS. 61 

pulpit and made a pair of them occupy the respondent's and 
opponent's boxes. The mock Respondent then said simply 
* Recte statuit Neivtonus,' to which the mock Opponent as simply 
answered ' Recte non statuit Newtonus! This was a disputation, 
and it was repeated as many times as the statutes required. 
The parties then changed their sides, and each maintained the 
contrary of his first assertion. 'I remember (adds the late Prof. 
A. Be Morgaii) thinking it was capital practice for the House 
of Commons.' By the side of this the specimen syllogism given 
in the Oradus ad Cantabrigiam, 1803, (s.v. Huddling), 

Asinus mens habet aures 
Et tu habes aures. 
Ergo: Tu es asinus meus — 

was quite rational. ' This, which Sir Thomas More says, was 
" the form of arguing used by yonge children in grammer 
schooles" in his time, would be thought very good huddling 
for old boys at the University,' (1803). 

According to the Cambridge Ceremonies (Wall-Gunning, 
1828, p. 163), the huddling was performed in the case of candi- 
dates for an ordinary degree, who had not kept all their statu- 
table exercises, before their supplicats were presented to the 
Caput, They were got through in the Sophs' school in pre- 
sence of the Fathers of their colleges, a B,A., and a Soph. 
They were also examined by the moderators in their rooms, 
A young gentleman who was not conspicuous for mathematics 
was asked by the mock moderator in the mock Latin for which 
the schools were so famous, Domine respondens, quid fecisti in 
Academia triennium commorans ? Anne circulum quadrasti ? 
To which he made answer, shewing his trencher cap with its 
angles considerably the worse for rough usage, Minime, Domine 
eruditissime ; sed quadratum omnino circidavi^. 

On account of the shortness of the Lent Term, permission 
was granted in 1684 (Dec. 16), to make the work lighter by 
the passing of two graces'"*, allowing inceptors in arts to make 
their disputations with an M.A. any day in term-time in the 
Logic, Philosophy, or Law schools, from 7 to 9, or 9 to 11 a.m., 
and 1 to 8, or 3 to 5 p.m., in the presence of the Proctor (or a 

1 Notes and Queries, 2 S, viii, 191, - Dyer Priv. Camh. i, 265,266. 



62 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

regent his deputy) and at least six B.A.'s, and to hold disputa- 
tions or declamations of inceptors and questionists, even out of 
term, at the Proctors' pleasure, provided that the questions were 
duly posted on the doors and a Moderator present, as well as 
twelve Sophs at the Sophs' disputations, and six B.A.'s at the 
Bachelors' declamations. That day, thirty-seven years later, 
Dec. 16, 1721, these exceptional graces were made j)e?'pefwa^. 

But we find Bentley's opponent, Serjeant Miller, complain- 
ing as early as 1717, that * when the Students come to take 
the degree of B.A., among other things they swear^ that they 
have learned rhetoric in the first year of their coming to the 
University ; in the second and third, logic ; and in the fourth 
year, philosophy ; and that they have performed several other 
exercises, which through the multitude of scholars and the want 
of time appointed for them if they are performed at all, they 
are, the greatest part of them, in the manner which they call 
huddling — which is in a slighter manner than the usual meet- 
ings are in the inns of court.' 

It appears that the licence granted by the graces* of Dec. 16^ 
in 1684 and 1721 had brought the more ancient Lenten dispu- 
tations into contempt, so that just ten years after the latter 
date {i.e. on Dec. 16, 1731) it was ordered by a grace that the 
exercises of Questionists and Sophisters should be performed in 
that term as regularly as they were after Easter and Michael- 
mas ! All exercises had for some time been 'neglected or per- 
formed in a trifling and ludicrous manner^' There is no 
appearance of any cessation of these mock exercises up to the 
year 1840*. 

The question asked by the Moderator was usually some- 
thing ridiculous, and the answer quite immaterial. The com- 
monest question was Quid est nomen ? and the answer Nescio. 
About 1830 it was customary to ask a student whether he had 

1 There is no reason to suppose tliat nations at Trinity between chapel and 

the students knew the statute well breakfast in 1755. Unw. Life, p. 117. 
enough to understand that all this * Dyer Privil. Camb. i. 265-6, 269. 

was impUed in their oath. In the ^ Masters' Hist. C. C. C. C. 196. - 

18th cent, teachers in Khetoric, Logic, Cooper's Annab iv. 211. 
and Ethics, &c. were appointed at * The ' classes ' continued till 1839, 

Peterhouse every year. There were the ' acts ' till 1840. 
Logic and Locke lectures and exami- 



THE ADMISSION OF QUESTIONISTS. 03 

been to the opponents' tea-party, and his expected answer 
again Nescio^. If any fun could be made of the student's name 
the opportunity was not lost. For example, Joshua King, 
[afterwards president] of Queens', senior wrangler in 1819, was 
asked Quid est Kex ? He answered boldly Socius Reginalis. 
J. JBrasse (sixth wrangler) was accosted in 1811 with Quid est 
aes 1 (then pronounced ease). Nescio, nisi finis examinationis 
was his reply. E. Hogg was attacked [1806] with Tu es 
porcus : to which he retorted (the moderating M.A. being a 
Johnian) Bed non e grege porcorum. 

It should be remembered that these jests were allowed only 
after the business of examinations was over. When a man 
was asked in the Senate-house to give a definition of Happi- 
ness, and answered ' an exemption from Payne ' — that being 
the name of an examiner — he was justly 'plucked' for want of 
discrimination in time and place*^. The art of playing upon 
names was carried to great perfection, and more opportunely, 
by the late registrary, Jos. Eomilly, at matriculations. 

A good specimen of his wit is found in his remark to a 
freshman (1834) who was asked how he spelt his name — one of 
no uncommon sound — and replied ' W, double 0, double Z).' 
' I trust, Sir, that the simplicity of your character will make 
amends for the duplicity of your name*?' 

^ Cp. WhewelVs Writings and Letters every thing, and was pronounced by 

(Todhunter) ii. 5. the moderator to have disputed magno 

' Facetiae Cantab. 103, 142, 85. honore, I never had such a strain of 

Alma Mater ii. 103. Another man thought in my life. For the inferior 

ventured in the little-go of 1847 to opponents were made as sharp as their 

emphasize his translation of Livy's betters by their tutors, who kept lists 

' horrida palus ' — that horrid Marsh, of queer objections drawn from all 

this being the examiner's name. quarters.' 

'The real disputations,' says De 3 Cp. 

Morgan (Budget of Paradoxes, 305), ' One can think of the pun 

' were very severe exercises. I was He would make just for fun ; 

badgered for two hours [1826] with One can think of his ever kind look 

arguments given and answered in La- And the pains he would take 

tin — or what we called Latin — against To prevent a mistake 

Newton's first section, Lagrange's De- As Jex put his name in thg book.' 

rived Functions, and Locke on innate Narrative of Mr Jex Jex of Corpus, 

Principles. And though I took off By A. C. D. Barde (1864) p. 14. 



CHAPTER VII. 



THE MATHEMATICKS. 



' ' There is figures in all things.' 

K. Hennj V. Act vi. Sc. 7. 



A UNIVERSITY speech made probably in the year 1654 by Isaac 
Barrow^ (who a few years later had the singular fortune to be 
predecessor of Newton as Lucasian professor, of Bentley as 
master of Trinity, and of Porson as Greek professor) will give 
the reader a notion of the progress of Cambridge mathematics 
previous to the appearance of Newton. 

'Nempe Euclidis, Archimedis, Ptolemaei, Dioplianti, horrida 
olim nomina iam multi e nobis non tremulis auribus excipiunt. 
Quid memorem iam uos didicisse arithmeticae oj)e, facili et 
instantanea opera uel arenarum enormes numeros accurate 
computare' &c. — After referring to astronomical studies, he 
continues — 'Sane de horribili monstro, quod Algebram nuncu- 
pant, domito et profligato multi e nobis fortes uiri triumpharunt : 
permulti ausi sunt Opticem directo obtutu inspicere ; alii sub- 
tiliorem Dioptrices et utilissimam doctrinam irrefracto ingenii 
radio penetrare. Nee nobis hodie adeo mirabile est, Catoptrices 
principia et leges Mechanicae non ignorantibus, quo artificio 
magnus Archimedes romanas naues comburere potuit, nee a tot 
saeculis immobilem Vestam quomodo stantem terram concutere 
potuisset.' 

1 Worlis (Napier, 1859) ix. 43, 44. 



THE MATHEMATICKS:" 65 

And, to speak the truth, this was a matter of congratulation 
for seventeenth-century Cambridge. For while we are not con- 
tent that it should now be considered as exclusively ' the mathe- 
matical university,' or that the tripos in the last century should 
be called ' the mathematical tripos,' it appears that about 1 635 
it was not mathematical at all. 

Wallis, who was at Emmanuel at that time, says^ that mathe- 
matics were ' scarce looked upon as Academical studies, but 
rather Mechanical... Aw^ among more than Two hundred Stu- 
dents (at that time) in our College, I do not know of any Two 
(perhaps not any) who had more of Mathematicks than I, (if so 
much) which was then but little ; And but very few, in that 
whole University. For the Study of Mathematicks was at that 
time more cultivated in London than in the universities.' 
Wallis adds that he first learnt logic, and proceeded to ethics, 
physics and metaphysics, consulting the schoolmen on such 
points. 

But Aristotle and the Schoolmen were to be displaced within 
a very few years by the influence of Bacon and the discoveries 
of astronomy and physical science, and gradually in the Cam- 
bridge schools questions in moral and natural philosophy took 
the place of Aristotelian problems, and this (as Peacock ob- 
served^) without the slightest warrant on the part of the 
Statutes, or any formal alteration of them. During the latter 
half of the century when Barrow wrote, Descartes was in the 
ascendant, until just before its close, as we shall see, Newton was 
beginning to gain some footing in the academical disputations. 

And when Newton was established the schools first clave to 
the Principia and by degrees (but not for another half century) 
revelled in fluxions. Afterwards when the Senate-house ex- 
amination was getting the better of the Schools, the latter 
became almost exclusively ' philosophical ' (i. e. addicted to the 
moral and mental science of the day) until they perished in the 
present century ; while the mathematics migrated in a body to 
the Senate-house and have flourished there ever since\ 

1 Hearne's Longtoft, i. pp. cxlvii. — bridge schools, of Lax the moderator 

cxHx. (mentioned p. 38), and the Senate- 

" Peacock On the Statutes, 60. house, is given in the letters of W. 

3 An interesting picture of the Cam- Gooch (Cains), 1791, in an Appendix. 

w. 5 



66 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

It will have been remarked that to get a degree in Arts at 
Cambridge in the last century a young man must have some 
knowledge of mathematics (indeed in the latter part of that 
period as much as or more than he could well acquire^), a trifle 
of colloquial Latin and of formal logic, as well as a little meta- 
physics ; — Newton, — at least a part of the Principia, — seems to 
have been always expected. 

In later times (1818) it was considered a great concession on 
the part of the moderators to allow an aspirant to mathematical 
honours — indeed the only honours then attainable — to ' keep' in 
the Eleventh Book of Euclid instead of in Newton. 

English mathematicians of the eighteenth century wor- 
shipped the genius of Newton, and few Cambridge men would 
have dreamt of such audacity as to attempt to advance upon his 
discoveries. And who shall blame them? But so it was that 
no progress was made. For example, with regard even to the 
mechanical part of his work in hydrodynamics, no advance was 
made in England upon the speculations of Newton until the 
time of Thomas Young^ (M.D. Gottingen 1795, Camb. 1808). 
This remarkable man, who was destined to shake the New- 
tonian Emission Theory of Light, wrote On Sound and Light for 
the Royal Society while he was an undergraduate at Emmanuel, 
aged 26, in 1799. 

Dr W. Heberden of St John's, writing of the examinations 
which he remembered about 1730, says that Locke, Clarke, and 
the most important parts of the four branches of natural philoso- 
phy were studied ; while 'Newton, Euclid and Algebra were only 
known to those Avho chose to attend the lectures of Prof Saun- 
derson, for the college lecturers were silent on them. The works 



^ * You may do anything with young admixture of the study of natural phi- 
men by encouragement, by prizes, losophy, of classics and literature, and 
honours, and distinctions : see what that university honours should be ac- 
is done at Cambridge. But there the corded to all. One thing I always set 
stimulus is too strong ; two or three my face against ; and that is, exer- 
heads are cracked by it every year... cises in English composition.' Taley's 
some of them go mad ; others are conversation in 1797 ^oitli H. Best, 
reduced to such a state of debihty, Personal and Lit. Memorials, p. 171. 
both of mind and body, that they are ^ Whewell, Hist. Induct. ScienceSy 
unfit for anything during the rest of Vol. ii. Bk. vi. Ch. iv. § 2. 
their lives. 1 always counselled the 



THE MATHEMATICKS. 67 

however of Dr Smith* and Dr Rutherford^ naturally introduced 
a greater attention to the subjects of which they treated in the 
two great colleges : ' which spread thence and soon became sub- 
jects in the public examination ^ 

Dr Whewell (disposing of Professor Playfair's misrepresenta- 
tions of Cambridge as if she were slow in recognising her hero*) 
shews that Newton probably taught the substance of the Prin- 
cipia in lectures at Cambridge before it was published in 1687, 
one or two of which had been heard in the publick Schools by 
Whiston [B.A. 1689], who became his deputy in 1699, and his 
successor in 1703 ; in which capacities he delivered lectures 
explanatory of Newton, which were published in 1707, 1710, iii 
usum juventutis Academicae. Whewell writes, 

'About 1694 the celebrated Samuel Clarke [of Norwich], 
then an undergraduate, defended in the schools a question taken 
from the philosophy of Newton : a step which must have had 
the approbation of the moderator who presided at the disputa- 
tions : and his translation of Rohault with references to the 
Principia was first published in 1697; and not in 1718 as Pro- 
fessor Playfair has strangely supposed.' Rohault was indeed an 
expositor of the Cartesian philosophy^, and Whiston calls this 
a good edition of 'a Philosophical Romance:^ but the Newtonian 
Philosophy which had already crept into the notes was soon 
about to usurp the text, and to subjugate the editor. For he 

^ Egbert Smith, B.A. 1711, a cou- System of Natural Philosophy (lectures 

Bin of Cotes, whom he succeeded as on mechanicks, opticks, hydrostaticks, 

Plumian professor of astronomy and astronomy) 1748, Institutes of Natural 

experimental philosophy 1716 — 60, Law (St John's College Grotius lectures) 

succeeded Bentley as Master of Trinity 1754 — 6, &c., &e. 
1742 — 68. He increased the endow- * Strictures upon the Discipline of 

ment of the Plumian professorship, and Cambridge, 1792, pp. 42, 43. 
founded the Smith's prizes 1768. He * Whewell (1821) On the Statements 

wrote a System of Opticks 1728, and of Prof. Playfair respecting the Univ, 

Harmonicks, or the Philosophy of Mu- of Cambridge {Museum Criticum, ii. 

sical Sounds, 1760, 514—519.) Monk thinks that Bentley 

2 Thomas Butherfobd, B.A. 1729, learnt the secret of Newton's disco- 
was one of the candidates for the veries from his professorial lectiu'es 
mastership of St John's 1765. He was before 1680. Life of Bentley, i. 8. 
Eegius professor of Divinity 1756 — 71. ^ I have mentioned elsewhere that 
He wrote Ordo Institutionum Physi- even the Tripos Verses attack the 
carum (dedicated to DrNewcome) 1743, Cartesian system as early as 169|. 
Kature and Obligations of Virtue, 1744, This is a most significant fact. 

5—2 



68 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

republished tlie book in 1702 ' with more copious ?.dJitious from 
the principles of Newton, which could hardly "escape the no- 
tice" of any body who saw the book, since they are mentioned 
in the title page,' says Dr WhewelP, 

We next find Dr Clarke translating Newton's Opticks into 
elegant Latin, a performance which so much pleased the author 
that he gave the translator 1001. for each of his five children 2. 
This was in 1706. 

Long before this, indeed in the year when Clarke took his 
first degTee (1694), E-i chard Laughton became tutor^ of Clare 
Hall, Whiston's college. His lectures ' had probably been on 
Newtonian principles for the whole or the greater part of his 
tutorship ; but it is certain that for some years [before 1710] he 
had been diligently inculcating those doctrines, and that the 
credit and popularity of his college had risen very high^ in con- 
sequence of his reputation.' 

The study of the new philosophy, and with it mathematicks 
generally, had gained some ground at our university when Sir 
W. Browne went there in 1707. It was about that time® that 
Laughton published 'a sheet of questions for the use of the 
{Soph Schools,' on the mathematical Kewtonian philosophy. It 
was in this year that ' the celebrated [Nic] Saunderson [LL.D.] 
having acquired an extraordinary portion of mathematical 
knowledge, came to Cambridge [Chr. Coll.] with the intention 
of fixing himself in the university by means of it,' And though 
the subject was already occupied by Whiston, the blind geome- 
ter® was encouraged with the permission of the professor himself 

^ In a paper read before the Camb. system ; and according to him these 

Philosophical Society in 1851, and instructions were veiy late in receiv- 

priuted as ' Appendix G ' to his Philos. ing the impression of Newtonianism.' 

of Discovery, Dr Whewell has shewn Whcwell, Mus. Crit. ii. 517. 
how the Cartesian Theory of Vortices * Thoresby's Diary (8 July, 1714). 

was gradually (though very tardily) ^ Sir W. Browne's Speech, 1772. 

supplanted by the Newtonian system Nichols' Lit. Anecd. ni. 322. Cp. 

at Paris, when in 1741 a Cartesian Monk's Bentley, i. 288, ii. 30 n. 
Essay was rewarded with a prize along 6 jjig blindness came on when he 

with three Newtonian. was one year old. A portrait of Saun- 

2 Whiston's Histor. Memoirs of derson with his eyehds closed, in 
Clarke, p. 13. bauds and cape, handling a skeleton- 

3 ' The lectures of persons in that globe, was painted by Vauderbauck, 
capacity Prof. Playfair considers as engraved by G. Vauder Gutch. Saun- 
the only elective part uf the University derson's Elements of Alijchra were 



TfiE MATHEMATICKS; 69 

to give a course of lectures ou ' the Principia, Optics, and Arith- 
metica Universalis of Newton ; ' Public exercises, or acts as they 
are called, founded on every 2)cirt of the Newtonian system, are 
spoken of by Saunderson's biographers as very common in 1707. 
By this time those studies were extensively diffused in the 
university, and copies of the Principia were in such request that 
in 1710 one which was originally published at ten shillings was 
considered cheap at two guineas. In 1709 and the following 
year Ri. Laughton was enabled to stimulate the progress of the 
science in an official capacity in the university as he had done 
in Clare Hall. He was elected proctor : and instead of deputing 
another person to moderate, according to the usual custom, he 
chose to preside in the schools in person, and to discharge the 
office of moderator himself. Among his college pupils^ were 
Francis Barnard, preb, of Norwich, and Martin Folkes, the cele^ 
brated president of the Royal Society in 1741. Another tutor 
of Clare, -Ro. Green, in his Principles of Natural Pldlosophy 
(Camb. 1712), opposed the Newtonian philosophy^ 

Meanwhile Saunderson was teaching 'numerous classes of 
scholars in private Lectures annually^' with great success; and 
when Whiston was removed from the chair of Barrow and 
Newton in 1710, he succeeded to the Lucasian professorship* 
And the testimony of the next generation was that, although 
mathematics had become more generally understood since his 

issued posthumously in 1740 (2 vols. gravity — he maintained also, and offers 
4to.) and of its 'Select Parts' many proof of the possibility of squaring the 
editions were published. circle. He examined also various 
1 Nichols' Lit. Anecd. iii.B28,n.578, other doctrines that are comprehended 
" Green's Principles of Philosophy in Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy aa 
of Expansive and Contractive Forces, that of Sound, Light, and Colour, the 
Camb. 1727, was reviewed soon after- Rainbow, Fluids, &c. He thought 
wards on the continent in Acta Erudi- that the new systems tended to under- 
tortim, 1729, No. vi. pp. 241 sqq. His mine the authority of Eevelation, iu 
Encyclopedia, or scheme of study for which he appears to have been a sin- 
undergraduates, 1707, will be found cere and zealous believer.' Dyer, 
reprinted in an Appendix to this pre- Privil. 11. ii. 200. Like H. Lee, Greeu 
gent compilation. opposed Locke's theory of the Mind, 
'Dr Green maintained there is Saunderson said he was accounted mad,, 
neither a Vacuum, in the sense of the See De Morgan, Budget of Paradoxes^ 
moderns (Newton, Eaphson, Keil, &c.) 80, 81. 

nor a Plenum in the sense of Descartes ^ Dyer Priv. Cant. i. 539 n. 
— he held some peculiar notions on 



70 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

premature death in 1739 (aged 56), yet Saimderson was 'justly 
famous not only for the display he made of the several methods 
of Reasoning, for the improvement of the mind ; and the appli- 
cation of Mathematics to natural Philosophy,' but by the ' reve- 
rential regard for Truth as the great Law of the God of truth ^, 
with which he endeavoured to inspire his Scholars, and that 
peculiar felicity in teaching, whereby he made his subject familiar 
to their minds.' It may be remarked that Cotes, Newton's 
friend and disciple, and Bentley,- who made Newton's pliilo- 
sophy known to the readers of general literature ^ resided in 
Cambridge in the first years of Saunderson's professorship, the 
one as Plumian Professor till 1716, the other (who survived both 
his colleagues) as Master of Trinity. Saunderson's Elements of 
Algebra and Treatise on Fluxions were published posthumously. 
Smith recommended E,i. Watson^, then a sizar of Trinity, to 
read the latter work in l7o7 soon after its publication, 

Saunderson's successor was J. Colson of Sidney and Emmanuel, 
who was brought to Cambridge by Dr Smith after being master 
of Rochester school and vicar of Clmlk. He edited Newton's 
Fluxions 1736, and decyphered Saunderson's Palpable Arithme- 
tic, prefixing it to the posthumous 'Algebra' 1740. Other 
works of his are mentioned in Cooper's Biographical Dictionary, 

The next Lucasian professor was E. Waring^ a senior wrangler, 
of Magdalene. He was appointed in 1760 at the age of twenty- 
five, before he got his fellowship. He wrote Miscellanea Analytica 
de Aequationibus Algebraicis et Ourvarmn Proprietatibus, Me- 
ditationes Algebraicae, Meditationes Analytical &c. The first 
chapter of his Miscellanea Analytica he circulated to defend 
the honour of the University, which had chosen so young a 
man to sit in the seat of Barrow, Newton, and Saunderson. 
Dr Powell of St John's attacked this production in some 
Observations, with which Waring grappled ' in a very able reply, 
for which he was indebted to Mr J. Wilson^, then an under- 

1 Ei. Davies, M.D., Epistle to Dr ^ Whewell,\.c. p. 518. 

Hales [Bath, 1759,) p. 14. Dyer, how- 3 Watson's ^ncccL 1. 14. Dyer, Privil. 

ever, says that Sauuclerson was ' no ii. i. 206. 

friend to Divine revelation,' But he * Wilson (of the Theorem), sen. 

adds that ' he desired to receive the wrangler 1761, was Paley's private 

communion before he died.' Privil. tutor. A. De Morgan Budget of Para' 

Camh. II. ii. ( = Suppl. Hist.) pp. 142-3. doxcs, 132, 133. 



THE MATHEMATICKS, 71 

graduate of Peter House, afterwards a Judge of the Common 
Pleas.' Powell had the last word\ In 1765 G. Wollaston, of 
Sidney, joined with two Peterhouse men, J. Jebb and Ro, Thorp, 
in editing Excerpta quaedam e Newtoni Principiis Fhilosophiae 
Naturalis, cum notis variorum, 4to. This became a standard 
work at Cambridge. Isaac Milner, of Queens' (senior wrangler, 
1744), succeeded Waring, 1798—1820. He had been pre- 
viously professor of Natural Philosophy. He took little part in 
mathematical instruction, except so far as the examinations 
went. Long before this, Newton's name was familiar in the 
mouths of the most ignorant persons in the kingdom, such as 
Doiley in Mrs Cowley's Who 's theDupe? (Act ii. sc. 2, 1779), who 
exclaims ' Newton ! oh ay — I have heard of Sir Isaac — every- 
body has heard of Sir Isaac — great man — master of the mint ! ' 

At Oxford the Principia was not so well received^. David 
Gregory, secimdus, (editor of Euclid, &c., Savilian Professor), 
brought something of this philosophy from Edinburgh'; but 
the old Oxonians were somewhat jealous of his reputation. 

In one place Hearne admits that Newton was ' a very great 
mathematician:' but in another he states that Sir Isaac New- 
ton does not understand a bit of classical learning, only studies 
chronology for relaxation, and is beholden to others for the 
Latin of his books. Moreover that he took his Fi'incijna ' from 
hints given him by the late Dr Hook (many of whose papers 
cannot now be found), as well as from others that he received 
from Sir Christopher Wren, both of which were equally as 
great men as Sir Isaac*,' — and had the advantage of being 
educated respectively at Christ Church, and Wadham College, 
. Oxon. However J. Carswell or Caswell (Wadh. and Hart Hall), 
their Savilian professor of Astronomy (1709 — 13), did not give 
a very favourable character to Ro. Hooke ; for while he con- 
sidered him a good mechanician, he thought him inclined to 
overrate his own discoveries^ 

1 Nicliols' Lit. Anecd. ii. 717. ' SirW. Browne (Pet. and Qiieens') 

2 The anti-Newtonian J. Hutcliin- piiblished a translation of Gregory's 
eon's Mosis Principia appeared in two Catoptricks and Dioptriclis. 

parts 1724 — 7. He was followed by J. * Reliquiae Hearnianae ed. 2, ii. 216 

Parkhnrst (Clare) in articles Jehova {anno 1724), 245, 277, 309, 310. 

Eloheim, &c., in his Hebrew lexicon, « Uffenbach, Reisen iii. 182, which 

and by G. Home and Jones of Nayland. passage gives evidence of this Oxford 



72 JJNIVEESITY STUDIES. 

Jo. Spence of New College also gives currency to the ridi- 
culous popular Anecdote (p, 175) that Newton could not make 
up a common account for himself even when he was master of 
the Mint. If Cambridge desired to retort upon her sister she 
might with the advantage of truth on her side proclaim, that 
the learned and generous founder of the lectureships of geome- 
try and astronomy at Oxford, the warden of Merton and provost 
of Eton, Sir Henry Savile, publicly confessed that a course of 
lectures on the definitions, postulates, axioms and first eight 
propositions of Euclid was a task which almost overwhelmed 
him\ Dr Whewell, however, takes a more liberal view of his 
words, and attributes them to the absorbing process of the 
commentator! al spirit working in a critic long and earnestly 
employed on one author. 

Bp G. Home at the age of 19 wrote a Satire on Newton, 
'The Theology and Philosophy in Cicero's Somnium Scipionis 
ex:j)lained.' Lond. 1751. Two years later when fellow of Mag- 
dalen he wrote the more mature 'Fair, candid, and impartial 
State of the Case between Newton and Hutchinson.' 

At the close of the eighteenth century, Dr Abram Robertson 
of Christ Church, Savilian professor of Geometry, and Dr Thomas 
Hornsby of Corpus, Savilian j>rofessor of Astronomy ^ were among 
those Oxford professors of whom Adam Smith had asserted in 
1776 that 'the greater part... have for these many years given up 
altogether even the pretence of teaching.' Tetnpora mutantiw. 

Algebra^ lectures were begun at Cambridge on Lady Sad- 
leir's foundation at the following nine colleges, — Emmanuel, 
King's, St John's, Sidney, Trinity, Jesus, Queens', Peterhouse, and 

professor's interest in astronomical au account of certain Cambridge alge- 

and practical mechanics. braists — among them baron Francis 

1 'Exolvi per Dei gratiam, Domini Maseres (fellow of Clare), aiitlior of A 
anditores, promissum ; liberavi fidem Dissertation on the Negative Sign in 
meam ; explica\T pro meo modulo, defi- Algebra, 1758, — and W. Frend (Jes.), 
uitioues, petitiones, communes senten- iiutlior of Principles of A Igebra, 1796-9. 
tias, et octo priores propositiones Ele- Both of these persons set themselves 
mentorum Euclidis. Hie, anuis fessus, against Saunderson, Maclaurin and the 

. cycles artemque repono.' Praelectiones, rest of the world ; for they rejected ne- 

See Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, gative quantities 1, - 1, no less than 

Bk.iy. ch. ii. v'-l; and, like Eo. Simson, 'made 

2 Misprinted 'Anatomy^ in my war of extermination on all that dis- 
Vniv. Society, p. 87. tinguishes algebra from arithmetic.' 

3 Dyer (Prti'iZ. II. ii.205— 200)give3 {Dc Morgan.) 



THE MATHEMATICKS. 73 

Pembroke Hall. The foundress was widow of W. Croune, M.D. of 
Emmanuel, and died Sept. 30, 1706 \ In the present century the 
remaining colleges were endowed with lectureships from the same 
foundation ^ They were commuted for a professorship about 18G0. 

Dr J. Green, bp of Lincoln, says in the Academic, 1750, 
(p. 23), that ' Matliematicks and Natural Philosophy are so 
generally and so exactl}'' understood, that more than twenty 
in every year of the Candidates for a Batchelor of Arts Degree, 
are able to demonstrate the principal Propositions in the 
Principia ; and most other Books of the first Character on 
those subjects. Nay, several of this Number, they tell you, 
are no Strangers to the higher Oeometry and the more difficult 
Parts of the Mathematicks : and others, who are not of this 
Number, are yet well acquainted with the Experiments and 
Appearances in natural Science. In Morality, Metaphysicks, 
and Natural Religion, the Authors whose Rotions are the most 
Accurate and Intelligible are generally read and well understood 
by many before they are admitted to this Degree. 

'Logic they allow to be at present rather more neglected 
than it deserves ; as Men run but too commonly into opposite 
Extremes ; but the Error, they say, begins to be perceived and 
will probably be of no long Duration.' Dr Green is here men- 
tioning the current opinion of the studies at Cambridge in 
1750 ; not controverting its truth, but its significance. 

For practical instances of their knowledge, as brought to 
the trial of examination, we have a tradition of Turner, tutor 
of Pembroke Hall in Pitt's time, that he thus advised an 
undergraduate, ' By all means do not neglect your duodecimals. 
I was Senior Wrangler in 1767 by knowing my duodecimals^' 

^ The lecturer's stipend at all but against the doctrine of prime and ul- 

Emmanuel was at first £20, and in timate ratios as taught by one of our 

course of time was doubled. ablest mathematicians ; which (saya 

2 Gamh. Calendar, 1802, p. 33. Coop- his biographer, E. T. Vaughan, 1816, 

er's Annals, iv. 77. p. 29), I am assured has never yet 

2 Of T. Robinson of Trinity (seventh been satisfactorily answered.' Eobin- 
wrangler in 1772) it is recorded that he son ' gained great credit from his ma- 
was ' well acquainted with natural thematical disputations in the schools, 
philosophy, though but little with the year previous to his first degree,' 
analytics,' and that for one of his dis- (ihid. p. 28), yet rather from his rea- 
putations as an opponent in the soning powers than from any great 
schools 'he invented an argument proficiency in Algebra and Fluxions.... 



71; UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

In 1776 Wakefield, the second wrangler, retired from competition 
for the Smith's prizes because he ' was but a humble proficient 
in the higher parts of Algebra and Fluxions^.' Then ten years 
later there is the astonishment of the expectant wranglers at 
being required to extract roots to three places of decimals'^. 
And later we have a current story of an old fellow cautioning 
an aspiring student to make sure of his quadratic equations, 
because a hard quadratic equation made his fortune. This is no 
doubt a modern reproduction of the duodecimal story, but it 
was suited to the times (perhaps about 1815). However, the 
books read by candidates tell at once a more trustworthy and 
a more favourable tale. 

About 1756 Ri. Watson of Trinity read L'Hopital's Conic 
Sections. H. Gunning of Christ's (1784-8), who was fifth 
wrangler, does not give us much information on this point. 
He says merely that he read Euclid, Algebra, Newton and 
Paley. Maclaurin was their text-book in Algebra, supple- 
mented by MSS. examples. Parkinson, his tutor at Christ's, 
lent him a manuscrij)t on Mechanics (centres of oscillation, 
gyration, and percussion). On the eve of examination he 
crammed six forms out of Waring's Meditationes Algebraicae, 
with a view to the ' Evening Problems.' George Pryme of 
Trinity, B.A. 1803, is equally reticent, merely mentioning that 
' one of the books then read for a degree was that of Roger 
Cotes, a great mathematician, who died at the early age of 33, 
of whom Isaac Newton said, "had Cotes lived longer we should 
have known something".' Dr Whewell considers the Cam- 
bridge mathematical course of that time to have included 
Newton's Principia, the works of Cotes, Attwood, Vince and 
Wood : ' by no means a bad system of mathematical education.' 
.As early as 1774 a syndicate was appointed to prevent men 
reading too high — ' in quaecunque recondita, quaecunque sub- 
limia, impetu quodam fervido ruentibus.' And a grace of 
March 20, 1779, informed them that they would get no credit for 
advanced subjects unless they satisfied the examiners in Euclid 
and elementary Natural Philosophy. About 1780, when the 
examination began to be conducted on paper to a greater 

Locke's Essay and Butler's Analogy, tiou. (p. 30.) 

whicli he liacl studied attentively, were ' Memoirs (1804), i. 111. 

also of service to him iu the examiua- ^ Guuuiug, Eeminisc. i. ch. iii. 



THE MATHEMATICKS. 75 

extent, much dependence was placed upon Si/llahuses, tradi- 
tional treatises called in later times 'college manuscripts'; and 
men attempted to foretell pieces of book-work likely to be set. 
At the close of the century the works of Wood and Vince 
established something of a standard and system of study, and 
about 1808 the French analytical method was introduced. 

The tenth wrangler of 1796 mentions in his diary (1793-5) 
reading ' Trigonometry... Ratios and Variable Quantities... 
copied a syllabus of Mechanics (belonging to a friend)... Astro- 
nomy, Euclid XI (the college lecture subject)... Spherical Tri- 
gonometry... .Vince's Conic Sections Plane Trigonometry.... 

Fluxional Problems Cotes, Newton Opticks.... Hydrostatics.' 

His brother, W. Wordsworth (BA. 1791), had learnt Euclid, 
books I — IV, VI, and simple and quadratic equations, at Hawks- 
head school. He had therefore (as he afterwards lamented) 
a full twelvemonth's start of the freshmen in his year\ 

At that period a complaint was made^ against the mathe- 
matical method then in fashion. 

'A short method of acquiring many truths is affected... 
it is deemed a terrible waste of time in training a youth for 
the examination of the Senate [House] to attempt to hamper 
him with the sound method of the antient geometricians. 
Algebraic calculations are generally effected, and attempted 
to be applied to every question, with the assistance of a little 
Geometry and Fluxional principles, which can be proposed in 
pure or mixed mathematics.... It is evident that no person can 
understand the Principia without the analysis I allude to. 
But I object to the excess of analytical expressions, which are 
little more than operose combinations of letters by the common 
signs of composition which convey no permanent or useful 
ideas. As an illustration of what I mean to inforce, let me 
relate a fact which happened not many years ago, and will 
have a greater force than any thing which I can offer further 
on the subject. 

' A bachelor of arts was some years ago a candidate for a 
fellowship ; who had kept an exercise upon the Srd section of 
the 1st Book of the Princijna, and in the schools had occasion 

^ Memoirs of W. Wordsworth, i. 14. By a Member of the Senate. 1788. 
^ Considerations on the Oaths, &c. p. 18. 



76 UNIVErvSITY STUDIES. 

to talk a good deal about the motion of a body in a parabola, and 
to shew some symptoms of knowledge of the fluxional calculus. 
I believe too he was a wrangler. He was asked by one of the 
senior Fellows to find the area of a given rectilinear triangle ; 
and to the astonishment of the poor old man, who thought him- 
self absolutely mocked by the answer, replied that he could do 
it by fluxions^. ^ 

The boys' schools about 1750, did little or nothing in the 
way of mathematical preparation. ' Mr Ayscough... writing in 
1797 says^ Whatever may be the present usage [in grammar- 
schools], it is within recollection that fifty years ago there were 
sent from capital schools to the universities youths of good 
abilities, and not by any means wanting in grammar and 
classical learning, yet so little versed in common figures as to 
be obliged to have recourse to a master of a day school in the 
town for instruction in the four fundamental rules of arithmetic.'. 
But in 1792 Ingram complained* that the example of Cam- 
bridge had induced 'several of the schools in the kingdom' to 
study the mathematics to the neglect of the classics,. ' an evil of 
some magnitude.' 

About 1815-18, John M. F. Wright of Trinity (who but for 
untoward circumstances might have taken a very high place) 
gives a formidable list of books which he had read. When he 
came to Cambridge he had read only Ludlam's Elements and 
Walkinghames Tutor's Assistant. In his Freshman's year he 
added to this foundation Wood's Algebra with Ludlam or 
Bridge ; Woodhouse's Plane Trigonometry ; and learnt to 
write Newton's Binomial Theorem. 

In his second year he applied his attention to old examina- 
tion papers and ' College MSS.' and the problems in Bridge's 
Mechanics. For Statics and Dynamics he read Wood, Parkin- 
son, and Gregory. Then (after turning his mind to Paley's 
Evidences and Moral Philosophy, Locke on the Human Under- 
standing, and Dugald Stewart), he took up Parts ii, ill, iv. of 
Wood's Algebra and Spherical Trigonometry, Garnier's Algebra 
and Analyse Algdbrique, Lacroix's Algebra, Cresswell's Spherics. 
For problems and deductions he had recourse to Leybourne's 

1 ibid. p. 19. ' Necessity of Introducing Divinity, 

2 Hone's Year Book, col. 991. &c., by ii. A. Ingram, p. 101. 



THE MATHEMATICKS. 77 

Mathematical Repository and Dodson's Repository. He com- 
piled for himself a ' College MS.' of book- work, &c. ; and read 
Conic Sections, Popular and Plane Astronomy in Bonnycastle, 
Laplace's Systeme du Monde, Newton's Priucipia, Sections i, 
II, III. 

In his last year he read the Jesuits' Newton, (the college 
lecture subject) ; Monge's Geometric Analytique, Lagrange's 
Mecanique Celeste ; Vince, Dealtry, Lacroix, Fluxions ; Fran- 
(^oeur's Mecanique and Mathematiques Pures ; Poisson, Gar- 
nier,Gergonne's Annales Mathematiques, Journal Poly technique, 
Leybourne's Mathematical Repository, Old papers, The ' small 
Lacroix' and his three large 4tos ; Bossut's Hydrostatique and 
Hydrodynamique. He attends the following lectures : — Parish 
on machinery, Clarke on mineralogy, and the Plumian Pro- 
fessor (S. Vince, Cai.) who explained experimentally Mecha- 
nics, Hydrostatics, Optics, Astronomy, Magnetism, Electricity, 
Galvanism, &c. 

Dr Parr, writing at the close of the last century, says with 
regard to the mathematical professors and teachers at Cam- 
bridge, that 'Dr [Ed.] Waring [Magd. Lucas. Prof] and Mr 
[Sam.] Vince [F.R.S., Caius, Plumian Prof. 1796] in their 
writings have done honour to the science, not only of their 
University, but of their age. The profound researches of Dr 
Waring, I suppose, were not adapted to any form of commu- 
cation by lectures. But Mr Vince has, by private instruction, 
been very useful both to those who were novitiates [sic\, and to 
those who were proficients in mathematics. Dr [S.] Halifax^ 
(Jes., Arabic and Civil Law), Dr [T.] Rutherford^ (S. John's, 
Divinity), and Dr [Ri.] Watson' (Trin., Chemistry and Divinity), 

1 Bp. HaUifax published nomy, read in St John's Coll. 2 vols. 

Analysis of the Civil Law. 8vo. 4to. 1748. Camb. 31 plates. 

Camb. 1774. (Also Ogden's Sermons 4. Institutes of Natiu-al Law. 2 

and an analysis of Butler's Analogy.) vols. 1754 — 6. 

" Dr Rutherford was the aiithor of ^ Bp. Watson printed 

1. Ordo Institutionum Physicarum. Institutiones Metallurgicae. 1768. 
4to. Camb. 1743. Theological Tracts, 6 vols. 1785. 

2. On the Nature and ObHgations Chemical Essays, 5 vols. 1781,1782, 
of Virtue. 4to. Camb. 1744. 1786. 

3. System of Natural Philosophy, (Also an Apology for Christianity, 
being a Course of Lectures in Me- 1776. Apology for the Bible, 1796. 
chauics, Optics, Hydrostatics, Astro- Christian Whig's Letters, 1772.) 



78 UNIVERSITY STUDIES, 

very abundantly conveyed the information whidi belonged to 
their departments sometimes in the disputes of the schools, 
and sometimes by the publication of their writings.' 

Is. Milner of Queens', who sat in Newton's seat as Lucasian 
Professor, succeeding Waring in 1798, did not lecture, but took 
part in the Senate-house examinations, and got students to come 
and consult him. 

In addition to such assistance as the professors thus afforded, 
there were at the several colleges the Sadlerian lectureships 
already mentioned (p. 72), supplementing the efforts of indi- 
vidual tutors. The University also provided a lecturer in 
Mathematics^ in the person of the senior Barnaby lecturer 
with a stipend of £4 a year from the Vice-chancellor, the other 
Barnaby lecturers in Philosophy, Logic, and Rhetoric (or, 
previous to the Statutes of Edw. VI., in Terence), receiving 
only £3. 45. from the bursar of Jesus College. 

The text-hooks recommended by an anti-Newtonian at the 
commencement of the century will be found in the proper 
sections of Bo. Green's ^EyKVKXoTraLBeia, printed among the 
Appendices of this volume. 

The books (mathematical, physical, mechanical and hydro- 
statical) which were thought serviceable for the schools about 
1730 I have digested in the following list from Waterland and 
Johnson. Similar lists of 02}tical and Astronomical works, and 
of Ethical and Metaphysical will be found below, at the close 
of two other chapters. 

BOOKS 

in use at Cambridge about the year 1730, 

for Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, 

Physics, Mechanics, and Hydrostatics. 

Acta Eruditorum (Lipsiae) 1686, 1690, '91, '94, '95. 
Acta Philosopbica. 

Bacon, F. (Trin.), Historia de Ventis. Lug. Bat., 1638 ; Loncl. 1672, 
Sylva Sylvarmn, 1627, ed. 9, 1670, 

1 In 1534-6 the mathematical lee- early part of the last centiiry (Caius 
tureship was commuted for lectures in Coll. MSS. 604) considered the stipend 
Greek or Hebrew. A writer in the as ' £4 entirely flung away.' 



BOOKS, ARITHMETICAL,. &C. 1730. 70 

Bartholin, Gasp, nepos (Gopeuliagen) Physicks. Lond. 1703. 
Bentley, Ri. (Job. & Trin.) Boyle Lectures. Lond. 1693. 
Bernoulli, Jac. (Basle, Heidelb. ) de Gravitate Aetheris. Amst. 1683. 
Boerliaave, Herm. (Leydeu) Chymistry (Shaw) 4to. Lond. 1626. 
Boyle, Ro. {Oxon.) History of Cold. Lond. 1665, 1685. 

Physico-Mechan. Experim. Oxon. 1660. Coutin'3, 1669 ; Lond. 1682. 

• Principles of Nat. Bodies. Lond. 1674. 

Sceptical Chymist. Oxon. 1661, 1680. 

Works (abridged by Shaw) 3 vols. 4to. 1725. 

Bradley, Ri. (Camb.) on Gardening. Loud. 1626. 

Browne, Peter {T. C. D.) Procedure of the Understanding. Lond. 1728. 
Bm-guudiae Scbolae Philosophia. 2 vols. 4to. Niirub. 1682, Paris 1684, '7. 
Burnet, T. (Clare & Chr.) to Keill in Appendix to his own Theory. Loud. 1698. 
Theory of the Earth. Loud. 1681—9. 

Cartesius, Rcn^ (La Fleche) Principia. Amst. 1644, &g. 

Castellus,Beued. (Montp.) de motu aquae, ital. Rom. 1628. english, Lond. 1661. 

Caswell, J. {Wadh.) Trigonometry. Lond. fol. 1685. 

Chambers, Ejjhr. Dictionary (sub vocibus Air, Barometer, Circulation of Sap, 
Deluge, Dissolution, Diving Bell, Elasticity, Electricity, Fire, Fluid, Fossil, 
Gravity, Hatter, Perpetual Motion, Pump, Sound, Syphon, Tarantula, Thun- 
der, Vegetation) fol. 1728. 

Cheyne, G. (Edinb.) Philos. Princip. Lond. 1715. 

Clarke, S. (Caius) Letters to Dodwell. Lond. 1706. 

• Letters between him and Leibnitz. Lond. 1717. 

Clericus, Jean (Geneva) Physica. Cantab. 1700, 1705. 

De Chales (ChaUes), CI. Fr. Milliet (Turin) Cursus Mathematicus, fol. 4 vols. 
Lyons 1690. 

. EucUd. Oxon. 1685, 1704, &c. 

De la Hire, Philip. (Paris) Conic Sections. Paris, 1655, 1685. 

De Lanis, Fr. Tert. (S. J.) Magist. Nat. & Ai-t. Brescia 1684, 1692. 

De la Pryme, Abr. (Job.) in Philos. Transactions. 

De I'HOpital, Marquis, G. F. A. (Paris) Conies. London, 4to. 1723. 

Derham, W. {Trin.) Letters. (Ray's.) Lond. 1718. 

Desaguliers, J. Theo. {Ck. Gh.) trausl. of Marriotte's Hydrostatics. 1738. 

Descartes, see Cartesius. 

De Witt, J. Conies. Amst. 1659. 

Euclid, cura D. Gregory, fol. Oxon. 1703. Gr. and Lat. 

Friend (or Freind), J. (Ch. Ch.) Praelect. Chem. Oxon. 1704, 1709, et alibi. 

Gassendi, Pierre (Aix & Paris) Philos. Lond. 1658. 

Gordon, Patrick (? T. C. D.) Account of Trade Winds. ? Geography Anatomized 

1693, 1716. 
's Gravesande, W. Ja. (Leyden) Philos. Newton. Lond. 1720. 

Physic. Elem. Math. Lug. Bat. 1720. 

Green, Ro. (Clare) Principles of Nat. Philosophy. (Solid Geom.) Camb. 1712. 

ibid. 1727. 
Priuc. Philos. of Expansive and Contractive Forces. 



80 UNIVEESITY STUDIES. 

Hales, Stepli. (C. C. C.) Vegetcable Staticks. Lond. 1727. 

Hammond's Algebra. 

Harriott, T. {S. Mary Hall) Ai-tis Analyticae Praxis. Lond. 16.S1. 

Harris, J. (S. John's) Lexicon Technicum (sub vocibus Deluge, Hydrostaticlcs, 

Perpetual Motion, Sprinrj, Thunder, Vegetation) 1708. 
Hawksbee, F. (F. E. S.) Phys. Mechan. Experiments. Lond. 1709, 1719. 
Helmont, J. Bapt. van (Louvain) Opera. 
Hooke, E. {Ch. Ch.) Micrographia (Elzevir 1648). Lond. 1665, 1671. 

Posthumous Works. Lond. 1705. 

Huet, P. D. (Caen) Censura Phil. Cartes, 1C89, Paris 1G94. 
Huyghens, Chr. (Lugd.) Opera Posthuma. Lug. Bat. 1703, 

Jones, W. (F.E.S.) Abridgment of Philos. Transact. 

. • Analysis per Quautitatum Series, Fluxiones ac Differentias. 4to. Lond. 

1711. 
. Synopsis Palmariorum Matheseos. Lond. 1706. 



Keill, Jo. (Balliol) Epist. de Legibus Attractionis. Oxon. 1715 ; 4to. Lug. Bat. 
1725. 

. Examination of Burnet's Theory of the Earth. Oxon. 1698, 

Introd. ad Phys. Lect. (1701, 1705, 1726). Oxon. 1715. 

Kersey, J. Algebra. Lond. 1673—4, 1725. 

Law, Edm. (Job., Chr., Pet.) Translation of King's Origin of Evil. 1732, 

Le Clerc, see Clericus. 

Le Grand, Ant. (Douay <i- O.von.) de Carentia Sensus in Brutis. Lond. 1675. 

. Instit. Philos. 1694. 

Leibnitz, Godf. W. (Leipzig) and Clarke's Controversial Papers (1717). 

Lister, Mart. (Job. & Oxon.) Account of Trade-winds. (? 1683.) 

Locke, J. (Ch. Ch.) Essay on the Human Understanding. Loud. 1690, «&c, 

Lowthorp, J. Abridgment of Philos. Transact. Lond. 1716. 

Lucretius de Eerum Natm-a I. (Creech Oxon. 1695. Maittaire 1713.) 

Maclaurin, Colin (Glasg. & Aberd.) Geometra Organica, sive Descriptio Curvarum, 

Universahs. Lond. 1720. 4to. (Algebra 1742). 
Malebranche, Nic. (Sorbonne) Search after Truth, Lond. 1720. 
Marriotte, Edm., see Desaguliers. 

Michelotti Pet. Ant. de Separ. Fluidorum. 4to. Venice 1721. 
Milnes, Ja. (? M.D. Camb., M.A. Oxon.) Conic Sections. Cvon. 1702, 1723, 
Miscellanea Curiosa (Halley, Molyneux, Wallis, Woodward, &c.). Franc, and 

Leips. 1670—97. 
Musschenbroeck, Pet. van (Leyden) de Cohaerentia Corporum. 

Elem. Physico.-Math. Lugd. Bat. 1729. 

. Phys. Experim. de Magnete. 

Newton, Is. (Trin.) Algebra. 

Arithmetica Num. and Specios. Probl. 

Optice. Lond. 1704. 

■ Principia Mathem. (1687) ed. 2, Camb. 1713, ed. 3, 1726. 

Newtonianae Philosophiae Institut. 12mo, 

Nieuwentyt, Bern. Eeligious Philosopher (a translation, J. Chamberlayne, 
Tnn.- Loud. 1718—19, 1730). 



MATHEMATICAL TEXT-BOOKS, &C. (1730.) 8L 

Ode, Jac, Phil. Nat. Priucipia. Traject. ad Kheu. 1727. 

Oughtied, W, (King's). Clavis Mathem. Loud. 1631. Oa;o?t. 1652, &c,; Trausl. 

Halley, 1694. 
Ozanam, Jacques. Cursiis Mathem, Paris 1693, 1712. 

Pardie. Geom. 1701, 

PeU, J. (Trin.). Idea of Mathematics. 1650. 
Pembertou, H. (Leyden). View of Newton. Lond. 1728. 
Philosophical Conversations. 

Transactions. 

Polenus, J. (Padua) de Motu Aquae. 4to. Patav. 1717. 

Quincy, J, Dispensatory. Loud. 1718 ; ed. 7, 1730. 

Eay, J. (Cath., Trin.). Physico-Theol. Discourses. Lond. 1692, 1693, 1717, 1721. 
Reflections on Learning (by T. Baker, Joh. ) 1699, 1700, &c. 
Pvohault, Jacques. Physica (S. Clarke) ; ed. 4, 1718. 

[Saunderson, Nic. (Chr.). Algebra (posthumous), 4to. Oamb. 1740.] 

Simpson, T. Algebra. Lond. 1737, 1746. 

Simson, Eo, (Glasg.). Conies. 4to. Edin. 1735. 

Stniingfleet, E. (Joh.). Origines Sacrae. Loud. 4to. 1662, fol. 1709. 

Sturmius, J. Chr. (Altdorf). Auctarium. 

CoUeg. Experiment, siue Curios. 1672. 4to. Niirub. 1675—85, 

Tacquet, Audr. S. J. (Antwerp). Euclid (W. Whiston) ; ed, 3, Cantab. 1722. 
TorriceUius, Evang, De Motu projectil. 

Varenius, Bern, Geographia (Newton) Camb. 1681 ; (Jurin) Camb, 1712, 1714. 

Wallis, J. (Emman. , Qu. ; Savil. Prof.), Logic. Oxo7i. 1687, 1729, 

Op. Mathemat. fol. 1699. 

Ward, Seth (Sid. & Trin.) Idea Trigouom. In usum juvent. 4to. Oxoti. 1654. 

Watts, Isaac. Logic. Lond. 1725. 

Wedelius, G. Wolfg. Theoria Saporum. Jen. 1703. 

Wells, E. (? Ch. Ch.) Arithmetick, 1713. Lond. 1726. 

Geography. Oxm. 1701; ed. 4, 1726. 

Trigouometiy. Lond. 1714, 

Whiston, W. (Clare). Praelect. Phys, Mathem. Cant. 1710. 

Theory of the Earth. Camb. 1737. 

Wilkins, J. (Neiv Inn, Magd. H., Wadh.). Mathem. Magick. Lond. 1648, 1091. 

Wingate, Edm. Ai-ithmetick. Lond. 1630, 1726. 

Wolf, Christian., in Elemeutis Math. Mechanica. Geuev. 1732, 

Woodward, J. (Lambeth). Theory of the Earth. Lond, 1695, 1723, 

Worster, Ben. Princip, Nat, Philos. Lond. 1722, 1730, 



W. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

THE TRIVIAL ARTS. 

{Grammar, Logic, Bhetoric.) 

Ignoramus. Suut raagni idiota?, et clorici nihilorum, isti Uuiversitantes : 
miror quomodo spendisti tuum tempus inter eos. 

Musaeiis. Ut plimmum versatns sum in Logica.—'RxJGGiiE. 

Lingua Tropus Ratio : Numeras Tonus Angulus Astra. — Memoria Technica. 

The first three words of the memorial line prefixed to this 
chapter were intended to denote the triuium of three elemen- 
tary sciences which were to occupy the qnadriennium of under- 
graduatesliip preparing the student for the 'mathematical' 
quadriuium in which he was to employ the succeeding trien- 
nium of bachelorhood before he could be qualified to rule as a 
Master in the arts-schools. 

The same information is more clearly conveyed in the 
hexameter of the following couplet, which is traced to the first 
half of the xvth century. 

Gram, loquitur, Dia. vera docet, Rhet. verba colorat : 

Mus. canit, Ar. numerat, Geo ponderat, As. colit astra. 

Neither of our universities has been able to undertake to 
teach the complete course of the Seven Liberal Arts in the 
limited period for which the majority of their students reside ; 
and since the public and private schools have done their part 
of preparation it has been less necessary. 

Cambridge selected Mathematics (covering three of the four 
quadrivial subjects), Rhetoric and Logic, two of the trivials, and 
Philosojohy which may mean very little, or else (with Theology) 
may be, the employment of the Master qualifying himself for 
full teaching powers as Doctor. 



THE TRIVIAL ARTS. — GRAMMAR. 83 

The four Barnaby Lecturers (see above, p. 78) were ap- 
pointed to read on these four select subjects. 

They were so called because the nominees were annually 
' pricked ' for election on the eve, and appointed on the feast 
of S. Barnabas (June 10th, 11th) \ They were the 'ordinary'"^ 
readers appointed by the University to give instruction to 
students living in the hostels or lodging-houses in Cambridge. 

As time advanced and the age of matriculation at Cambridge 
became later, as boys' schools took the place originally occupied 
by the universities, it was taken for granted that under- 
graduates were already advanced in their trivials, so that 
'Grammar' became in possessiuo subauditum of a freshman. 
Grammar meant originally the latin language acquired by 
means of Terence, Priscian, Boethius, and Donatus. In the 
fifteenth century larger readings from Terence, Virgil, or Ovid, 
with some instruction in latin- verse composition, were added ^. 
Queen Elizabeth's statute 50, § 21, allowed grammar to the 
choristers in Trinity and King's alone. A statute of King 
Edward VI. had confined the privilege to Jesus College. 
King Henry VIII's statutes for St John's Coll. {cap. IG) pro- 
vided that grammar should bo left for schools to teach, and 
prohibited it as a study in the university : turn quia magnwn 
studiis suis (sc. tou docentis) impedimentum erit, turn quia 
maiora docenda in collegiis sunt, grammatica in ludis litterariis 
docenda est. Three years before this, i.e. in 1542, the last 
deorree in fjrammar at Cambridofe had been taken. The curious 
proceedings for incepting in the obsolete degree in that faculty, 
the principal exe7xise being the 'purveying' and corporal punish- 
ment with ' palmer ' and rod of ' a shrewde Boy ' who received ' a 
Grote for his Labour/ have been frequently transcribed from 
bedell Stokys' account, written, I suppose, about 1558, when 
he was Registrary, in case that degree should be revived. 

While our own university undertook to initiate her under- 
graduates in the advanced lore of the scientific quadriuium, 
Oxford seems not in past generations to have ventured with 
her younger sons beyond the trivials of philology. An Oxford 

1 Gunning's Ceremonies, pp. 109 — 113. 

2 They are so called in a decree of the Heads, 26 May, 1684. 

3 MuUinger, Hist. Univ. Camh. 22, 341, 349—50. ^ 

C— 2 



81 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

statute of 1588, which was not long observed, enjoined an 
examination for the B.A. degree in grammaticalihus et logi- 
calibus, while according to the Laudian code of 1636 (which 
was nominalhj in force at Oxford until the end of the last 
century) the student in the first year was to attend lectures 
in granimar. The lecturer was to expound its rules from 
Priscian [6th century], Linacre [fellow of All Souls 1484], or 
some other approved writer, or to explain critically some 
passage of a greek or roman author. The student was also 
to attend lectures on rhetoric, founded on the works of 
Aristotle, Cicero, Hermogenes, or Quintilian. The Ethics, 
Politics, and Economics of Aristotle, and logic, were to be the 
subjects of the second year. Logic, moral philosophy, geometry, 
and the greeh language, under the professor of greek, was the 
employment of the third and fourth years\ 

Oxford has always been faithful to logic^ [Dialectice). For 
this her constancy Coleridge commended her"", adding that it 
is ' a great mistake to suppose geometry any substitute for it*.' 
But at Cambridge more direct attention used to be given to 
that art than is paid at the present time. Still the gymnastic 
training of the reasoning faculties for which logic is mainly 
valuable, is secured among us by the requirement of the 
geometrical system of Euclid. ' All geometrical reasoning ' 
(says Dr Whewell®) * may be resolved into a series of syllogisms, 

^ Oxford Vnlv. Commission Report and if Mathematics, instead of further- 

(1852), 2^. 56. ing science, become in fact an obstacle. 

2 Among the effects of Chr. Tilyard, For when men knowing nothing of that 
B.A.Oxon.,whodiediul598,were'Aris- Reasoning which is universal come to 
toteles's lodgicke' and ' Saunderson's attach themselves for years to a single 
loigike,' i.e. l7istitutiones logicae, 1589, species wholly involved in Lines and 
by John Sanderson (a Lancashii-e Ro- Numbers only, they grow insensibly to 
man Catholic, who studied at Douay believe these last as inseparable from 
and taught at Rheims and Cambray), all Reasoning, as the poor Indians 
and not Ro. Sanderson's Compendium, thought every horseman to be in- 
as I impertinently supposed, Univ. So- separable from his horse. 

ciety, p. 455. 'And thus we see the use, nay the 

3 Table Talk, 4 Jan. 182.3. necessity, of enlarging our literary 
* So Harris says, Hermes (Pref. pp. yie^B,\es,i eyen knowledge itself &hovldi 

xiv, XV. ed. 3, 1771), 'When Mathe- obstruct its own growth, and perform 

matics...are used not to exemplify in some measure the part of ignorance 

Logic, hwi to supply its place ; no and barbarity.' 
wonder if Logic pass into contempt, ^ Of a Liberal Education, 'p. 4i2. 



THE TRIVIAL ARTS. — LOGICK. 85 

and in its proper form consists of a chain of enthymems, or 
implied syllogisms ; and in like manner, all other sound reason- 
ing on all subjects consists of a like chain of enthymems.' 

King James I. licensed W. lord ]\Iaynard, co. Wicklow, 
to appoint in the university of Cambridge a logic lectureship 
(tenable with a Johnian fellowship), July 20, 1620, with a 
stipend of £50 ; but it died a natural death in 1640\ About 
that period^ boys brought with them to college some knowledge 
of some book of logic such as Seton's or Peter Ramus (the 
devotee of Logic though the rebel against Aristotle), supple- 
mented in their first term by lectures on Keckerman or Molineus. 
Milton found fault with this system of commencing the nurture 
of students in arts with such hard fare as logic and metaphysics. 
At St John's in 1737-8 there were 'two logick-tables...join'd^:' 
while at Trinity in 1755 there were lectures and weekly 
examinations in Duncan's logic, &c.* In 1710 Bonwicke read 
Burgersdicii institut. logic, and all the fasciculus prceceptorum 
logicorum Oxoniensis^. John Jebb bears witness that the 
former book had been prescribed at Cambridge in the memory 
of their forefathers ; but then (1775) the barbarous sounds of 
Darii and Felapton no longer grated on their ears^ 

As in old times the mere study of the Sentences of Peter 

1 Cooper's Annals in. 135, 136. asserted that it was all derived from 
Our Univ. Statutes of 1570 provided Sanderson. Letter to [CyrU Jackson] 

(cap. 4) that the professor of logic dean of Ch. Ch. 1807, p. 11. Cp. Sir 

should teach the arguments of Aristotle W, Hamilton's Discussions 123, 148, 

or the Topica of Cicero. 149, 168, 718 n. 

2 Mayor's M. Robinson 16 n., 98. 6 jeWs Works, ii. 357. 

Ramus when proceeding M.A. at A curioiis instance of the estimation 

Navarre astonished his examiners hy of logic as compared with skill in argu- 

choosing for his thesis that ' what Aris- ment is to be found in the note to the 

totle has said is all wrong ' Quaecun- names of the first wranglers on the 

que ah Aristotle dicta esscnt commen- tripos of 1786 : Ds BeU, Trin., Otter, 

ticia esse. Whewell, Philos. of Dis- Jes., Hutchinson, Trin., Lambe, Joft.; 

covery, 99. Qum inter Dm. Otter, Dm. Hutchinson, 

3 Baker-Mayor, p. 1035, I. 32. et Dm. Lambe, ntdhum prorsus dis- 
* Bp. Watson's Anecdotes i. p. 12, crimen in rebus Mathematicis extitisse 

ed. 1818. concedatur, secundum hunc ordinem 

^ Dean Aldrich published his popular disponuntur, hac sola de Causa, quia 

Artis Logicae Compendium in 1692. It Ds. Otter in dialecticis magis est uer- 

adopted an order independent of the satus, et Ds. Hutchinson in Scholis 

Organon. Dr Tatham (rector of Line.) Sophistarum melius disputauit. 



8G UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Lombard aud the Summa of Aquinas must have given some 
insight into the method of dialectics ; so again during the 
century, dating from about 1730, when the Cambridge dispu- 
tations became more important and serious, some acquaintance 
with logic was indispensable. Still it was confined to a narrow 
groove ; and we read of a professorial moderator (Kipling) 
being puzzled more than once by a disjunctive syllogism \ 

In 1802 there were college lectures for freshmen in Locke 
and logic. — How the author of the Essay on the Human 
Understanding would have fretted, had his life been prolonged 
a century, to find his work in such hateful company ! 

In 1772 the freshmen's lectures at Jesus Coll., Camb.^ were 
in Algebra and Logic. 

Amhurst in his Terrae Filius of March 28, 1721, tells of an 
Oxford logician who said that the best book which was ever 
written, except the Bible, was Smiglecius ! The Aristotelian 
logic was most in vogue at that university, and the method of 
the schools was kept in constant practice not only by the public 
quodlibetical disputations, but by daily private ' acts ' in the 
colleges. A Brazenose scholar^ wrote in 1742 — 'We are here 
quite taken up with logic, which is indeed a very dry study.' 
In 1767 dean W. Markham (abp. of York, and a writer of 
Carmina Quadra gesimalia) and the canons of Ch. Ch. formed an 
important plan for reviving the School logic in their college. 
But in the present century it had become useless to compel the 
study of logic at Oxford, and the students hailed with joy the 
proposal to leave the study to the option of candidates for 
honours. On the other hand, (Abp.) E,i. Whately of Oriel, who 
was made principal of S. Alban Hall in 1825, was convinced 
that it ought to be a subject for honours. He published his 
Logic in 1826, and this gave a considerable impetus to the 
pursuit at a most important juncture*. 

1 Gunning Reminisc. ii. ii. cp. ch. x. or when it is implied that only one 

(A disjunctive proposition consists of can be true, by affirming one you deny 

two or more categoricals so stated as the rest.) 

to imply that some one of them at " GilberfWakefield'sJ/emoi?-s(1804), 

least is true, and generally that but i. 82. 

one can be true ; as, ' It is either day ^ Oxf. Unclergrad. Journ. [Ei. Eobin- 

or night.' By denying all but one, son Qu.] 1867, p. 166. 

vou infer the truth of the remainder ; ■* Har. Martineau's Biog. Sketches. 



THE TRIVIAL AKTS. — KHETORICK. 87 

How indispensable some knowledge of logic was iu the 
schools at Cambridge, even when the disputations were on 
their last legs \ may be seen by any one who examines * A 
Guide to Syllogism by C. Wesley, B.D. (of Chr. Coll.) 1832.' 

Let us now pass to rhetoric, a study which in its modern 
sense Locke detested no less than logic. 

Rhetoric in ancient days^ was equivalent to the study of 
Quintilian, Hermogenes, and the speeches of Cicero, artis- 
tically considered. Statutably this was the study of the 
first year of the undergraduate's quadrienniuvi (before he 
entered upon logic, the study of the two years of his Sophistry). 
There were Rhetoric Lecturers' at Cambridge in the last cen- 
tury, but I do not remember any evidence of their lecturing 
in the subject from which they took their title. In earlier 
times (1540) indeed we find John Jewel elected from Merton 
to a fellowship at Corpus, and there appointed reader in 
humanity and rhetoric*. He held those offices for seven 
years, and wrote a dialogue in which he comprehended the 
sum of the Art of Rhetoric. Again, a little later, we read 
of the Public Orator in Cambridge, George Herbert, of sweet 
memory, delivering public rhetoric lectures which D'Ewes 
attended in 1620. A century later Steele lamented {Spectator, 
Sept. 15, 1712) that at Oxford and Cambridge the nurseries 
of learning had grown ' dumb in the study of eloquence.' 
After that period the duty of the rhetoric lecturer seems to 
have been confined to looking over and correcting themes ; 
but this was commonly neglected^. At St John's, in 1775, 

^ In the preceding generation Dun- in 1493, and being vicar of Trumping- 

cajt's logic had been 'the best system... ton, was employed by the sister uni- 

or at least that most favourably re- versity to write latin letters (Cooper's 

ceived at Cambridge... Uttle more than Annals i. 251) as Caius Auberinus an 

an Abridgement of Locke's Essays.' Italian had been engaged in 1491 (iftiti. 

(Dyer, Hist. Camb. i. 197, 198.) 240). Erasmus produced his tract 

^ Stat. Acad. Cantab. 1570, cajj. 4. de Conscrihendis Epistolis for us about 

' In ancient times students of rhe- 1512. Warton says that the 'poet 

toric, the composers of latin poems at laureate ' was merely a graduate in 

Oxford, were honoured as laureati and rhetoric employed by the king, 

their verses pubUshed on S. Mary's * Wordsw. Eccl. Biog. iii. 334. 

gates. Among the last were Eo. Whit- ^ Dr G. Croft of Univ. Coll. Oxon., 

tington 1513, and J. BaU and T. Bampton Lecturer 1786, an experi- 

Thomson 1514. Skelton was laureated euced schoolmaster, observes in his 



88 



UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 



attention was called by the master and seniors to this defect ', 
and it was ordered that every student (except sophs in the 
term before they went into the senate-house) should give 
in four themes at least to the rhetoric-lecturer every terra, 
yearly prizes being offered for their encouragement ; and in 
1782 they ordered that noblemen and fellow-commoners 
should not escape either these exercises or other lectures. 

Practically, however, this study was not neglected. Cicero 
and Demosthenes, as well as Thucydides and Aristotle, were 
studied. The thesis which opened every Respondency in 
the Schools or in College Chapels ^, gave an opening for exer- 
cise therein, and the same purpose was yet better served 
by the College Declamations^. Lord Byron ridiculed these 
exercises in the present century*; but they had been much used 
in earlier times, and doubtless were of service to young men 
who were comparatively speaking under slight terror from 



Plan of Education, 1784, p. 21, that 
' the practice of modem time pre- 
supposes both [Bhetorick as well as 
Grammar] to have been taught in 
Schools.' 

1 Baker-Mayor, Hist, of St John's 
n. 1083, 1087. So, 30 July 1806, 
H. Kirke White (ed. Southey i. 253) 
writes to his brother NeviUe that the 
Rhetoric Lecturer of St John's, after a 
college examination, sent him one of 
his latin essays to copy for inspection, 
a compliment not paid to any of his 
competitors. 

2 Hist, of St John's, Baker-Mayor, 
1036. 

3 Besides the ' theses,' declamations 
were statutably required as an exer- 
cise for a degree in arts, but the latter 
were never enforced seriously, except 
in 1748, when J. Ross was taxor and 
W. Ridlington proctor. The chief 
result was Chr. Anstey's expulsion. 
Cooper's Annals, iv. 261. 

Symonds D'Ewes declaimed in 
S. John's chapel and in his tutor's 
* lodgings' in 1619. 



* But lo ! no common orator can hope 
The envied silver cup within his 

scope. 
Not that our heads much eloquence 

require, 
Th' Athenian's glowing style or 

Tully's fire. 
A manner clear or warm is useless 

since 
We do not try by speaking to 

con-sdnce. 
Be other orators of pleasing proud : 
We speak to please ourselves, not 

move the crowd : 
Our gravity prefers the muttering 

tone, 
A proper mixtiue of the squeak 

and groan : 
No borrow'd grace of action must 

be seen. 
The slightest motion would displease 

the Dean ; 
Whilst every staring graduate would 

prate 
Against what he could never imi- 
tate. 

Hours of Idleness. (1806.) 



THE TRIVIAL ARTS.— RHETORICK. 89 

examinations. Thus at Oxford, at the close of the 17th 
century, we read of regular declamations at Magdalen \ In 
1749, English Essays were read in the ante-chapel after divine 
service. And the Statutes of Hertford College, 1747, pro- 
vided that undergraduates should make a Declamation (or 
else a Theme or Translation) every week, in english during 
their second and third year, and in latin during their fourth^. 
Bp. Ri. Watson, in 1756, set himself this same task for his 
own private exercise when a sizar at Trinity ^. Two years 
later, the master and fellows of Peterhouse voted a yearly 
prize of three guineas' worth of books for the best declaimer 
in the judgment of the master, deans and tutors. Dr Hooper's 
Oration prizes, bequeathed in 1763, encouraged the same 
exercise at Trinity, but latin declamations were recited there 
by sophs in the chapel after Saturday evening prayers to 
large audiences at least as early as 1749^ The latin declama- 
tions in S. John's College Chapel have been discontinued 
within the last twenty years. Barnaby (or Ordinary) Lecturers 
in Logic, Rhetoric and Philosophy were appointed on Sir Ro. 
Rede's foundation, in addition to the University Mathematical 
Lectureship with the same title from early in the sixteenth 
century until quite lately. The Rede lecturers were put on 
a new footing in 1858. 

1 Johnson's Life of the Poet T. * Cumberland's Memoirs, p. 73. 

Yalden. Pointer, Oxon. Some reminiscences of Trinity decla- 

^ Atout the same time there was mation in 1793 are given in my 

a scheme afloat at Cambridge in Univ. Life in the 18th Cent. pp. 588, 

Pembroke HaU for employing one 589. In the University Library (Z. 

tutor to teach pronunciation, and 28. 10) is a copy of A General Theorem 

another to look over themes. This is for a [Trinity] Coll. Declamation. By 

mentioned in Free Thoughts upon [C. V. le Grice] , with copious notes 

Univ. Education, 1751, p. 34. Jebb, hy Gronovius... Cambridge: printed 

writing in 1772, says that ' elocution by Francis Hodson, 1796 (pp. 1 — 13). 

...is utterly neglected.' Works, ii. Another copy in Trinity Library 

272. [X. 14. 10], apparently reproduced 

^ Watson's Anecdotes, i. 20. privately in 1835. 



CHAPTER IX. 

HUMANITY. 

Homo sum : humani nil a me alienum puto. 

Teeence, Ilauton Timor umenos, i. i. 25. 

There is, or there was, a common opinion which assigned 
to Oxford exchisively the study of Classics, and to Cambridge 
the sole pursuit of Mathematics. 

The truth amounts to this, that since the Revolution 
and until the first quarter of the present century was waning, 
a degree could hardly be obtained at Cambridge without some 
application to geometry at the least, while at Oxford mathe- 
matical knowledge or skill won no academical distinction until 
our own time. 

On the other hand, to speak of Cambridge as even by 
comparison the non-classical university, represents a gross 
misconception \ 

If the Great Rebellion had put a period to the colloquial 
use of the latin language in college halls and walks^ we find 
it restored as the medium for college lectures, examinations 
and declamations, and for the public disputations, without 

1 Classical study was no doubt Ian- Annals, iii. 429. It was ordered at 
guishing for a time in the old age of Queens' that nothing but latin should 
Beutley, when Gray lamented to his be spoken at dinner and supper except 
friend West in 173G that such pursuits on scarlet-days, two days at Christmas, 
were ' fallen into great contempt ' at and Commemoration of Benefactors 
Cambridge, But not with Gray. (26 Oct. 1676). In 1680 (Sept. 13) 

2 Symonds D'Ewes talked latin in the exceptions were to be ' Simdays 
his walks in 1619. There was indeed and Holydays.' About a century later 
an attempt on the part of the Com- the tables were turned and the utter- 
monwealth Committee (12 July, 1649) ance of three consecutive words of 
to enforce the colloquial use of gi'eek latin at dinner was made punishable 
and latin in the Universities. Cooper's with a fine or * sconce' ! 



HUMANITY, 91 

which no degree could under ordinary circumstances be ac- 
quired \ Until quite recently, no student of Trinity was 
accepted as candidate for a foundation-scholarship until he 
had written a latin epistle to the master, nor was any admitted 
without some knowledge of greek. Until 1 Oct, 1869 all aca- 
demical graces were expressed^ in the former language, of 
which we still have traces in the words supplicat, placet, bene 
discessit, licet migrare, &c., as the Cambridge undergraduate 
vocabulary contains uptime, exeat, reclit, aegrotat, and in past 
times had dormiat, descendas ; as the Oxonian keeps testamur. 
But in the more serious process of study we not only find 
Cambridge students exercising themselves in writing and speak- 
ing and even thinking in latin by way of preparation for their 
' acts,' but we know that not merely commentaries on classical 
authors but good mathematical treatises were accessible only in 
a scholarly guise. Indeed it was in the last century far more 
difficult for a student to become a wrangler without some 
fluency in reading and speaking latin, than it is now to gain 
a very high degree in mathematics without acquaintance with 
french, or in natural science without access to german trea- 
tises. 

Indeed we may say with truth that the mathematical 
university has excelled in accurate scholarship ; and her best 
mathematicians have been her best scholars ^ If the names 

^ Mr "Wace made a latin speech at and Senior Optimes] . In this period 

the end of his proctorate in Oct. there have been 860 Wranglers and 

1874. Dr Cookson made a Vice- 834 Senior Optimes. 

Chancellor's speech in english the last The Wranglers have obtained : 

time he held that office. Professor 44 1st medals. 

Selwyn remarked audibly, ' Placet 36- 2nd medals. 

materies, non placet lingua.'' He also The Senior Optimes : 

wrote a latin epigram on the innova- 14 1st medals, 

tion. Adam Smith first lectured in 25 2nd medals, 

english at Glasgow. - Edinburgh had The Proctor's Honours : 

latin examinations in 1827. 3 1st medals. 

2 At least by the registrary. There Thus, the Wranglers have obtained 
was an order for latin in Nov. 1856. eighty, and the Senior Optimes thirty- 

3 ' From the year 1752 to 1812 both nine medals in all. The Wranglers 
inclusive, 122 gold medals have been therefore have obtained twice as many 
presented to the best classical scholars medals as the Senior Optimes, and 
among those whose names appeared three times as many first medals.' 
in the first Tripos [i.e. Wranglers CZossicaZ JouniaZ, vi. 418 (modified). 



92 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

of Nevvtdn and Barrow live, so also do those of Bent- 
ley and Porson. And we may consider it significant that 
Bentley was virtually third wrangler in 1680, and was 
instrumental in the edition of Newton's Principia, which was 
prepared by Cotes in 1709-17||, while Porson though only 
third senior optime in 1782 (being, as we may conjecture, 
pitted against skilful mathematicians in the Schools on account 
of his prestige as a scholar), was discovered in his fatal illness 
with an algebraical problem ^ as well as some greek and latiu 
notes, written in his pocket-book. It was thought that he was 
intending to' prepare an edition of the Arithmetica of 
Diophantus. 

One good effect of the habit of encouraging colloquial 
latin we may observe in the intercourse of our learned men 
with continental scholars. With Bentley himself the language 
was so thoroughly established as the medium of literary 
commerce, that he wrote latin letters not only to P. Burman, 
Kuster, Hemsterhuys, and Graevius, his foreign correspondents, 
but even occasionally to Ri. Mead, F.R.S., to J. Mill, Edmund 
hall, and to E. Bernard, at Exeter Coll. Oxon. Among John 
Augustus Ernesti's correspondence (ed. Tittmann, 55-62) 1812, 

A. S. writing from Cliesterfield to kept the correspondents of the Clas- 

the Monthly Magazine in 1797 (p. 186) sical Journal in calculation for some 

gives a similar calculation. 'There time in 1812. ' W. S.' gave a solution 

have been in forty-one years, from (with one value for each letter) in 

1755 to 1796 inclusive, eighty-two three lines: 'T.E.' followed with 

medaUists. Of these, fifty-one were another filling as many pages : while 

Wranglers ; — thu-ty-one were Senior * PhUo ', with happier moderation, 

Optimes ; consequently the proportion did the task in seven lines. Ibid. ii. 

in favour of the Wranglers is so 722, 736; v. 201, 222, 411; Pryme 

great that we may lay it down as a (Bccollections, p. 151), speaking of 

positive fact that the mathematical Porson and Dobree's fondness for 

studies of Cambridge are not unfa- algebra, refers the reader to Appendix 

vourable to classical literature. I to the Eeminiscences of Charles But- 

have not the least doubt that I could ler, Esq., Vol. i. Note 3. 

prove the superiority of Cambridge The following equation has been 

to its sister Oxford in these latter ascribed to Porson : tIs 6 apiBixo^ ov 

studies.' T€/j.vofJ.ivov els 8vo dviaa ixiprj, 17 tov 

^ This problem — (id^ovoi fj.ipovs Swa/jus nerd tov eXorro- 

xy + zu = 444, vos neToKafi^avoixivy), tay] ^cxrai rrj tov 

xz + yu = 180, eXdrrovos Suvd/Mei. nerd tou /xet^ovos juera- 

xu + yz = 156, Xa/xjSai'ofj.ii'ri; x+y~l. (Facetiae Can- 

xyzu = 5184, tab. p. 144.) 



HUMANITY. — LITERARY COMMERCE. 93 

is a series of four letters from Sam. Musgrave, commenced 
apparently without personal introduction in the spring of 1757 \ 

As a specimen both of the friendly feeling of foreign scholars 
towards Englishmen, and of the esteem in which our native 
scholarship was then held on the continent ^ we may refer to 
the writings of David E.uhnken and his learned admirer and 
biographer Daniel Wyttenbach. 

In 1777, Wyttenbach, a native of Bern, who had been in- 
vited to Leyden eight years before by Valcknaer and Ruhnken, 
persuaded the latter to assist him in starting a philological 
review at Leyden. This, under the title of Bibliotheca Critica, 
turned out to be a valuable enterprise. It was written 
mainly by yoimger men^, such as the originator himself^ and 
Henry Albert Schulten iii. (whom Oxford honoured with the 
degree of M.A.) and Laurence van Santen (pupil of P. Burman 
II. who left Amsterdam about that time), but they had the ad- 
vantage of Ruhnken's judgment, and occasionally of an article 
by himself^, such as that on Tyrwhitt's Orphica de Lapidibus, 
Yiepl AiOcov, 1781, which was also mentioned in one of the 
short notices. The review went through twelve numbers 
(1777 — 1807), eight of which appeared before Ruhnken's death, 
in 1798. In these, a considerable proportion is devoted to 
english publications which meet in general with considerable 
commendation (excepting, A New System or an Analysis of 
Ancient Mythology, by Jacob Bryant (King's), vol. i. ed. 2, 1775, 

^ So, towards the end of the ISth milii, deinde suasor fuit cousilii: cujns 

century, all Burgess' foreign corre- postea neutrum poeuituit.' Vita Dav. 

spondents wrote to him in latin, Euhnkenii auctore Dan. "Wyttenbachio 

except Villoison, whose communica- (Lug. Bat. et Amstelod.) 1799, "p. 170 = 

tions were in french. Wytt. Opusc. 1821, i. 684. 

^ Brunck, writing to Tyrwhitt, s ' Ilia quam dixi Bibliotheca Ams- 

28 April 1786, goes so far as to speak telodami editur a discipulis meis. 

of England as ' le pays de rEitrope Quorum judicium interdum rego ju- 

oii la litterature Grecque est la plus dicio meo, rarissime tamen ceusiaras 

florissante.' Luard, in Camb. Essays, a me conscriptas interpouens, nisi 

1857, p. 125. forte liber aliquis, qualis Tuus est, 

^ Wyttenbachii Vita Euhnkenii sua me elegantia ad talem scriptionem 

(1799), p. 170 = Wytt. Opusc. (1821), invitavit.' Ruhnken to T. Tynchitt, 

I. 687, 688. Lug. Bat. 9 Januar. 1783, with two 

•* ' Bibliothecam Criticam scribere copies of his Homeric Hymns, cum 

institueuti (1777), primum dissuasor Epistolis Criticis, one for Toiip. 



94 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Theocritus, by T. Edivards (Master of S. John's, Coventry, 
fellow of Clare) Cantab. 1779, and Apollonius Ehodius, by 
T. Shaiv, fellow of Magd. Coll. Oxon. Clarendon Press, 1777*). 

The books thus noticed are V. T. Hebraicum Ben. Kennicott 
{Wadham, M.A. Exon. 1750) Clarend. Press, 1776, Lennep's 
translation of Bentley's Dissertation on Phalaris 1777, Aristotle 
de Poetica, T. Winstanley, Coll. Hertf. Oxon. 1780 ; Jonathan 
Toup's Longinus, Oxon. 1778, is fairly dealt with, although the 
editor (B.A. Exon. Oxon. M.A. Pemb. Camb, 1756) had treated 
the critic somewhat ungenerously I About 1756, Kuhnken had 
struck up an acquaintance^ at Paris with Samuel Musgrave 
then studying medicine, and T. Tyrwhitt who is described by 
Wyttenbach as bene dives. Musgrave's Euripides, Clarendon 
Press, 1778, is fully noticed, and in due course his correspon- 
dence with Schweighauser, and his death in 1782*. 

Tyrwhitt's^ Bahrius 1776, and conjectures on Straho 1783, 
as well as the De Lapidihus, are highly spoken of. Even two 
pseudo-Horatian odes which appeared in the Gentlemans 
Magazine Jan. 1778 do not escape the Dutchman's eyes. Again, 
the fact that the Leipsic press had thought it worth while to 
reproduce Joshua Barnes' text of Euripides is duly noted, as 
well as the appearance of the Decretuiti Lacedaemoniorimi 
contra Timotheum Milesium, Oxon. 1777. The edition of five 
greek plays selected by J. Burton (C. C. C. Oxon.) and pre- 
viously published by him as a Cambridge book under the 
title of HevraXoyla, was re-issued by T. Burgess then only an 
tindergraduate of Corpus, Oxon. Clarendon Press 1779, and 
the republication under the editorship of the last named scholar 

1 There is a tradition that tliis Among Euhnken's Correspondence, 
editor looked eagerly in subsequent is a familiar letter to ' O^Dtimo ami- 
publications for some acknowledgment cissimoque viro Sam. Musgrave ' 9 Jul. 
of his work, and at last discovered 1780, and another 'Viro praestan- 
one brief recognition of one conjecture tissimo Tliomae Tyrwliitt,^ 9 Januar. 
in the words ' putidi Shavius.' The 1783 (Ed. Brunsw. 1828, ii. 718—722). 
Bihliotheca Critiea was not much * Bihlioth, Crit. ii. i. 120, ii. 117. 
more complimentary ; nor indeed was ''Ex iis qui nunc Critici in Bri- 
Bruuck. A happy mot of Shaw's is tannia uumerantur, dubito an quis- 
recorded in Best's Memorials, § xvii. quam ullo sit genere laudis Thomae 

^ Vita Euhnkeu. p. 172 = Wytteu- Tyrwhitto anteponeudus. Bibl. Crit. 

bachii Opusc. i. 686. Ii. viii. 85. 

=* Ibid. p. 71 = Opnsc. i. 586, 587. 



HUMANITY. — LITERARY COMMERCE. 95 

(then B.A.) of the Miscellanea CHtica of Ri. Dawes (Emm.) Oxon. 
1781, are spoken of with approbation\ Of Burgess' remarks 
it is said ' habent in jiivenili redundantia magnam commenda- 
tionem ingenii, eruditionis, et elegantiae ut minime dubitemus 

eum aliquando in praecipuis harum Litterarum doctoribus 

numeratum iri.' Three years later the young author paid 
Leyden a visit and began an intimacy with the professors^. 

Ruhnken himself, though according to his biographer ciho 
potuque, si quis alius, modicus (in which case his portrait and 
the popular rhyme attributed to Person^ belie him), was a man 
of friendly disposition. When writing to Tyrwhitt in 1783 he 
sent one copy of Homeric Hymns for Toup, who had not ac- 
knowledged his assistance in 1778 even by giving him a pre- 
sentation copy of his Longinus. Among others whom he helped 
are enumerated* S. Musgrave, M.D., and T. Burgess (C. C. C. 
O.W01.), T. Morell (King's), J. Ross (St John's), R. Person (Trin.), 
and T. Edwards (Clare). Comparing our great english critic 
with his own master Hemsterhuys * ut Hemsterhusium ratione, 
Bentleium ingenio, alterum alteri, praestare, et utrumque utra- 
que facultate omnibus sui aevi Criticis longe antecellere cen- 
sebat ; ita primas partes ingenio, ingeniique Bentleio tribuebat : 
eique (adds his pupil) sua ipse natura in omni Critices munere 
similior erat^.' 

Among Wyttenbach's own correspondence after Ruhnken's 
death in 1798, are twelve letters to Englishmen : W. Cleaver, 
Bp. of Chester (B. N. C), G. Williams, M.D., Corpus Christi, J, 

1 Ibid. 11. vii. 114. Dawes' Misc. * (1784) ' Mox gratissimus advenit 

Crit. had appeared previously in liis hospes Thomas Burgessius Britaunxis : 

life-time in 1745, and was again re- ciijus excellentem Literarum scientiam 

edited by Kidd in 1817, '27. The pre- rara quaedam omabat animi probitas 

paration for its publication in 1778 — 81, morumque modestia; unde amicitia 

won for Burgess the acquaintance of cum praesente nobis conciliata, de- 

Tyrwhitt, who became a kind friend inde cum absente epistolis officiisque 

to him. Harford's Burgess, p. 21. viguit.' Vita Euhnkenii 189= Wytten- 

He received congratulations also from bachii Opusc. i. 701. 

Everard Scheidius, and from G. L. 3 njid. 176 = Opiisc. Wytt. i. 689 ; 

Spalden of Berlin, whom he lionized Facetiae CantaJ). 48. 

at Oxford in 1786, p. 113. Dawes' •* Ibid. 232 = Opwsc. i. 743. 

literary character is discussed by ^ Hji(j. 222 = Opiisc. Wyttenb. i. 733 ; 

Monk, in his Life of Bentley, 11. Altonae, 1831, 
367—371. 



96 LTNIVERSITY STUDIES.- 

Eandolph, Bp. of Oxford, and T. Gaisford (Ch. Ch.), J. C. Banks, 
and J. Brown about his own Plutarch^, which was being printed 
by the Clarendon Press, though the war made communication 
difficult. He acknowledges presents from Walter Whiter of 
Clare, and from E,. Porson, and sends his Life of Ruhnken, and 
other books to him, and to Burgess. Of Markland and Toup he 
wrote 'ilium ration e, hunc ingenio Criticam factitare*.' 

On the whole it is most instructive to observe the lively 
interest taken in Holland both in English Philology and philo- 
logers contrasted with some jealousy of the French Academy^ 
And it is not unreasonable to attribute continental ignorance of 
our recent insular productions to the discontinuance of latin 
annotations and prefaces. That Wyttenbach should say to 
Banks in 1801, after the appearance of Person's Hecuba, 
Phoenissae and Medea, ' Miror tantum ab eo in Euripide post 
summorum virorum curas, novi praestitum esse ; et, si quid 
aliud, Literarum causa opto ut egregio viro vita et otium sup- 
petat ad totum Euripidem perpurgandum,' is not so remark- 
able : but it is a significant fact that he had what he con- 
sidered tardy news of the first (anonymous) edition of Person's 
Aeschylus, and it is still more remarkable that the Bibliotheca 
Critica* should have heard of its fame and should contain the 
announcement 'Ceterum cognovimus novam item Aeschyli edi- 
tiouem institui Cantabrigiae a Rich. Porsono, V. CL, de cujus 
acumine et doctrina bene nos spei^are jubent egregia quaedam 
specimina privatim nobis cognita, necdum in vulgus edita,' so 
early as 1783, tiuelve years before its f^'st appearance and while 
Person was only a middle-bachelor. 

Cambridge itself has seldom been long without a classical or 
literary magazine. 

In Bentley's time the Bibliotheca Literaria was started by 
Sam. Jebb of Peterhouse (B.A. 1712) and Joseph Wasse^ of 

1 Euhnken (Epist. lxiii. 2 Nov. • Vita Euhnk. 218 = O^ijsc. Wyttenb, 

1794, ed. Altonae, 183-i) commended i. 729. 

the simplicity of the dedication of ^ ihid. 71 = Opusc.i. 5Q7. He speaks, 

his Plutarch : however, with respect of Villoison, 

' Academiae Oxoniensi Larcher and Sainte Croix. 

D. D. 4 11. %dii. 140. 

Daniel Wyttenhach.' ° When ridiculing Eentley, the great 



HUMANITY. — CRITICAL MAGAZINES. 



97 



Queens' (B.A. 1694, B.D. 1707) of whom Whiston reports that 
Bentley said, 'When I am dead, Wasse will be the most learned 
man in England.' He died however, in 1728, fourteen years 
before Bentley, at the age of sixty-six, leaving behind him an 
edition of Sallust, 1707, and of Thucydides (with Duker) 1732, 
and ten numbers of the Bihliotheca Literaria published in 
1722-4, when his prolix account of Justinian pressed it to 
death. Other contributors were Dr C. Ashton of Jesus, Dr W. 
Wotton and S. Barker\ 

In 1731, John Jortin (Jes.) started the Miscellaneae Oh- 
servationes^ in sixpenny numbers, but the publication w^as 
transplanted to Holland after languishing eighteen months in 
England, and in its new soil it flourished perennially till 1739, 
and then blossomed at irregular periods till 1751, under the 
care of D'Orville and Burman. 

In June, 1750, the Student, which had been started as a 
University Magazine at Oxford by Rawlinson, Johnson, Warton, 
Colman and Bonnel Thornton, incorporated the name of Cam- 
bridge on its title-page. Though addicted to trivialities it ad- 
mitted some philosophical papers and a note or two on classical 
subjects ^ 



Aristarchus, then on the brink of the 
grave. Pope did not refrain from 
flinging a stone at the memory of 
Wasse and at other verbal critics : 
* How parts relate to parts, or they 

to whole, 
The body's harmony, the beaming 

soul, 
Are things which Kuster, Burman, 

Wasse shall see, 
When Man's whole frame is ob- 
vious to a Flea.' 

Dunciad, i\, 235—8 (1742). 

1 Nichols' Lit. Anccd. i. 242, 248, 
258, 259, 262, 263 n., 706, 707. 

2 The signatures of Dr Taylor, 
Wasse, Thirlby, Masson, Barker, and 
other contributors are elucidated in 
Nichols' Lit. Anecd. ii. 559 n. 

3 In 1810 (Valpy's) Classical Journal 
began its eleven years' career. Among 

W. 



the contributors were P. P. Dobree, 
Trin., and ' E. H. Barker 0. T. N.' [of 
Thetford Norfolk] Trin. (no degree), 
and (Jr. Burges (Trm., B.A. 1807). It 
fell foul of its younger rival ' Museum 
Criticum, or, Cambridge Classical Ec- 
search,' 1814 and 1826 (Nos. i. — viii.) 
edited by (Bp.) C. J. Blomfield (Trin.), 
which reckoned E. V. Blomfield (Cai. 
and Emman.), J. H. Monk and W. 
Wliewell (Trin.) among its supporters. 

T. Kidd's editions of Porson's Tracts 
1815, and Daives^ Miscellanea Critica 
1817, '27, which last had already ap- 
peared at Camb. in 1745 and Oxon. 
1781, contain 18th cent. work. 

PhilologicalMuseum,l9,b2—Z,hyJ.G. 
Hare, Connop Thirlwall, Whewell, H. 
Maiden, H. Alford, and John Words- 
worth, of Trinity, to which W. Words- 
worth, Landor, Fynes Clinton, Corne- 



98 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

1792, Musei Oxoniensis Fasciculus i. Edited by T. Burgess 
of Corpus, Oxon. 1797, Musei Oxoniensis Fasc. ii. 

As a pleasing symptom of the good understanding esta- 
blished at the beginning of the century between English and 
foreign scholars, we may observe the transactions at the second- 
centenary festival of the university of Frankfort on the Oder\ 
In answer to an invitation from that society Drs Andrew Snape 
of King's, Henry Penrice of Trin. Hall, and Henry Plumtre of 
Queens', were delegated by the Senate to attend as representa- 
tives from Cambridge of the faculties of divinity, law, and 
physic. With them were associated W. Grigg of Jesus (after- 
wards of Clare) who was detained by an accident^ J. Wyvil 
(Trin.), and Ludolph Kuster {Neocorus) the editor of Suidas, 
who went out thither en y^oute for his greek professorship at 
Berlin, with Bentley's patronage and the scarlet (or, as he 
spells it, charlad) robes of a Cambridge LL.D. 

Kuster's two attempts at writing english which are pre- 
served among Bentley's correspondence (May and June 1706) 
can by no means be adduced in argument against the use of 
latin as a medium for the correspondence of learned men of 
different nations. The Cambridge deputation was singled out 
for especial honour among the representatives of numerous 
literary bodies by the King of Prussia and by Dr Strymesius 
the Rector Magnificus of Frankfort. 

It appears from the sumptuous memorial- volume' which 
was printed at Frankfort that an invitation was sent to both 
our universities, but while congratulatory verses were contri- 
buted by Cambridge and Oxford alike, the latter university did 
not answer the invitation by sending a deputation ; but her 
authorities were content with commemorating the occasion at 



wall Lewis, and Sir Edmund Head 823, Monk's Bentley i. 191. Bent- 

contributed. leifs Corresp. (Wordsw.) pp. 233—240. 

Journal of Classical and Sacred Cooper's Annals, iv. 75. 

Philologrj, i— xii., 1854—60. ^ In England.— See Eenen's letter 

Oxford and Cambridge Essays, 1855, (21 Mar. 170|) in an appendix to the 

&0. present compilation. 

Journal of Philology commenced in ^ Secularia Sacra Academiae Eegiae 

1868. Viadr. 1706. folio. [Camb. Univ. 

1 Nichols' Lit. Anecd. iv. 236, ix. Libr. 62=Nn. i. 35.] 



HUMANITY. — FRANKFORT. 99 

home in their own theatre in five sets of latin verses and three 
latin prose addresses, beside the oration of W. Wyatt of Ch. Ch; 
(and S. Mary Hall) the public orator. One of the addresses 
was the production of T. Burnet of New Coll., the bishop's son. 
There appear also to have been three pieces of music performed, 
one of them with the Sapphic ode. On the same day John 
Ernest Grabe (who received a pension from the english crown, 
and was engaged in editing the Septuagint ms. of the royal 
library) was created D.D., while his namesake and the learned 
Ezekiel Spanheim received the degree of D.C.L. as members of 
the council or embassy of the King of Prussia \ 

In later times our communications with foreign universities 
have not been many. S. John's indeed voted £10 to the Hun- 
garian university of Debreczin in 1756 ; and the senate voted 
£300 to the distressed professors of Wittenberg in 1814 ; and 
the other day we sent a selection of our Pitt Press books to the 
university of Leyden on the occasion of their tercentenary 
festival (Febr. 1875). What our printers have done for some 
foreign scholars will be mentioned in an Appendix. 

We have no doubt lost much of the facility in latin which 

^ Academiae Francofurtanae ad Via- ficiorum detegent fraudes, cum Ed- 
drum Encaenia secularia Oxonii in vardo Wynnoque Socinianos debella- 
Tlieatro Sheldoniano Apr. 26. Anno bunt.' [Jonathan Edwards of Ch. Ch. 
Fundat. 201, aunoque Dom. 1706 cele- and Jesus Oxon., author of a Preserva- 
brata. Oxonii e Theatro Sheldoniano tive against Socinianism.] ' Quali vero 
An. Dom. 1706. folio, pp. A — L. [Bodl. orationo charissune Stitrmi aiit qiiibus 
Bliss 653. Reproduced in the Frank- verbis te excipiam ! qui Artis Mathc- 
fort Secularia Sacra.] One of the maticae summus magister, cum Gre- 
speakers, Ri. Stephens, M.A., of All gorio [David, Savilian prof, astron.] 
Souls, after an address to ' Anna Incly- Hallaeovc [Edmund, Queen's, Savilian 
tissima Britannorum Eecjina, Tuque prof, geom.] nostro possis contendere: 
Frederice vere Auguste Maxime Bonis- patre tuo Johanne [J. Chr. Sturm of 
scrum Bex,' who had inaugurated the Altdorf, died in 1703] tantum minor 
new Augustan age, and after a compli- ipsique sola aetate postponendus.' He 
ment to the recipients of the honorary then prays that the eminent James 
degrees {qui hodie purpurati apud nos Jurin (of Trin. Coll. Camh. and Guy's, 
incedunt) remarks that our German diedPresidentof Coll.Pliysiciansl750), 
cousins had their Beckmanns [John may use his art to preserve them in 
Christopher, historian and geographer, good health, ' Jurenio cnim nou minor 
Frankfort-professor of history, greek, in Germania quam in Anrjlia Hoyo 
and divinity] and Strimcsii [the rector] Radcliviove nostro tribueuda laus.' 
'qui cum Jano nostro' [cp. Univ. Ho finishes up with a compliment to 
Life, pp. 32, 468, 605, 606] 'Ponti- lf'?/a«t the orator of his university. 
L.oFC. 7_2 



100 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

was possessed by university men in former generations. It is 
quite possible that even particular and critical accuracy in 
composition has tended to produce this reaction. Longer pas- 
sages for latin composition were set, dissertations and anno- 
tations were seldom to be had in any other language, and greek 
authors were to be approached by the tiro through the medium 
of a latin version. There were but few English books of any 
kind to . distract the student ; and as for modern continental 
languages, he abhorred them. Indeed, had it not been for 
latin, it is doubtful whether English scholars would have had 
any intercourse with foreigners; for Bentley^ could not under- 
stand dutch without Sike's help, and Porson^ was ' sadly to 
seek' in german. But such notes as Ruhnken's in Timaei 
Lexicon would furnish the student with elegant latin modes of 
expression while he was studying Plato, the use of Aynsworth's' 
or Entinck's dictionaries would accustom his eye to serviceable 
phrases, while even his early reminiscences of Propria quae 
maribus and Quae genus (not to mention Erasmus) would pro- 
vide him with such a vocabulary as is not now always to be 
found, a part of which facility was sometimes acquired half 
a century ago by the sedulous reading of Parr's preface to 
Bellendenus De Statu*. 

Dr Parr himself, when remarking on Gilbert Wakefield's 
literary character in a free and friendly strain, laid the blame of 
the incorrectness of the then respected critic's easy latin style, 
to his lack of a public-school education^. Similarly he traced 
the faulty latin of archbishop Potter^ John Taylor, and Toup, 

1 Bentley's Corresp. p. 252, I. 31. Univ. Lib. Adds. vi. 321, 330. Lit- 

2 Life hy "Watson, p. 416 appendix. tletorCs dictionary continued to be 

3 Hearue mentions Aynswortli as a printed, 4to.; 5tli and 6tli editions, 
great connoissem- in English coins and 1723, 1735. 

as a non-juror, but suspected him of ^ Heminisc. of G. Pryme, p. 136, 

Calvinism. His dictionary ' in the s Wakefield's Memoirs, ii. 449. Ap- 

manner of Littleton's' was finished pendix G. Gilbert Wakefield's credit 

(though not published) Aug. 1734. He as a scholar and a critic has been 

kept a private school in London when recently exploded by Munro's L%i- 

at the age of 70. Reliqu. Hearn. n. cretins (Introd.). Porson had already 

157, III. 13, 151. There are specimens done sometliing of the kind, 

of his caUigraphy in various styles ^ Abp. John Potter, who commented 

among Strype's correspondence (1707 on Plutarch and Lycophron, and An- 

—8) in the MS. Collection in the Camb. tiquities, went to Univ. Coll. Oxon. 



HUMANITY. — COMPOSITION, 101 

&c., to the fact that their education had been confined to 
private schools, the critic being himself Harrovian by birth, 
by education, and by early employment as an assistant master \ 

Much of the accuracy of scholarship acquired by english 
students may be attributed to the care and attention which was 
paid to composition and especially to verse composition. The 
poets were much read — Juvenal, for example, at Westminster 
and, under Kinsman, the predecessor of Valpy and Donaldson, 
at Bury'^ — and large portions of their works were committed to 
memory, according to the good old Wykehamical practice of 
* standing-up* at which George Williams (afterwards an Oxford 
professor) won his early laurels by reciting the Iliad ^ 

It is interesting to observe how many university prizemen 
were educated at the public schools. A large number issued 
from Winchester in the mastership of Joseph Warton (1766 — 
95), who, if he was not a thorough master of a * stiff greek 
chorus*,' yet contrived to instil into his pupils something of that 
taste for classical poetry which was conspicuous in his father 
and brother. One day (about 1778) he brought in triumph 
into school to pulpiteers^ an edition of a classical volume edited 
by an old Wykehamist undergraduate (possibly T. Burgess' 
edition of Burton's Pentalogia), and asked the senior praefect 

from Wakefield School. It is fair to Modern, p. 200. 

add that Bentley went to S. John's * W. of Wykeham 360. Also Har- 

Camb. from the same seminary. Also, ford's life of T. Burgess. 

that Taylor was at Shrewsbury. ^ i.e. the assembly of ' Sixth Book ' 

1 Among Parr's own pupils was John (the highest form) and ' Senior Part ' 
Tweddell (of Trin., B.A. 1790), who of the Fifth who ' in Cloister Time ' 
had been previously under Dr Mat. (after Pentecost) went 'up to books' 
Eaine (afterwards Master of the Char- together; boys in the Sixth being ' set 
terhouse) at Hackforth. Tweddell, who on ' in turn to translate some such 
died at Athens aged 30, was a thorough author as Theocritus for the benefit of 
prizeman. He published his Prolu- the others, among whom the lazy or 
siones Academicae in 1792-3, but col- dilatory would trust to this as suffi- 
lections more important and more cient preparation for their own innings 
mature were lost after his death. See which was to foUow, — giving credit to 
Gunning Rcminisc. i. ch. vii. ii. chh. their own memories or to the rapid 
i, iii. use of 'smugglers' or little pencils 

2 Memoirs of E. Cumberland, 32. sharpened at each end, — a question- 

3 M. E. C. Walcott's W. of Wyke- able practice, for which I believe the 
hajn, p. 444. For anecdotes of Etonian equivalent ' t' other-school notion' is 

'repetitions see Etoniana Ancient and paving; in America, illuminating. 



102 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

W. Lisle Bowles ' When will you do a like work V If the boy 
Bowles had been gifted with the spirit of vaticination as he was 
with that of poetry, he might have answered, ' Within ten years' 
time.' 

The Wykehamical ' pulpiteers,' which I have described in a 
note for the benefit of the uninitiated, seem to have had some 
equivalent at Westminster and at Bury, where Kinsman intro- 
duced the Westmonasterial system. Cumberland speaks of 
having been called on frequently to ascend the rostrum and to 
recite and translate Juvenal for the benefit of the other boys. 
He says that they practised (at Bury, 1743) 'challenging for 
places' in construing and repetition\ Their other exercise was 
composition. The master^ had introduced even an imitation of 
the Westminster^ Play of Terence, and when at one time he 
stopped the custom, the boys acted Cato on their own account, 
for which performance Cumberland had to learn the 10th Satire 
of Juvenal as an ' imposition.' 

At Westminster itself among the ushers (hostiarios) were 
scholars of considerable taste and talent. 

Samuel the elder brother of John and Charles Wesley. He 
was M.A. Ch. Ch. 1718. In 1732 he left Westminster for 
the mastership of Blundels at Tiverton. 

Vincent Bourne, who went from Westminster to Trinity, 
B.A. 1717; M.A. 1721. He was a considerable writer of 

^ The more solemn Challenges of well before he went to Westminster in 

Westminster School, in which boj's 1795, the whole of Horace and Virgil 

ask each other questions, have a pa- except the Georgics, Caesar de Bello 

rallel in the 'Fights' at Twyford, Gallico, Sallust and Cicero's Catilin- 

Hants. ariau Orations. In Greek S. John's 

^ Memoir of E. Cumberland, pp. Gospel,Xen.Cyropaediai. — iv., Homer 

23, 30—32. Iliad i.— v., Goldsmith's Eome, Lang- 

3 The electors at Westminster were home's Plutarch. At Westnmister he 

at the beginning of the century Atter- added nothing to his Latin stock, but 

bury, dean of Westminster, Smalridge, iu Greek finished the Iliad, the Odys- 

dean of Ch. Ch., and Bentley, master sey, Sophocles 4 plays, Euripides 2, 

of Trin., 'and "as iron sharpeneth Lysias Or. Fimebr., Thucydides and 

iron" so these three by their wit and Plato, Mitford's Greece: also English 

learning and liberal conversation, whet- poetry and Johnson's Lives, and Bell's 

ted and sharpened one another.' Life British Theatre. With such prepara- 

of I. Newton (Chalmers) ii. 11. tion he went to Ch. Ch. 

H. Fynes Clinton had read at South- 



HUMANITY. — VINCENT BOURNE. 103 

tripos-verses, which he published in a volume of Carmina 
Comitialia Cantabrigiensia, in 1721. His first production of 
that character (see note') seems to have been composed on the 
extraordinary occasion of the Public Act in 1714, when Roger 
Long (afterwards master of Pembroke and professor of as- 
tronomy) gave the Musick-speech as prevaricator, and W. Law, 
who had been suspended for his tripos- speech two years before, 
produced a set of hexameters on the theme ' Materia non 
potest cogitare ' Popham i. 77 — 80). Law did not refrain from 
mentioning two living persons; he contrasted the quiescent 
humour of D' JJrfey, and the peaceful triumph of Ormond, with 
the more fiery temperament of Milton and of Marlborough who 
returned from his voluntary exile that year. 

But Vincent Bourne's muse was not content to slumber 
after he had taken his degree. She gave him the art of ex- 
pressing in the elegiac distich which Catullus and others had 
borrowed from the greek, ideas more varied than Martial's, 
with a versatility and command of language less perfect than 
Ovid's, but in an englishman more remarkable. His Poematia 

^ Existentia Eutium incorporeorum et immutabiles. Com. Prior. 1706-7. 

coUigi potest Lumine Naturae. In (This, though included in Grant's edi- 

Magnis Comitiis, The Act, 1714. tion of his poems, can hardly have 

Deus est cognoscibilis Lumine Na- been written by V. B.)] 

turae. Com. Prior. 1715 — 16. V. B. printed in his volume of 

Mutua Benevolentia primaria lex Carmina Comitialia Cantabrigiensia 

Naturae est. Com. Prior. 1716—17 (Lond. 1721) eight other sets of tripos 

(in elegiacs, translated by Cowper). verses, as well as two poems ascribed 

Mundus non fuit ab aeterno. Com. generally 'to Jortin, but as they are aU 

Poster. 1715 — 16. dated we can be sure that some of 

Lockius non rectfe statuit de Parti- them were not his own composition : 

cula Anglicana But. Com. Prior. 1717 e. gr. * Scorbutus et Chlorosis oriuntur 

— 18. a Torpore Spirituum Animahum.' In 

Planetae sunt habitabiles. Com. Vesp. Comit. 1698, when Bourne was 

Poster. 1718 — 19. two years old I He may have written 

Fluxus et Eefluxus Maris pendent the following, 

ab Actionibus Solis et Lunae. Com. Ordo Mundi probat Deum (' Quis- 

Prior. 1719 — 20. quam ne in Terris,' &c. — another set on 

Camera Obscura. Com. Poster. 1720. the same theme printed in his collec- 

LaternaMegalographica. Com. Prior. tion but dated 'In comitiis Prioribus 

1720—21. 170f ,' begins ' Cum Chaos.') In Com. 

Sonus propagatux per Aerem. Com. Poster. 1717. 

Poster. 1721. Systema Copernicanum. In Com. 

[Bationes Boui et Mali sunt aeternae Prior. 1721 — 22. 



104 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Latine partim scripta partim reddita were printed at West- 
minster^ in 1734, and the call for other editions and even its 
interpolation have attested the popularity of the collection. 
Bourne's pupil, the poet Cowper, translated one-and-twenty of 
his pieces, and Charles Lamb englished nine. It is some praise 
to have written the original for ' Little inmate full of mirth,' 
and for ' Her lessons were his true Principia ' — but Dr Beattie 
went so far as to assert of the ' partim reddita ' (from Gay, 
Addison, A. Pope, W. Pope, Prior, &c.) that ' it is no compli- 
ment to say that in sweetness of numbers and elegant expres- 
sions they are equal to the originals, and scarcely inferior to 
anything in Ovid or Tibullus^' — a generous testimony from the 
countryman of Buchanan. 

Bourne, though a worse disciplinarian than Dr Burton, must 
have supplied, not indeed by his teaching but by his composi- 
tion, something of that style in versifying which played so 
prominent a part in the liberal education of the day. Many 
of his poems are cast in that elegant mould' from which the 
Christ Church carmina comitialia or Lent verses were and had 
been turned out ; they were short latin epigrams composed on 
a motto, such exercises as under the name of vidguses Win- 
chester boys had to produce at the rate of three a week, and 
Westminster provided for the entertainment of liberal visitors. 

This species of exercise was afterwards introduced at Rugby 
by Dr Arnold from Winchester, at which school the advanced 
scholars were called upon to produce epigrams impromptu, the 

1 Sam. Wesley translated his Me- Society, pp. 310—314. Longer poems 
Ussa. in heroic verse like the Winchester 

2 Quoted in Mr Thompson Cooper's ' verse tasks,' were produced at Cam- 
Dict. Biog., where the date of V. B.'s bridge for tripos-verses, and at Eton 
first edition is mispiinted '1724.' for 'play'; a large number have been 

3 'Lent Verses' were peculiar to printed in Musae Etonenses. Many 
Christ Church. Eo. Surtees wrote 'select' sets of verses produced (1638— 
them as late as 1798. Six copies of 176I) at Oxford, Cambridge and Win- 
six to twenty elegiac lines on his own Chester were printed in two vols, by 
subject were expected from each com- E. Popham of Oriel in 1774, 1779. 
petitor, and the censor chose some of Accessions and the deaths of royal or 
the best to be read publicly. academical personages afforded fre- 

One volume of Carmina Comitialia quent opportunities for the composition 
was edited by C. Este 1723, the second of gratulationes , luctus, epitaphia, &c. 
by A. Parsons 1747—8. See my Univ. xlviii sets in Caius Coll. mss. 1750—90. 



HUMANITY. — VARYINGS. 105 

subject being announced when they were actually come ' up 
to books/ or in their ' fardel ' or class in the presence of the 
* posers ' at the election. These were called varyings, either 
because they were originally metaphrases^ (or transpositions) 
of classical verses into a metre different from that in which the 
author had written them, or because the improvisatore was 
expected (like our Cambridge ' varier ' or * prevaricator ') to 
give a novel turn to the theme, or to vary the theses from 
affirmative to negative. Dr Whewell in his essay prefixed to 
Napier s Barrow, vol. ix, p. xix, says, ' A remnant of the like 
practice exists at Westminster School. There, on the day of 
election of scholars to Oxford and Cambridge by the "three 
Deans " (Ch. Ch., Wesf., and Mast, of Trin.), while the three 
dignitaries are at dinner in the college hall, they give out or 
are supposed to give out, subjects for epigrams; and not only 
are a swarm of epigrams produced by the scholars immediately 
after dinner ; but the subject is varied from positive to negative, 
and modified in other ways.' Cp. Duport's Praevaricatio in 
the Appendix. 

Thus when Dr Warton announced Becus et tutamen as a 
theme, a boy who was much twitted for a wig which he wore 
held it up when it came to his turn and said, 

Haec coma quam cernis uarios mihi sitppetit usus, 
tutamen capiti nocte, dieque decus". 

In quantity and metre as in other things accuracy is gained 
gradually, both by individuals and by the general community ^ 
Not only did Paley* say profugus in his Cambridge Contio for 
a doctor's degree after his installation as subdean of Lincoln in 

1 There are some specimens of meta- uncle John Evelyn, is preserved in 
phrases in the Chapter Library, West- Bentley's Corresp. p. 137. 

minster. Abp. Markham's {Ch. Ch. ^ Barrow when 'Humanity Lec- 

and Westminster) paraphrase of Si- turer' at Trinity [1659] announced in 

monides' Danae to Perseus in Latin facetious terms that the undergradu- 

hendecasyllables (Warton's Adventurer ates, if they made false quantities in 

No. 89), would, I suppose, come imder their themes, must not be surprised if 

that denomination. Cp. Zouch, Ixv. they were punished in the buttery- 

by Wrangham who (privately) printed book (in promptuario) by fines for 

Markham's xxvi Carmina Quadragesi- syllables unduly lengthened and short 

malia. 1820. (In Trin. Coll. Lib.) commons for long syllables made short, 

2 A specimen of verses by a junior Works (Napier) ix. 135. 

boy at Eton written in the Christmas * Facetiae Cantab. 126, 127. 

holidays 1696 at Wotton, for bis 



106 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

1795, not only did Ri. Watson ' come up ' in doubt as to the 
penultimate syllable of fortuito and Areopagus, but Sumner 
said fjLaKapiTT]'; in the Senate House. J. Wilson of Peterhouse 
was censured in the Divinity schools by the Bp. of Peterborough 
and Dr T. Symonds (Trin.) for not saying aholita ; and Jacob 
Bryant of King's had, in 1802, to go back to Eton to learn that 
fjuealr-qt; was incorrect \ T. Wilson, senior fellow of Trinity, 
was always known by the unfortunate word parabola^ which he 
let slip in the schools in 1747, and even in Vincent Bourne's 
Eques Academicus we find refert (in the sense of inte^^est) put 
carelessly to close a pentameter. According to Reginald Bligh, 
Dr Plumptre of Queens' made several false quantities in his 
vice-chancellor's speech in 1777, which were thus strung 
together (as Kipling's grammatical blunders were by Porson) 
Eogerus immemor Bobertum denotat hebetem^. 
The pronunciation of greek and latin has more than once 
taken the attention of our University. 

Erasmus having improved the very small pittance of greek 
which he had picked up at Oxford, visited Cambridge in 1506. 
In 1511 he paid a second visit, and resided for two or three 
years in Queens', being appointed lady Margaret's professor in 
Divinity, and reading lectures in the greek grammars of 
Chrysolorus and Theodorus to a small class of poor men. Not 
long after his departure Ri. Croke of King's began his lectures, 
and in 1519 was formally commissioned by the University to 
continue them, and in 1522 was elected primary public orator. 
Several of his successors in that office — Redman, Smith, Cheke, 
and Ascham, were prominent in the establishment of greek 
learning and orthoepy. 

Thomas Smith of Queens' was greek reader in 1533, public 
orator in 1538, and primary regius professor in civil law in 
1540. About 1535 he and his friends resolved to improve the 
current method of pronunciation, which allowed but two sounds 

1 "Watson's AutoUog. Recoil, i. 7 — 9. of Casuistry 1769 — 88, and president 

" Gunning Reminisc. u. cb. iv. of Queens'. Eussell Plumptre, M.D., 

3 Bligb's Defence against the Presi- of Queens', regius professor of pbysic 

dent and Fellows of Queens', 1780, 1741 — 93, was an elegant scholar. 

p. 32, and bis Letters, 1781, p. 5. This Quarterly Rev. xvii. 236. 

refers to Kobort Plumptre, D.D. , prof. 



HUMANITY. — QUANTITY AND PRONUNCIATION. 107 

to all the vowels and diphthongs of the greek language, long 
and short alike. 

He began by accustoming his hearers to the novel sounds 
by introducing one now and then in his lectures on Aristotle's 
Politics as it were lapsu linguae, and sometimes pretending to 
correct himself. At the same time he proceeded with less 
caution in his readings of the Odyssey with a private class. 

In Christmas-week the Plutus was acted with that pronun- 
ciation, and it became prevalent among the rising Grecians of 
Cambridge. 

In course of time Smith paid a visit to France and held 
disputations with continental scholars^ on this subject. 

In the meantime Stephen Gardiner, Bp. of Winchester and 
master of Trinity Hall, had become for the first time chancellor 
of the university. In May of the year of Smith's return to 
Cambridge (1542) Gardiner sent to the V.-C. a public decree to 
enforce a return to the vulgar pronunciation ^ Smith having 
had an amicable conversation with the bishop at Hampton 
Court ventured to write to him (from Cambridge 12 Aug. 1542) 
urging their reasons for dissenting from his judgement and desir- 
ing him to retract his decree on the ground that those who had 
approached him were not the learned men of Cambridge, but 
those who knew no greek ; — that the passage of Theon on which 
he relied was corrupt ^ that Dio. Halicarn., Plato (Cratyl.), Ar. 
Nubes, Terentianus, Priscian and Suidas were on the side of the 
etists (as they came to be called) ; — that it was scarcely fair to 
blame them for not consulting him seven years before when he 
was not Chancellor and was away in France or Italy; — that 
they had not been precipitate but had begun with quite suffi- 
cient caution to satisfy all reasonable requirements ; that when 
Radclifife got up in the pulpit in the schools to oppose Cheke's 
pronunciation the ' boys' hooted him down. 

1 He did not meet with much fa- Scholemaster, Mayor, p. 221. 

vour. However iu 1551 Roger Ascbam ^ Cooj^er's Annals, i. 401 — 403. 

{Works, 355) heard Theodoric Lange ^ The same emendation {avXri rph 

read greek in his lecture at Louvain Treaovcra for av\T]Tpls rrais ovcra) was put 

according to Smith's pronunciation. forward by Cheke in his correspond- 

He does not add whether that was the ence with Gardiner (ed. 1555). pp. 294 

cause for which his class ' knocked — 300, cf. 186, 334, and supported 

him out ' by making a din. Ascham'a from Quintihau. 



108 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Some years later Smith printed his remonstrance at Paris S 
but meanwhile the Chancellor had waged war against his party, 
though with Uttle success. Just one year after his original 
decree (which he pretended to have made 'by consent of the 
hoi universite ') Gardiner wrote to the Vice-Chancellor to assure 
him that he would not be ' deluded and contempned/ However 
exactly two years later he mentioned (in his correspondence 
relative to the offensive play Pammachiiis) that his late order 
was disregarded with impunity^ The following year (1546) 
Gardiner was superseded, but when he was restored to the 
chancellorship in Q. Mary's reign (1553) he found the new 
pronunciation still holding or gaining ground. Accordingly in 
October of the next year he sent injunctions^ to use summary 
measures with the innovators. At this time Cheke was reading 
greek on the continent, having lately been set free from the 
Tower, whither his office of secretary of state to the lady Jane 
had brought him. Smith also and Poynet had had their vicissi- 
tudes and were retired from Cambridge, Nicholas Carr* (Pemb. 
and Trin.) had been Choke's substitute and was now his suc- 
cessor, and gave no offence to the Chancellor on theological 
grounds. It appears however that these and some other orders 
of the same date were the cause of several leaving the univer- 
sity and of the persecution and deprivation of others especially 
in S. John's. 

In reply to one of Gardiner's captious criticisms, Smith' had 
said that he and his friends had not ventured to reform the 
pronunciation of latin. It appears however that his disciples 
were equal to the occasion : for John Caius (fellow of Gonville, 
1533, Greek professor at Padua 1541, master of his own college 
155| — 73) in his treatise against the etists charges them with 

1 De recta et emendata Linguae 3 ibid. n. 92. 

GraecaePronuntiatioue, Thomae Smithi * He was buried in St Giles' Church. 

AngH, tunc in Academia Cantabrigi- His monument, restored by Trinity 

ensi publici prslectoris, ad Vintonien- Coll., is now in the south chapel of 

sem Episcopum Epistola. (' Cantab. the new church. 

12 Aug. 1542') Lutetiae, ex officina ^ De recta Promintiatione, iol. iob. 

Roberti Stephani Typographi Eegij. Smith wrote also {Paris 1568) a dia- 

1568. Cum Privilegio Regis. (96 pages.) logue on the phonetic writing of eng- 

3 Cooper's Annals (15 May 1543) i. lish. 
406, ibid (12 May, 1545), 426. 



HUMANITY. — PRONUNCIATION. 



109 



pronouncing the latin i like the english*, with dividing vowels 
as pulchrai for 'pulcrae/ with using such forms as olli, qiieis, 
and as the Scotch or northerners, saying saibai, taibai, vaita, 
aita, for * sibi, tibi, vita, ita^.' 

The new pronunciation he urged was peculiar to England — 
nay peculiar to one place in the island ' in quo per ea tempera 
oratores noui imperabant.' The pretence of a gain in per- 
spicuity was frivolous, for scholars had wit enough to judge 
from the context, &c.; and as for antiquity Apollo himself made 
no distinction between \oLfji,o<i and Xt/ao?. The Greeks them- 
selves used nothing like this newfangled fashion ; for the Patri- 
arch who was in London in K. Edward's reign could not under- 
stand^ Cheke's greek, and Cheke* could not understand the 



^ Evelyn having been present at the 
election of Westminster scholars to 
Trin. and Ch. Ch. [Diary, 13 May, 
1661), observed 'their odd pronounc- 
ing of Latiae, so that out of England 
none were able to understand or en- 
dure it.' Milton in the introduction 
to his Accedence (1669) says 'few will 
be persuaded to pronounce Latin 
otherwise than their own EngUsh.' 

2 J. Caius de pronunciatione Grae- 
cae et Latinae Linguae. Londini in 
aedibus Johannis Daij. an. Dom. 1574. 
(pp. 23.) Dr Sam. Jebb republished 
this and other treatises by Caius in 
1729. 

3 In 1660 in his inaugural lectiu-e 
as Greek Professor Barrov/ spoke of 
this unique and, as he considered, 
most antique method of greek pro- 
nunciation as greatly redounding to 
Cheke's credit. Works (Napier) ix. 140. 

•* Cheke himself had a correspond- 
ence with Gardiner which was printed 
at Basle in 1555 from the originals 
which, when on his way to Italy, after 
K. Edward's death, he lent to 'Coeliiis 
Secundus Curio' who dedicated the col- 
lection to Ant. Cook. It is entitled 
^Joannis Cheki AngU De Pronuntia- 
tione Graecae potissimum liuguae dis- 
putationes cum Stcphano Vuintouiensi 



Episcopo, septem contrariis epistolis 
comprehensae, magna quadam & 
elegantia & eruditione refertae. Cum 
gratia & priuilegio Imperiali. Basi- 
leae, per Nicol. Episcojnuvi iuuiorem 
1555.' (Epistola nuncupatoria, pp. 
i — ix.) Gardiner to Cheke (1 — 17). 
Gardiner's Edict (18 — 21) Datum Lon- 
dini 18 Calend. Junias, anuo Domini 
1542. —Cheke's first answer (22—162) 
'I have made no changes in latin old 
or new.' Not long ago people used to 
say 'Timoth^um, Philemdnem, S^ta- 
nam, Jjicobum, Marlam Magdalenem, 
S^lomem Jacobi.' Smith began when 
he was reading Aristotle. Ponet, 
Pickering, Ascham, Tong and Bill have 
adopted it. Eadcliff ' qui nunquam 
diu cum bonis consentiebat ' is our 
only opponent. — Gardiner to Cheke, 
July 10 (163 — 217), complains of 
Cheke's prolixity and arrogance. — 
Cheke to Gardiner (218 — 325) emends 
Theon and protests against the Chan- 
cellor's treatment of the scholars of 
his imiversity. — Gardiner to Cheke, 4 
Sept. (326 — 338) complains of his cor- 
recting him. — Cheke to Gardiner (339 
— 345) supplicates for liberty to retain 
the old pronunciation of Greek. — 
Gardiner to Cheke 2nd Oct. (345-340) 
refuses to relax bis edict for uniformity. 



110 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Patriarch. Oxford could tell us well enough how the Greeks 
themselves speak, for Wolsey had imported a native Matthaeus 
Calphurnius to teach the language. 

We learn from Caius that moderns wanted them to pro- 
nounce — ' satis rustic^,' he fairly said, — ^or/3o<?, toutois, cai, 
lobois, viousais, hasileius, epeiros, tuptomai, chreia, chresimos, 
apophugen, husteron, kibdes, cuclops, korakeion, leiucon, hippew- 
ein, wyos, pais, instead of the time-honoured pJwehus, toutis, 
cha, louis, musaes, vasileus, epirus, typtomae, chria, chrisimos, 
apophygen, ysteron, cibdis, cyclops, coracion, leucon, yppewin, 
yios, paes. We may add to this Smith's testimony that for 
KevTavpoi<i Gardiner would have said Chentafi-is. 

It is curious to turn from these fierce contests in the infancy 
of greek scholarship in England to a protest against the substi- 
tution of accent for quantity which was prevalent in the early 
part of the eighteenth century \ 

Thomas Bentley, nephew of the great Aristarchus, was 
struck with the want of greek text books for the use of schools, 
where nothing of that language was read but extracts from 
Homer and Hesiod — so that when afterwards Demosthenes or 
Sophocles was put into their hands the youths could make 
nothing of them ; and their verses were dull and archaic. 

To remedy these defects he edited in 1741 Callimachus, 
Theognis, a century of epigrams from the Anthology, and the 
prose Protrepticus of Galen of Pergamos, with latin versions of 
all and notes to the first. The preface (pp. iii. — xviii.) is 
devoted to an expostulation against the depraved method of 
pronouncing greek at that time prevalent. We learn that no 
distinction was made between TWrjfit and rlOeixai, SlScofii and 
hihojjbai, or ava6r]/xa and avadefia ; and that it was usual to 
make false quantities for the sake of accent not merely in 
proper names, as Ar]/jiO(Tdevr]<;, (8)ovKuSl8r]<;, ©rjpafievi]'?, Uapvad- 
Tt9, Philotimus, and MusagZtes, but in Idrpo'i, Kivhvvo<^, dKpl^r)<;, 
aKpdTo<;, evplvo<i, €vpi^o<;, &c., &c. Thomas Bentley however 

1 In 1712 J. Hudson had edited G. a treatise by E. Franckliu, called 

Martinis de Graecarum Litterarum 'Ortliotonla seu de Linguae Graccac 

Prommtiatione (with the Atticista of 2'o»!Js Tractatulus.' Lond. 12mo.with 

Moeris) at Oxford, and in 1717 Ja. additions. It had gone through four 

Eichardson of Blackheath had edited editions 1630 — 73. 



HUMANITY. — ACCENT. Ill 

shews that his own knowledge of quantity was not equal to 
what is within reach of each modem tiro ; for when he asserts 
that there is absolutely no example of gratiutus, or fortiutus, it 
is probable that he was ignorant of the seeming exceptions 
which are treated as trisyllabic. It seems also strange now-a- 
days to appeal to Homer as the authority for the scansion of laTp6<;. 

However the question of Accent or Quantity was not des- 
tined to slumber long. 

In 1754, Henry Gaily, of Corpus Christi College, Cam- 
bridge (B.A. 1717), published 'A Dissertation against pro- 
nouncing the Greek Language according to Accents [a quotation 
from Dio. Halicarn.]. London, Printed for A. Millar in the 
Strand, 1754' pp. i— viii, 1 — 149 \ 

The next year Dr Gaily published a ' second edition, cor- 
rected. Price 25.' 

Dr Roger Long (B.A. 1700), master of Pembroke Hall, 1733, 
and Lowndean professor of Astronomy, 1750, replied with a 
pamphlet 'On Greek Accents,' 1755. 

But Dr Gaily found a younger and more formidable anta- 
gonist in John Foster, sometime fellow of King's (B.A. 1753 ; 
D.D. 1766), then under-master, and afterwards for a short 
period head-master of Eton, who took up the cudgels on the 
side of Yossius and the accents in an elaborate treatise, entitled 
' An Essay on the different nature of Accent and Quantity, &c., 
&c., 1762.' I have not seen the first edition, but in our 
University Library^ there is a copy of the 'second edition, 
corrected and much enlarged, containing some additions from 
the Papers of Dr Taylor and Mr Markland. With a Reply to 
Dr G's second Dissertation in Answer to the Essay. By John 
Foster, M.A., Late Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. Eton, 
Printed by /. Pote, 1763.' pp. i— xxxi, 1—448. 

^ Camb. Univ. Library, Aa. 17. 20. ment. When Mr H. A. J. Munro 

2 XVII ( = 18) 6. 21. A third edition. made known the results of his re- 

Lond. 1820. Mr W. G. Clark in a paper searches into ancient latin pronuncia- 

On English Pronunciation of Greek, tion about 1870, prof. Lightfoot and 

read before the Camb. Philosophical some others showed some interest in 

Soc. and printed in the Journal of the sounds of tho greek vowels, diph- 

Philology No. 2. pp. 98—108, in 1808, thongs, and double letters, 
commends Foster's learning and judg- 



112 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

The former edition had called forth from Dr Gaily *A 
Second Dissertation^ &c. In Answer to Mr Foster s Essay On 
the different Natwe q/" Accent and Quantity. " Accentuum grae- 
corum omnis hodie ratio praepostera est atque peruersa." 
Bentl. Ep. ad Mill. 82. London, Printed for A. Millar in the 
Strand, 1763, price 25.' pp. i — xxiv, 1 — 95. He accuses Foster 
of discourtesy, of misrepresenting Cheke, and of practically 
confounding the meaning of the term accent, which he started 
with defining. Gally's own position was, that greek cannot 
be pronounced according to our acute accent without violating 
quantity. The reply appended to Foster's 2nd ed.^ is * A 
Review of some passages in the present Essay in a reply to 
Dr G's Second Dissertation. By the Author of the Essay. 
Eton. 1763.' pp. 1—49. 

W. Primatt, MA. (Sid.) 1725, published ' Accentus Rediuiui. 
"With an answer to Mekerchus, Is. Vossius, &c. Camb. 1764.' 
And S. Horsley, LL.B. (Trin. Hall) 1758, issued an anonymous 
treatise ' On the Prosodies of the Greek and Latin Languages. 
Lend. 1796.' 

It has long been the pride of our schools and universities 
that the practice of verse composition has created more skilful 
metrical (and consequently, grammatical) critics (headed by 
Bentley the discoverer of the digamma^ and of synajihea, and 
Person who laid down the law of the final cretic and of the limits 
of the tragic senarius in general) than are known even in 
Germany. Person, as it is well known, thought little of verse 
composition, except with some such purpose, and it is told 
with what facility he was able to shew the errors in the first 
edition (1789) of Godfrey Hermann's de Metris, which the 
Cambridge scholar tacitly refuted in the Supplement to the 
Preface of his second edition of the Hecuba'^. The reiterated 
' Qids praeter Hermannum...?' in the long note on Medea 675, 

1 Camb. Vniv. Library, Aa. 17. 20. * Hermann sent Porson a copy iu 

2 Ibidem, xvii. ( = 18) 6. 21. 179G on Heyne's suggestion. The 

3 i.e. Bentley (about 1713) discovered early writings of that scholar, then at 
the importance of the digamma in re- Leipsic, especially the first edition of 
lation to homeric metre. Its name his De Metris, were very faulty. See 
was known at Camb. as early as Cheke's Mr Luard in Cambrid(je Essays, 1857, 
time, from the old grammarians. pp, IGl, 162. 



HUMANITY. — PORSON. 113 

(which commences with a sly reference to Wakefield's impudent 
suggestion at the end of his Diatribe, that Person should make 
his notes more discursive) is perhaps Person's most heartless 
attack upon the critical character of any contemporary. Among 
Hermann's dicta was the unfortunate 'nihil interesse qua in 
sede trimetri anapaestus occurrat.' To this Porson rejoined, not 
by critical argument alone, but by an english translation of 
an Etonian's adaptation of an ancient epigram, as follows : 

"N-^ides i<JTk ixirpojv, w Teurofes, oux o fiiu, os 5' ov' 
JlavTes TrXrjf "EPMANNOS" 6 d' "Epfxavvos ^ a(pddpa TeJrwc. [^fiaXa] 
The Germans in Greek 
Are sadly to seek ; 
Not five in fivescore 
But ninety five more : 
All, save only Herman, 

And *Herman's a German. [* Or "he is a"] 

He also treated the critic (who must have held some heresy 
about tribrachs) to a couple of senarii on his own prescription*, 
all traces of their iambic kindred being effaced by the course 
of licentiousness to which they had been abandoned : 

'0 /xerptKos 6 cdcpos droira -yiypacpe irepl iiirpuv. 
'0 fierpiKhs d'/terpoy, d cocpos a.<TO<po% iyivero. 

It is however fair to Hermann's memory to record that in 
1796 he wrote (De Metris, p. 150), * A trisyllabis pedibus tra- 
gic! Graeci maxime abstinuerunt, quamquam etiam in pari 
sede, sed admodum raro anapaestus invenitur.' However, 
Porson would have said, 'in prime tantum pede, nisi sit nomen 
proprium quod alias ex iambico omnino excludendum esset.' 

I do not suppose that the average scholar's familiarity with 
greek accentuation in the last century differed materially from 
what it is at present. One man, however, who passed for a 
critic (Gilbert Wakefield), had the boldness to publish a Bion 
and Moschus in 1795 without accents^ (Lond. 12mo.), and with 
a flimsy apology for this slovenliness or want of scholarship 
which disfigured his selections from the tragedians in 1794, and 
his other books, Porson, in the opening note to his Medea, 
sets the matter in its true light, referring to the author of the 
Diatribe Extemporalis in Euripidis Hecubam Londini nuper 

1 Classical Journal, v. 298. Luard's "Yipfxavvo^. 
Person's Corresp. 87. Porson him- ^ gome better men, as Marsh and 

self would hardly have written TrXrJy Tyrwhitt, did the like. 

W. 8 



114 



UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 



puhlicatam (1797), as he does in other notes, without mention- 
ing his name. 

It is interesting to observe how Porson chose the part of 
instructor of the academic youth^ (indeed this characteristic 
of his writings not merely atones for, but fully justifies his 
delivering no lectures), and as such we may recognize him 
specially as the founder of that succession which in our time 
has borne fruit in the Shrewsbury greek iambics. In earlier 
days such greek verses as were written were either hexameters, 
more or less patched together from homeric hemistichs, or ele- 
giacs of no style in particular. 

After giving his due to Ri. Dawes ^ who in his old age 
picked up the niceties of greek criticism while master of 
Newcastle school, 1738-44, and produced the eleven ' Canons ' 
which bear his name, we must look upon the annotated editions 
of Euripides' plays by Ri. Porson (1797-1801), as commencing 
the improved method of scholarship^ which flourished under the 
auspices of Monk, Dobree, Blomfield, and Dr Kennedy. 

1 ' Poteram et labori iDarcere et quieti Remp. litterariam redundare et pote- 



meae fortasse consulere totam omit- 
tendo. Video enim a nonnullis, optimis 
quidem illis, sed nee satis eruditis et 
paiiUo iracundioribus uiris, omnem 
accentuum rationem despicatu liaberi. 
Verum ii sunt opinor aetate iam pro- 
uectiores quam ut a me uel quicquam 
praui dedoceantur, uel recti quicquam 
addiscant. Vos autem, adolescentes, 
quos solos tutelae meae duxi, uos nunc 
alloquor. Aliquoties hoc argumentum 
tetigi ut ad Orest. G31 [al. G26] et 
alias ; iterum, ut oiJus erit tacturus. Si 
quis igiturvESTKUM ad accuratam Grae- 
carum litter arum scientiam aspirat, 
is probabilem sibi accentuum notitiam 
quam maturrime comparet, in propo- 
sitoque perstet, scurrarum dicacitate et 
stultorum ii-risione immotus. Nam 
risu inepto res ineptior nulla est. 
Unum tantummodo in praesentia 
monebo. Quicunque buius doctrinae 
expers, codices MSS. conferendi labo- 
rem susceperit, is magnam partem 
fructuum eorum, qui ex labore suo in 



rant et debebant, disperdiderit. Qui 
lianc doctrinam nescit, dum ignoran- 
tiam suam caudide fatetur, inscitiae 
tantum reus ; qui uero nescii-e nou con- 
tentus ignorantiae suae contemptum 
praetexit, maioris culpae affinis est.' 

It is also interesting to reflect that 
Bentley's Dissertation on Phalaris was 
evoked by one of those juvenile edi- 
tions whereby Dean Aldrich (in imita- 
tion of his 2iredecessor Fell) encouraged 
precocious critics, and which he made 
a new-year's-gift to the junior students 
of Christ Church. Hearne-Bliss, i. 83, 
Monk's Bentlcy, i. 64. 

^ Dawes' 7th canon, denying the 
use of ov fJLT) with the 1st aor. conjunc- 
tive, though approved by Cobet, has 
been discredited by Mr Ei. Shilleto. 

3 A specimen of Porson's examina- 
tion papers is printed in Kidd's Tracts, 
392. Monk carried on the tradition 
of setting long passages for translation. 
Here. Fur ens, 637—679 (Beck), is the 
specimen of Porson's. 



HUMANITY. — GREEK VERSE. 115 

The older type of versification found its encouragement also 
in tbe contest for the Browne medals, which was instituted in 
1775. A selection of the successful compositions for that and 
for the Latin ode (which until the present century was always 
composed on the same theme with the Greek) was published 
by Valjjy in 1810, under the title of Musae Cantabrigienses. 

For earlier specimens of Cambridge greek lyrics and hexa- 
meters we may refer to some copies by Michael Lort, B.A., 
Trin. 1746, Greek professor, 1759, and by T. Zouch, B.A., Trin. 
1761, printed in Wrangham's Zouch, I. 375, 882, 387, as well as 
to the earlier collections of congratulatory verses, &c. in various 
languages, presented from time to time by the universities to 
royal personages. 

It is not easy to collect such a list of books as will give 
a fair notion of the average course of reading at the university 
at any particular time. Many classical books arranged in the 
chronology of their publication. will be found registered in an 
appendix to this volume. 

Barrow had publickly declared \ with satisfaction, that 
under Duport's professorship young students at Cambridge 
read Plato and Aristotle and the greek poets, philosophers, 
historians and scholiasts. A century later, Gray complained 
that Plato was very little known, and the same was, I suppose, 
true of Aristotle a fortiori. 

1 Orat. in Comitiis [1654]. Works, published by Mr MatLias, some Ee- 

ecT. Napier, ix. 36. marks on Plato's Writings, with other 

Cp. Dyer Privil. ii. ii. 224, 'When original pieces, from Mr Gray's MSS. 

Aristotle was the highest name in our in Pembroke Hall Library ; and as Mr 

Schools, Plato's appears to have been Thomas Taylor has also I perceive 

but little known; and at, and after, just advertized The Theologies of 

the Reformation, though he had many Plato and Proclus in English ; with 

admirers, he was not generally re- these associations in my mind, I have 

ceived : nor am I aware that his writ- ventured to say thus much of the Theo- 

ings are now (1824) taken much for logy of Plato.' 

lecture-books in the colleges. Biit as Select Platonic dialogues, de rebus 

there have been pubhshed by Cam- divinis, were edited by North, Camb. 

bridge critics editions of his most ad- 8vo. with Latin version 1683. Forster 

mired Moral and Theological pieces edited five dialogues of Plato (Oxon.) 

(one of which is a favourite school- 1745. Wilkinson's Ethica Aiistot. 

book), and lately have appeared in a Oxon. 1716, Taswell's Physica Aristot, 

splendid edition of Mr Gray's works, (Bowyer), 1718. 

8—2 



116 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Xenophon's Anabasis and Cyropaedia were a good deal 
read\ Samuel Pegge (Job.) was preparing an edition of each 
about 1728, but he was forestalled by Hutchinson, whose pub- 
lications (Oxon. 1727, 1735) became standard text-books. 
Porson added some notes to his Anabasis when Nicholson 
(' Maps') re-issued it in 1785. 

Cicero de OJiciis was another book commonly read. John 
Jebb delivered lectures thereon in Trinity Hall as Dr Rid- 
lington's deputy in 1766. Portions oi Demosthenes were pretty 
frequently edited — by Foulkes and Freind, 1715, Brook, 1721, 
Mounteney, 1747, J. Taylor (Joh.), 1748, &c. T. Johnson 
brought out Sophocles in 1705, 1708 and 1746, and Thomas 
Francklin (Greek professor, 1750 — 59, and member of the West- 
minster Club) published a translation. Ro. Potter (Emm.) did 
so for the entire Poetae Scenici 1777 — 88. Euripides'^ was set 
forth by Piers, 1703, J. King (King's), 1726, S. Musgrave, (the 
whole) 1756, 1778, Jer. Markland (Pet.), 1763, 1771, and 
Egerton, 1786. But iox Aeschylus Stanley's edition, Lond. 1663, 
continued in use. However Askew pi'ojected an edition, and 
Needham had one ready for press, and Person's was in pro- 
gress. J. Burton's Pentalogia and Wakefield's selection have 
been already mentioned. 

It is worthy of remai-k, that previous to the establishment of 
the Classical Tripos in 1822 — 4, the university proposed no 
examination in Greek to candidates for honours. At the same 
time an examination in the Iliad I — VI. and the Aeneid i — vi. 
was instituted for the polloi, who were not candidates for hon- 
ours. At the same time a previous examination was established 
for all persons in their second year, the subjects being one 
Greek and one Latin classic, e.g. for 1826, Herodotus l. and 



^ Wells edited Xen. (Oxon.) 1703. much Greek and understood it about 

* Joshua Barnes (Emman.), the as well as an Athenian blacksmith. 

Greek professor, had edited Euripides Cumberland's iI/(?moirs, p. 26;Bentleifs 

in 1694 folio. His ifo7?icr 1711 (2 vols. Corresp. 1. 411. Hearne was a great 

4to.) was an improvement on previous friend of bis, and called him 'the best 

editions, and continued without a rival Grecian (especially for poetical Greek) 

for nearly a century, although it was in the world,' Reliquiae, i. 263, and 

severely handled by Bentley, who ob- accused Clarke of stealing his Homer 

served that he believed Barnes had as from Barnes' edition (Ibid. in. 133). 



HUMANITY. — GREEK. 117 

Virgil, Georgic IV, as well as S. Matthew's Gospel and Paley's 
Evidences of Christianity. 

There was just the one statutable ceremony by which the 
university required each candidate for the degree of Master of 
Arts to be examined in Greek by a bedel, or in the case of a 
member of King's College, or of a mandate degree, to read 
Greek to a bedel, but these forms were obsolete^ before 1828. 

Greek was of course required of candidates for university 
scholarships. Thus, in 1725, Snape, the provost of King's, gave 
Battle and the other candidates for the Craven a viva voce 
examination in Sophocles and Lucian^. At the beginning of 
the present century the usual requirements were some passages 
from Demosthenes, Sophocles (or Euripides), Tacitus {or other 
Latin prose author), and a Latin poet, to be translated into 
English prose. A piece of English prose to be turned into 
Latin, and sometimes into Greek. Questions in History, Geo- 
graphy and Chronology, and composition in Latin prose and 
verse, and sometimes Greek versed 

In a codicil to her will, dated 1739, lady Eliz, Hastings 
defined the examination for certain scholars at Queen's Coll. 
Oxon. in the following terms. At 8 a. in. to begin to translate 
eight or ten lines of an oration of Cicero into English, and 
as much Demosthenes into Latin ; also two or three verses 
of the Vulgate into Greek. In the afternoon to write from 
eight to twelve lines of Latin on a question of practical divinity 
taken from the Church Catechism, and two distichs on a classical 
sentence. 

When they had gone into residence at Oxford, the scholars 
elected were to spend four years on the arts and sciences, and 
a fifth in studying Divinity, Church History, and the Apostolic 
Fathers in the original : to study the Scripture, and to write 
exegetical notes daily for one hour. Before their fourth year 
to write a translation of part of S. Chrysostom de Sacerdotio, 

1 Cercmo?ues,Wall-Gurming,pp. 168, formed in that examination in less 
171, 207. than an hour (with the help of Morell's 

2 Nichols, Lit. Anecd. iv. 601. — Thesaurus, according to Dr T. Young) 
Porson gained the Craven in 1781, A is preserved. Watson's For son, p. 32. 
translation of an epitaph (14 lines) ^ Camb. Univ. Calendar, 1803. 
into Greek iambics (17) which he per- 



118 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

and when^ B.A., to shew tlie provost notes of theological reading 
prescribed by the tutor. 

The colleges, however, supplemented the requirements of 
the university in this respect. Not to mention the scholarship 
and fellowship elections at Trinity, among the subjects re- 
quired of all the students in S. John's, from 1765 downwards, 
was, in one of their years at least, a play of Sophocles, a speech 
of Demosthenes or the like. A glance at the schemes of study, 
printed among the Appendices to this volume, will shew what 
was done at the smaller colleges in the first half of the century, 
while the following extract from the Cambridge University 
Calendar for 1802 (p. xiii), may be fairly supposed to represent 
the work of the close of the 18th century^. 

' Under the third head of Academical Studies come the 
Belles Lettres or Classics, which in most colleges are cultivated 
with great diligence and success ; each term having some part 
of the best Classics appropriated to the lecture-room. An Ora- 
tion of Demosthenes, Lysias, Isocrates, a Greek Flay, Longinus, 
Cicero, Qidntilian, select portions of Herodotus, Tacitus, Thucy- 
dides, &c., &c., afford exercises for the Pupils, and ample room 
for the Tutor to display his taste on the best writings of anti- 
quity, and to compare them with parallel works in the modern 
languages. Compositions, Latin or English, are weekly de- 
livered by the Pupils, either in writing, or viva voce, in their 
respective chapels.' 

Po. Surtees, at Christ Church 1796—1800, read all Hero- 
dotus, Thucydides and Livy, Plays of Aeschylus and Aristo- 
phanes, Xenophon's Anabasis and Hellenica, Demosthenes' 
public orations, Aristotle's Rhetoric, Pindar's Olympics, Dio- 
dorus Siculus, Polybius^ Juvenal and Persius, He distinguished 



^ Poulson's Hist, of Beverley, i. 461, the university of clistinguisliing them- 

5 n. selves in this branch of useful htera- 

2 A little earlier, in 1775, Jebb speaks ture.' Works, iii. 275. Jebb gene- 
of classical lectiu'es in college for each rously states the exceptional case at S. 
sizar and pensioner only 'during the John's under his late oj^ponent Powell, 
first year of residence, — which it is who examined noblemen and fellow- 
well known the said pensioner and sizar commoners (as well as other students) 
pay little regard to, as there is no in Greek and Eoman Literature 
general opportunity offered them by {Ibid. 276, 277). 



HUMANITY. 119 

himself in the terminal collections, an examination then con- 
ducted by the dean, tutors, and censors of the college. (Me- 
moir by G. Taylor, p. 7.) 

A chronological list of university classical books will be 
found in an Appendix to this volume. We will conclude this 
portion of our observation by noting what books were used by 
a man at Trinity in the early part of the present century 
(1815— 16)\ 

Person's Hecuba, Hermann and Seale on Metres, Scapulae 
lexicon, Dawes Misc. Critica, Bentley on Phalaris, Hoogeveen's 
Particularicm Doctrina, Bos Ellipses, Preface to Franklin's 
Sophocles, Cumberland's Observer, Brumoy's Greek Theatre, 
Tyrwhitt's Aristotle, Horace ad Pisones, Gillies' Hist, of Greece 
(borrowing Mitford's more expensive book, and the Travels of 
Anacharsis), D'Anville's Atlas, Butler's Aeschylus, Draken- 
borch's Livy, Hooke's Hist, of Rome, Polybius, and Larcher's 
Heivdotus. 

In his second year, — Duker's Thucydides, Watts' Scriptores 
Historici, Campbell on the Gospels, Beausobre and Valpy on 
New Testament, Soame Jenyns' Inte7'nal Evidences, Jenkins' 
Reasonableness of Christianity and Butler's Analogy. He at- 
tended the Norrisian professor's 'dull and disorderly' readings 
of Pearson on the Creed. 

With the third term of the second year mathematics began. 
to demand the student's undivided attention. 

1 [J. M. F. Wright's] Alma Mater, i. 120, 163, 184, 195, 206, 219, 222. 



CHAPTER X. 



MORALITY. METAPHYSICS. CASUISTRY. 



The first number of Mind in 187G contained a paper by the 
Rector of Lincoln College, Oxford, on the study of Philosophy 
in his University. In the next number Mr Henry Sidgwick 
followed with a sketch of the treatment which that important 
study has met with at Cambridge in the last two or three 
generations. The upshot is (so far as concerns our present 
inquiry) that at neither of our English universities was any 
serious interest taken in mental science or metaphysics at the 
commencement of the nineteenth century. 

If we glance at the state of England at the close of the 
seventeenth century, this is very surprising ; European thought 
seemed fully set upon such pursuits, and in our own country 
the minds of people below the higher ranks were affected by 
philosophical talk in a way unparalleled even at the present 
time. 

The causes of such a change must be left for others to 
assign. What effect may have been produced by engrossing 
wars and commercial interests, by the revival of theological 
discussions and the increased importance of political questions; 
or again by the decay of coffee-houses, and the tax on pamphlets, 
or the revulsion produced by the fate of philosophical Paris, the 
reign of Decorum, and the growth of delicacy and apprehensive- 
ness of un-orthodoxy — how far these or other powers may have 
conduced to psychological and ethical apathy, I must leave for 
others to determine. Suffice it to say, that the universities, if 



MORALITY. METAPHYSICS. CASUISTRY. 121 

no better in this respect, were no worse than the nation at 
large. At the time when the university as a body was 
casting away the last pretence of examining in 'philosophy/ 
and even Locke and Paley had been discredited^ about 1835, 
there was a band of Coleridgians among the younger fellows 
of Trinity. 

This leads me to the remark that in gauging the philosophical 
reading of the University we must distinguish between works 
read by individual scholars more or less widely, and books which 
were actually or virtually acknowledged text-books received by 
the tutors, examiners, &c., representing a college or university. 

Of the latter class the short catalogue subjoined to this 
chapter will give a fair notion for the former half of the century. 
The names of Plato, Hobbes, Descartes, Newton, Locke, Clarke ^ 
Spinoza, Leibnitz, Butler, Berkeley, Grotius, Pufifendorf, Milton, 
"W. Law, Ray, Cudworth, H. ]\lore, Hutcheson, King, Shaftes- 
bury, Wollaston, Pearson, Hooker, Jeremy Taylor, and Sander- 
son will not escape us. 

If we go through the names of other writers of the day we 
shall find that they were very few. Toland had been answered 



1 Sc. by Sedg-wick's Sermon, 1832, clared Moral Right to be another as- 
printed in 1833, 1850. However, even pect of Divine Command. Clarke's 
as early as 1775, Jebb (Works, in. 271) writings made some stir in the country, 
speaks 'of ethics meeting with very It was (I suppose) his tenets, and such 
slender encouragement, and the in- as the great latitudinarian Cudworth 
comparable Locke being now almost had taught in the previous centmy 
as httle honoured at the public time of (died at Christ Coll. Lodge, 1688, 
trial as real science is said to be at the having been also Master of Clare, 
sister university.' Hebrewprof.,andfellow of Emmanuel), 

* Dr Sam. Clarke of Norwich (1675 that Fielding ridicules in the philoso- 

— 1729), editor of Homer, afterwards a pher Square {Tom Jones) with his 

friend of Newton, was educated at 'Fitness of Things' and 'Eternal and 

Caius, where he obtained a fellowship Immutable Verities.' One of Clarke's 

(B.A. 1694). He combined his Boyle other books, the Scripture Doctrine of 

lectures (1704 — 5) under the title of the Trinity, was condemned by the 

A Discourse concerning the Being and lower house of Convocation. His 

Attributes of God, the Obligations of draft of the Church Service mangled 

Natural Religion, and the Truth and to suit imitarianism was adopted as 

Certainty of the Christian Revelation. the basis of Theophilus Lindsey's 

He maintained the independent and ' Book of Common Prayer Reformed for 

necessary character of moral distinc- the use of the Chapel in Essex Street.' 
tions perceived by reason, and he de- 



122 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

and was no longer a novelty. Anthony Collins (King's) and 
Matthew Tindal [Line. Exon. All Souls) the deists and opponents 
of Clarke, and Bernard Mandeville (to say the least) an extrava- 
gant writer, could hardly be looked for in an academical list. 
Hume did not publish his first book till 1738, David Hartley 
(Jes.) in 1749, dying in 1757. Voltaire, Rousseau, Condillac, 
Montesquieu, and C. A. Helvetius had not broken silence. If 
Jonathan Edwards, of New Jersey, had already brought out his 
treatise on the Will it had not crossed the Atlantic, nor had 
(Kant's forerunner) J. C. von Wolff's heresies, which had caused 
his temporary ejection from Halle (1723 — 41), troubled our 
island. 

Again, if we take our observations of Cambridge at the end 
of the century, we find Locke, Butler [Analogy), Clarke ( On the 
Attributes), Law {Theory of Religion), and Berkeley still in 
favour, while Paley^ Hartley, Rutherford, Gisborne, Burlamaqui 
are added to the list: Balguy and Hey having had a short 
popularity as moral theologians. Locke (with logic) was the 
freshmen's subject; the other books were kept for the second 
and third year. The efficiency of the lectures varied of course 
in different colleges. At S. John's, Dr Newcome, the master, 
who died in 17G5, established a prize for the commencing B.A., 
who having gained mathematical honours should distinguish 

1 'Fawcett,' wlio is classed with classics, and Locke or Moral Pliiloso- 
' Locke aud Paley' in the Sizar A phy. These lectures were so far from 
Ehapsodij, 1799, p. 89, is I suppose the being hurried over in a slovenly man- 
Norrisian professor of Theology. E. ner, that he must have been a very 
H. C. writing in the Monthhj Magazine, stupid fellow indeed who would absent 
1797, p. 266, says, 'It is a notorious himself from the latter, given by one 
fact, that in most colleges the classical of the first characters in the university, 
and moral lectures are hurried over in now a dignitary of the church. Many 
the most slovenly manner, and with- of his principles in morality I held in 
out the least regard to the improve- the greatest detestation, though I was 
ment of the students.'— A. S. rejoins formerly pleased with his hberaUty and 
(p. 360), 'It was not so in my time; his familiar mode of instruction.' 
or, perhaps, I may not have paid suffi- Watson was assistant tutor at Trinity, 
cient attention to what was doing in 1761, bixt the reference is most pro- 
other colleges. In the coUege at which bably to Paley, who lectured at Christ's 
I was educated, we had lectures two 1768— 76, to freshmen on Locke, Clarke 
evenings in the week in the Greek and Butler; to sophs on moral philos. 
Testament, and once in a Greek or I cannot identify either A. S. or R. H. 
Latin author; and in the mornings, C. among the graduati. 
our lectures were alternately in the 



MORALITY. METAPHYSICS. 123 

himself by knowledge of Moral Philosophy. It was gained by 
J. Carr (5th wrangler) in 1767 \ At Christ's Paley delivered 
about 1770 those lectures which he published with little altera- 
tion in 1785, under the title of Moral and Political Philosophy'^. 
At Trinity the lectures delivered by the tutor, Thomas Jones 
(a scholar of Shrewsbury and S. John's, author of a Sermon on 
Duelling 1792), were much appreciated by the junior sophs, 
some of whom (about 1799, 1800) asked leave to attend them 
a second time. His bust is in S. John's ante-chapel. 

Towards the end of the last century, Hartley was considered 
a great light among philosophical minds at Cambridge. He 
was a contemporary of Hume and a fellow-follower of Locke. 
His system (which was based on physiology) gathered up the 
floating materialism current at Cambridge, and was for a time 
adopted by Coleridge while he was at the University, as well as 
by Priestley and other Necessitarians and Unitarians^. 

The Oxonians seem to have discovered a short way with 
metaphysicians, both simple and practical in the extreme, and 
comparable with Prideaux's projected Drone-Hall : — 

'The Emoluments of the Professorship in Morality' (says 
Philalethes, replying to Vicesimus Knox in behalf of his univer- 
sity, 6th Feb. 1790) 'are divided between the Proctors of each 
year: The very nature of their office must lead them to a most 
satisfactory discharge of the real duties of a Professor in Moral 
Philosophy.' 

In few things perhaps is fashion more noticeable in her 
changes than in the matter of philosophical and metaphysical 
opinions. 

1 Baker-Mayor, 1030, 1. 23 ; 1073. Hartley, associated with arians, and a 

2 Cp. 'The tutors of Camhridge no member of the same college,— Jesus.) 
doubt neutralize, by their judicious David Hartley, junior, his son and 
remarks, when they read it to their biographer, the inventor and M. P., was 
pupils, all that is pernicious in its fellow of Merton. His devotion to 
principles.' [Best's] Personal and natiu'al history is exemplified (Best's 
Literary Memorials, p. 166 (where the Personal and Lit. Memorials, p. 223) 
story of the king refusing 'Pigeon by the horror he showed on having 
Paley' a bishopric is told). G. Pryme, treated his friends to game before he 
Recoil, p. 38. knew it had been a specimen sent for 

^ Fioi.Sh.a.ixp's' Study' onColeridge. his investigation — 'TFe have eaten a 
(Coleridge was at that time, like David nondescript.' 



124 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Even in the conservative schools of Oxford in the last 
century there were some symptoms of vacillation. In 1721 
it was not infrequent for ' the tutors in their lectures upon 
many points of philosophy to tell their pupils that in the schools 
they must hold such a side of the argument ; hut that the other 
side is demonstrably the right side.' 

Nicholas Amherst, who made this assertion in the xxist 
number of his Terrae-Filius (a work by no means implicitly to 
be trusted), reiterated it in the preface to his edition of 1726, 
adding that the change was creeping from the colleges even into 
the schools, and that ' Locke, Clarke and Sir Isaac Newton 
begin to find countenance... and that Aristotle seems to totter 
on his antient throne.' 

He proved however to be not so very easy to dethrone. 
Throughout that century, at the ceremony for taking the degree 
of B.A. at Oxford, 'the student, when formally asked the heads 
of the predicables, formally replied, Aristoteles pro me respondehit, 
being touched on the head with a big copy of the Stagirite, 
and rising haculo magis quam laurii digniis^.' 

At Oxford, Aristotle has been in high favour from the fabu- 
lous times when the Queen's Scholar found him the readiest 
weapon against even that ' bristle-backt foe'V the wild boar, 
on that memorable occasion when 

'instead of avoiding the mouth of the beast, 
He ranun'd in a vohime, and cried Graecum est!' 

In more historical times it was enjoined that nothing in the 
schools should be defended against Aristotle. This was pre- 
scribed by the Injunctions of Sir Chr. Hatton in 1589 ; whose 
predecessor, the Earl of Leicester, five years earlier had or- 
dained that ' six solemn lectures be read in Aristotle.' Even 
at the time of the Great Rebellion it was observed in Parlia- 
ment by Colonel Briscoe (Debate Dec. 12, 1656, ap. Burton's 
Diary), that ' est Aristotelis ' was in the University an unan- 
swerable argument 'like ipse dixit with Pythagoras's own 
scholars.' 

1 [Ei. Eohinson] Oxf. Undergradu- pare also the picture in Oxford and 
ates' Journal, 1867, p. 1G6. Camb. Nuts to Crack, 1834, p. 90. 

2 The Oxford Sausage, 1764,— Com- 



MORALITY. METAPHYSICS, 125 

Cambridge too required her sons to answer a question in 
' Aristotle's Priorums/ but how far she elicited from them any 
understanding or love for his metaphysics or moral science is 
perhaps hardly doubtful. Even in our own times we have 
heard of the greek of Aristotle being well known in a certain 
manner, and diligently observed, while to give a second thought 
to the author's philosophy or its relation to the thoughts of 
ancient or modern times would have been considered to be 
extravagance on the part of the classical scholar. 

Still, in the eighteenth century, although not ' so devote to 
Aristotle's Ethicks^ ' as her sister, Cambridge did not utterly 
neglect menta.1 and moral science. Her Christ College Pla- 
tonists (Ralph Cudworth^ and Heury More) of the previous 
century had accepted with certain important reservations the 
Cartesian as opposed to the Aristotelian Philosophy which was 
upset in the second quarter of that century, and carried with 
it the ancient statutable subjects for disputations. The writ- 
ings of Descartes are thought by Professor Playfair^ to have 
kept their ground at Cambridge as late almost as 1720, more 
than thirty years after the publication of Newton's discoveries. 
But Dr Clarke, as we shall see, introduced first Descartes into 
the academic course, and subsequently Newton soon after 
taking his degree (B.A. Cai. 1694), and very shortly after those 
discoveries had been published (Principia, 1687). We find 
Bi. Laughton of Clare also encouraging the study of Newton, 
when tutor and moderator, ten or twelve years at least before 
the date assigned by Playfair to the introduction of that system. 



1 Taming of the Shrew, 1. sc.l. counted for by matter and motion, 

2 Cudwortli lived just long enough was refuted by Barrow in a latin 
to hear of Newton's discoveries, and speech in 1652. See Whewell to De 
died too soon to read Locke's Essay. Morgan {Todhunter, ii. 414), Philos. of 
Mullinger's Cambridge in the x\nth Discovery, p. 179, and Hist. Induct. 
Century, pp. 159—164. Sciences, Vol. ii. Bk. vii. ch. iv. § 2. 

3 See [Whewell's] strictm-es on this However, in one passage {Works, iii, 
statement in Mus. Grit. ii. 515. Whe- 280) Jebb seems to imply that he 
well was of opinion that no one at thought 'the vortices of Des Cartes' 
Cambridge had ever seriously enter- had been familiar and dominant at 
tained the cartesian theory of vortices. Cambridge. How far H. More the 
Des Cartes' general hypothesis, that platonist was a cartesian is discussed 
all natural phenomena may be ac- by Dyer, Priv. ii. fasc. ii. p. 219, 



12G UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

As early as 1G9| Descartes' name as a philosopher had 
begun to be brought into disrepute in the tripos verses, and in 
172| and subsequent years the Newtonian philosophy is upheld. 
' Bobus' Smith, however, as lately as 1790, chose Cartesii Prin- 
cipia for the subject of one of his humorous copies. 

But we may find a disturbing force even earlier than 
Newton, that is, in Bacon. 

'Bacon's new philosophy,' says Dyer {Hist. Camh. i. 19-i), 
' aspired to derange the old metaphysics and logic, and with 
them the old natural philosophy, the subtleties of the former 
being the foundation of the latter. It, however, left a space 
open for a more liberal philosophy, founded in the operations 
of nature and uniform experience. As far as logic and meta- 
physics went, that place was filled up by Locke's Essay on the 
Human Understanding, his inquiry being, in fact, a guide to 
general metaphysical reasoning, a philosophical analysis of the 
principles of logic (as some part is of grammar), and founded on 
the principles of Bacon, as the more sure method of philoso- 
phizing.' 

Locke's Essay appeared in 1689, two years only after the 
publication of Newton's discoveries. It is certain that the author 
had been removed from his studentship at Christ Church^ by 
King James' command, and had returned from abroad in 
William's fleet. His book was not treated with much favour 
by his own university. 

At a meeting of the Heads of Houses at Oxford (which was 
pledged^ to follow ' Aristotle and the entire peripatetic doctrine') 
so late as 1703, it was proposed to censure and discourage the 
reading of it^ John Wynne indeed (afterward bishop of Bath 
and Wells), a great tutor in Jesus College, abridged Locke's 
Essay, which he read to his pupils, and persuaded other tutors 
to do the like. Among these Avas Mr Milles*, vice-principal of 

1 Curious letters between the E. of Fox Bourne states it fairly. 

Sunderland and bp. Fell in Nov. 168-1, ^ Stat. Acad. Oxon. vi. 2. 

relating to Locke's studentship and 3 Masters' LJ/<; o/ T. Baker, p. 118. 

non-residence on the plea of health, * Thomas Milles, M.A. 1695, was 

were printed in 1750 in the 6th no. of t;icc-principal ; John Mills, or Mill, the 

the Student. He is said to have 'be- Greek Testament critic, was principal 

longed to the late Earl of Shaftesbury. ' 1685—1707. 



MORALITY. — LOCKE. 127 

Edmund-hall (bp. of Waterford), but Tom Hearne, wlien an 
undergraduate there (1G97 — 1700), ' always declined' his lecture\ 
He tells us^ that in January, 17y^, Dr Charlett, of University 
College, commended Locke as fair in arguing, and as displaying 
wide knowledge in coffee-house conversation. At that same 
college, however, half a century later, when Sir W. Jones, the 
Oriental scholar, was an undergraduate (1765), the only logic 
in fashion was the logic of the Schools. When one of the fel- 
low^s of Univ. College was reading Locke with his pupils, he 
carefully passed over every passage wherein that great meta- 
physician derides the old system ^ 

Charles Kidman of Benet College (B.D. 1694) was one of 
the first to introduce the reading of Locke's Essay at Cam- 
bridge*, where it took root and flourished until about the year 
1830. Indeed, the Essay may be said while cast out from 
Oxford, not only to have flourished at Cambridge, but to have 
borne fruit. Not only did it become in itself a text-book, of 
■which an analysis or 'Syllabus' was printed at Camb., 12mo. 
1796 (pp. 38), and again in the form of a Catechism in 1824 
(pp. 252), and other years ; but it may be said to have produced 
such popular books as Duncan's Logic^, and Paley's Moral 
Philosophy^. 

H. Lee, a fellow of Emmanuel (a philosopher of the same 
school as the anti-Newtonian, Ro. Green of Clare), did indeed, 
in 1703, publish 'Anti-Scepticism, or Notes upon each Chapter 
of Locke's Essay, in four Books :' but this did not prevent ' the 
ablest metaphysicians' in our University from being proud to 
come forward as 'its critics and commentators. Hartley' (con- 
tinues Dyer) ' was a disciple of Locke's school : his doctrines of 
the Mechanism of the Human Mind, and of the Association of 
Ideas, are but an enlargement of Locke's, or rather a deduction 
from it. His Doctrine of Vibrations is considered more his 



1 Reliqu. Hearn. in. 162, 163. ^ Ld. Teignmouth's Life of Sir W. 

^ Ibid. 11. 28. Hearne also with bis /owes, 1815, p. 39. 

own hand inscribed a very honourable ■* Disney's Life of Sykes, p. 3. 

commendation of Locke in that an- s Dyer, Hist. Camb. i. 198. 

thor's presentation copies of his works 6 A. Sedgwick's Discourse (original 

to the Bodleian in 170J:. (Macray's ed.), p. 49. 
Annals, 124.) 



128 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

own; and though Hartley's Observations [on Man, his Frame, 
his Duty, and his Expectations, 2 vols. 8vo. 1749, by David 
Hartley, sometime fellow of Jesus Coll. Camb.] has not been 
made a Lecture-book in our colleges, it has been much read in 
the University. Dr Law, late Bishop of Carlisle, Master of 
Peterhouse, published in 1777 a fine edition of Locke's Works, 
too-ether with a Life and Preface ; and the Moral Philosophy of 
Dr Paley is fruit of the same tree, though damaged in the 
gathering\' 

The Proctors' book contains, among additions to the statutes, 
a grace passed 14th Mar, 1855, on the recommendation of the 
syndicate, to the effect that candidates for mathematical honours 
should not be required to attend the 'poll' examination of 
Paley's Moral Philosophy, the New Testament, and Ecclesiasti- 
cal History to which they had been insecurely bound by a 
loosely- worded grace on the recommendation of the Theological 
Syndics' Report 11 May, 1842. 

The following essays on Moral, Political, or Social Phi- 
losophy deserve to be mentioned : — 

On the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species, Lond. 
1783, and On the Impolicy of the African Slave Trade, 1787, 
by T. Clarkson (1st junior optime, 1783, Joh.; where Wilberforce 
had taken his degree in 1781), who having gained the Middle 
Bachelors' Members' Prize, on the slave trade in 1785, wrote 
subsequently several other tracts on the same subject and on 
Quakerism. — Also, Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty, 
&c. Lond. 1776. Three prize Dissey^tations (50 guineas each 
offered anonymously) viz: On Gaming, Camb. 1783., On Duel- 
ling, Camb. 1784., On Suicide, Camb. 1785. The three reprinted 
1812, all by Pi. Hey, Magd. and Sid., 3rd wrangler and senior 
medallist, 1768 ; esquire bedell, 1772 ; LL.D., 1779. Duelling 
bad been the subject for the Seatonian poem in 1774 ; no prize 
having been adjudged it was repeated for 1775, when C. P. 
Layard (Joh.) and S. Hayes (Trin.) were successful. The duel 
between two Pembroke-hall men (Applethwaite shooting Ry- 
croft) in 1791, occasioned the sermon by T. Jones, mentioned on 
p. 123. See Aikin's Athenaeum xiii. (1808) 262, 539. 

1 Dyer, Hist. Camb. i. 195, 196. 



129 



List of Books 

on Moral Philosophy and Metaphysics 

recommended or 

in use at Cambridge 

in 1730. 

Adams, J. (King's) On Self Murder. Loud. 1700. 
Atterbury, Fr. (Ch. Ch.) Coucio ad Clerum. Lond. 1709. 
at Mr T. Benuet's Funeral, 1706. 

Mr B. [=:: J. Balgiiy (Job.)] Foundation of Moral Goodness. 1728. 

Barbeyrac, Jean (Lausanne ihGroningen) Puffeudorf, with Prefatory Dissert. 

1724. 
Baronius, Vincent (0. S. B.) Etliica Christiana. Paris, 1666. 
Bates, W. (Emm. and King's) On the Existence of God. Lond. 1676. 
Bayle, Pet. (Roterdam) Diet. (s.w. Manicheans, Marcionites, Paulicians, &.c.),lGd5. 
Bentley, Ei. (Jo. and Trin.) Boyle Lectures. Lond. 1693. 
Berkeley, G. (T.C.D.) Dialogues. Lond. 1713. 

Treatise on the Principles of Human Knowledge. Dublin, 1710. 

Bro^vne, Pet. {T.C.D.) Procedure of the Understanding. Lond. 1728. 

Buddeus, J. F. (Halle d; Jena) De Origine Mali. 

Burnet, Gil. (Aberd.) F.E.S, De Statu Mortuorum. Lond. 1720, 1727. 

On the XXXIX. Articles. Lond. 1699, 1720. 

Butler, Jos, (Oriel) Three Sermons with Preface. 1726. 

A. C. [ = Ant. Collins (King's)] On Liberty and Necessity, 1715. (&c Gretton 

and Jackson). 
Cartesu, Ren. {La Fleche) Meditationes 1630, 1641. 

de Methodo. (1637) Camb. 1702. 

Principia. Amst. 1644, &c. 

Chambers (Ephr.) Dictionary (s. vv. Abstract, General) 1728. 
Cheyne, G. (Edinb.) Philos. Princip. Lond. 1715, 
Chubb, T. Eeflections on Moral and Positive Duties. 

Collection of Tracts, 4to. Lond. 1730. 

Clarke, J. of Hull (Pet.) Foundation of Morahty. York. n. d. 

, J. dean of Sarum (Cai.) Boyle Lectures on Origin of Evil. Lond. 1720, 21. 

Clarke, S. (Cai.) On the Catechism. Lond. 1729. 

Corresp. with a Gentleman at Cambridge. 

with Dodwell. Lond. 1706. 

Leibnitz. Lond. 1717. 

On the Being and Attributes of God. Lond. 1706. 

Evidences of Nat. and Revealed Eeligion. 

Le Clerc, J. (Geneva) Logica. 1704. Lond. 1692. 

Pneumatologia. Amst. 1692. 

Colliber, S. Essay on Nat. and Eevealed Eeligion. 

Impartial Enquiry into the Being and Attributes of God. Lond. 1735. 

w. 9 



130 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Collier, Arthur {Neio Coll.) Clavis Universalis. Loud. 1713. 

'Country Clergyman's Letters to a Deist.' 

Cudworth, Ea. (Emm. Clare, Chr.) Eternal and Immutable Morality. Lond. 1731. 

— Intellectual System. Lond. 1G78. 

Cumberland, Ei. (Magd.) de Legibus Naturae. Lond. 1G72. 

Dawes, Sir W. Abp. (Joh.; Cath.) Sermons. Lond. 1707 ifec. 
Derham, W. (Tri7i.) Astro-Theologia. Loud. 1711, 1726. 

Physico-Theologia. Lond. 1713, 1727. 

Episcopius, Simon {Amsterd.) Instit. Theol. Amst. 1665 — 71. 

de Libero Arbitrio. 

Eespons. ad Quaestiones. 

Fabricius, J. A. (Hamh.) de Veritate Eel. Christianae. Hamb. 1725. 

Fancourt, Sam. On Divine Prescience. Lond. 1729. 

Felton, H. [Edm. H.) On the Eesiu'rection, 1725. 

Fiddes, Ei. (Univ.) Body of Divinity, Vol. ii. Preface on Morality. Lond. 1720. 

On Hell Torments. 

Theol. Speculat. Lond. 1718—20. 

Filmer, Sir Eo. (Trin.) Patriarchia. Lond. 1680. 
Fordyce, Dav. (Marischal) Ethics. (Lond. 1751.) 

Gastrell, Fr. [Ch. Ch.) Boyle Lectures. Lond. 1703. 
' Gloucestershire,' Gentleman of. On Clarke's Attributes. 
'sGravesande, W. J. (Leijdcn) Elem. Phys. Lug. Bat. 1720. 
Green, Eo. (Clare) Princip. Philos. Camb. 1712. 
Gretton, Phil. (Trin.) Answer to A. C. Lond. 1730. 

Eeview of the Argument a priori. 1732. 

Grew, Nehem. (Pemb.) Cosmologia Sacra. Lond. 1701, 1710. 
Grotius, Hugo {Leyden) De Jure Belli et Pacis. Paris 1625, Excerpta Camb. 
1703. 

Mare Liberum. Lug. Bat. 1609, &c. 

De Veritate Eel. Christ. Lug. Bat. 1627. Lond. 1711. 

Gurdon, Brampton (Cai.) Boyle Lectures. Lond. 1721. 

Hale, Sir M. (Magd. Hall) Primitive Origination of Mankind. Lond. 1677. 
Hoadley, Ben. (Cath.) Answer to Atterbmy. 1706, 1710. 

Measure of Submission. Lond. 1706. 

Hobbes, T. (Magd. Hall) de Cive. Paris 1612. 

Human Liberty. Lond. 1651. (Tripos § 3. Lond. 1684.) 

Leviathan, 1651, 1680. 

'Homily against Eebellion.' 1568. 

Hooker, Ei. (C. C. C.) Eccl. Polity, i. Lond. 1593, 1723. 

Huet, Pet. Dan. (Caen) Censura Philos. Cartes. 1689, Hclmst. 1690. 

Quaestiones Alnetanae. Caen 1690. 

Hutcheson, Fr. (Glasgow) Ideas of Beauty, &c. Lond. 1725. 

Illustr. of Moral Sense. Lond. 1728. 

The Passions. Lond. 1728. 

Jackson, J. (Jes.) Defense of Human Liberty against Gate's Letters. [T. Gordon 
and J. Trenchard.] 



MORALITY TEXT-BOOKS C. 1730. 131 

Jackson, J, Viudication of Human Liberty against A. C. [Anthony Collins] 

1730. 
Johnson, T. (King's and Magd.) Quaestiones Philosophicae. Camb. 1732, 

1735, 1741. 

King, W. Abp. (T.C.D.) Predestination. 1709. 

State of Protestants in Ireland. 1691. 

de Origine Mali. Dubl. and Lond. 1702. 

Translation and Preliminary Dissert. Lond. 1731, 1732; 

Camb. 1735. 
Law, W. (Emm.) Case of Eeason. 
Lee, H. (Emm. ) against Locke. Loud. 1702. 
Leibnitz, Godf. W. {Leips. & Jena) Correspondence with S. Clarke. 

Essais de Theodicee. 

Limborch, P. van (Utrecht) Theol. Chr. Amst. 1686, 1715. 

Locke, J. [Ch. Ch.) Essay on the Human Understanding. Lond. 1G90. 

Familiar Letters. Lond. 1708, 1737. 

On Government. 1690. 

to the bp. of Worcester. 1697—9. 

Lucas, Ei. {Jes. ) Enquiry after Happiness. 2 vols. 
Lupton, W. [Line.) On Hell Torments. Oxon. 1708. 

Malebranche, Nic. (Sorhome) Search after Truth. (1716) 1720. 
Milton, J. (Chr.) Defensio Populi Anglicani. 1651. 
'Moral Obligation,' Essay on. [T. Johnson (King's and Magd.) 1731.] 
More, H. (Chi-.) Enchiridion Ethicum, Lond. 1669, 1711. 

Nature and Efficacy of the Sacraments. [Dan. Waterland (Magd.), 173-1.] 
Newton, Is. (Trin.) Opticks. Lond. 1704. 

Priucipia. 1687. 

Nichols, W. (Mcrt.) Conference with a Theist. Lond. 1698—1703. 

Norman. Answer to Fancourt. 

Norris, J. (Exeter) Ideal World. Lond. 1701—4. 

MisceUanies, Oxon, 1687. Lond. 1710. 

Beason and Faith. Lond. 1697. 

Ode, Ja. Theol. Nat. Traject. ad Khen. 1727. 

'Oracles of Eeason.' Gildon, C. Blount, 1690. 

Ostervald, J. F. (Neufchatcl) Eth. Christian. Lond. 1727. 

Parker, Sam. (Mar/d.) Demonstration of the Law of Natm-e. Lond. 1681. 

Dispiit. de Deo. Lond. 1665, 1678. 

Pearson, J. (King's, Trin.) On the Creed. Lond. 1650. 
Placette, J. de la. Of Conscience (Amst. 1697, 1699). 
Plato de Legibus (ed. Stephens. Paris, 1578). 

Poiret, Pet. (Hcidelb. and Bale) Cogitat. Eation. Amst. 1677. 
Puffendorf, Sam. (Lcips. d- Jena) Law of Nature. (Kcnnet) Lond. 1703; cd. 5. 
1729. 

De Officio Hominis et Civis. Lond. 1673, 1715. Camb. 

Eaphson, Joseph. (Jes.) Demonstratio de Deo. 4to. Lond. 1710. 

De Spatio Eeah. 4to. Lond. 1702. 

• ■ Epist, de Auimae Nat. et Immortalitate. 1710. 

9—2 



132 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Kay, J. (Trin.) F.R.S. On Creatiou. Loud. 1691. ..1722. 

— Physico-Theol. Discourses. Lond. 1692. ..1717. 
'Eepublick of Letters,' Present State of the. July 1728. 

Eohaiilt, Ja. (Paris) Physica fr. Paris 1671; lat. Lond. 1682 ; engl. J. and S. 

Clarke 1710, 1718. 
Eust, G. (Camb.) On Truth. Lond. 1G82. 
Eymer (?) Eevealed Eeligion. 

SachevereU's Trial, 1710. 

Salmasius, CI. (Heidelb.) Defousio Eegia. Amst. 1650. 

Sanderson, Eo. (Line.) De Obligatione Conscientiae. Loud. 1661. 

Jurameuti. Lond. 1722. 

Scot, J. (0x071.) Christian Life. Loud. 1681—6. Ed. 9. 1729. . 

Selden, J. (Hart Hall) Mare Clausum. Lond. 1630. 

Shaftesbury, Ant. Ashley Cooper. Inquiry concerning Virtue (Chai'acteristics ii.) 

1711—23. 
Sharp, J. (Chr.) Abp. Sermons. Loud. 1729—35. 
Sharrock, Eo. (Neiv Coll.) De Finibus Virtutis Chi". Oxon. 1673. 
Sherlock, W. (Pet.) On a Future State. Lond. 1705. 

On Future Judgment. Lond. 1692, 1715. 

Sidney, Algernon. On Government. Loud. 1698, 1701. 
Smith, J. (Qu.) Select Discourses. 1660. 

Spinoza, Beuet. (Amsterdam) Opera Posthuma. 1677. 
Stilhugfleet, Ed. (Joh.) Ireuicum, Loud. 1659, 

■ Origines Sacrae. Lond. 1662. 

Strutt, S. On Locke's chapter of Power. 

Swiuden, Tobias. (Jes.) Treatise of Hell. Appendix. Loud. 1714, 1727. 

Taylor, Jer. (Cai.) Ductor Dubitautium. Loud. 1660. 
Templer, J. (T^in.) against Hobbes. Lond. 1673. 
Tillotsou, J. (Clare) Sermons. Loud. 1707—12. 

Ward, Seth (Sid., Trin.) Immortality of the Soul. Oxon. 1652. 

Watts, Isaac. Logic. Lond. 1725. 

Webster, W. (Cai.) Answers prefixed to [L. Maimbourg's] Hist, of Arianism. 

1728. 
Whitby, Dan. (Trin.) Ethics. Compend. in usum juveut. Oxon. 1681, 1713. 

Appendix to 2 Thcss. 1703. 

Wilkius, J. (New Inn, Ma<jd. H., Wadh. and Trin.) Nat. Eeligion. Lond. 1675. 
Wollaston, W. (Sid.) Eeligion of Nature Dehueated. 1724. 



Of the Cambridge professors of Casuistry in the last cen- 
tury, two (Colbatch and Walker, 1707, 1744) were in different 
ways eminent for their connexion with Bentley, two (Dr Ed- 
mund Law\ 17G4, and Geo. Borlase, 1788) as members of 

^ Bp. Watson (Autohioy. i. 13.) calls Dr Law 'one of the best metaphysicians 
of his time. ' 



CASUISTRY. 133 

Peterliouse had some interest among the electors. They were, 
however, all men of some note in their day ; but the last of 
them at least did not lecture ; indeed, I believe Dr Whewell 
was the first to do so. Ro. Plumptre, master of Queens', who 
succeeded Dr Law in 1769, was the author of a pamphlet called 
Hints respecting some of the Univ, Officers, 1782. Casuistry 
seems to have been an extinct science with us in the last 
century*; and in the present this professorship took for a time 
the title of Moral Theology^ In the l7th century the Stuarts 
had encouraged this important subjective enquiry. It was a 
study after James I.'s own heart. Ro. Sanderson (Line, Coll. 
Oxon.), chaplain to King Charles I. and, after the Restoration, 
bishop of Lincoln, was one of the most scientific expositors of this 
science. His Ten Lectures, delivered in 1647 and printed in 
1660 (Praelectiones, 1661), were a most important contribution 
to the art. In 1678 were published Nine Cases of Conscience, 
which he had given out in two parts in 1666, 1668, A Latin 
version was printed at Cambridge in 1688, Some short tracts on 
Cases of Conscience were appended to an edition of his Life by 
Walton in 1685 ^ Among the divines who gave practical appli- 
cation to these principles were two. men of very different dispo- 
sitions, — Jeremy Taylor of Caius (and All Souls, Oxon), author 
of Ductor Dicbitantium, or the Rule of Conscience in all her 
General Measures, ed, 1, 16.60, ed. 2, 1671 ;— and Bi Baxter, 
who in his Christian Directory, published in, 1673, propounds 
and answers many centuriae of subtle and practical doubts and 
cases of conscience with the nicety of S. Thomas Aquinas. 

Bp. Joseph Hall (Emman.) of Norwich is referred to by 
Taylor (preface to Ductor Dubitantium). Hall wrote Resolutions 

1 A cause to which Jer. Taylor at- Case of Conscience,' ZontZ,. 1592, Ca?n6. 

tributed the scarcity of EngUsh au- 1595, &c. and 'The whole treatise 

thorities was 'the careless and need- of Cases of Conscience,' Lond. 4to. 

less neglect of receiving private Con- IGll. 

fessions.' Preface to Ductor Duhitan- " "Whewell and Grote abandoned the 

tiuni (or, as "Whewell would have called popular Paleian system, and revived 

it, ' Medulla Dubitationum'). Among the Butlerian principle of the Moral 

authors he refers to "W. Perkins (Chr.), Sense, 

who pubHshed Aurcae Casxmm Con- =* Sanderson's Artis Logicae Com- 

scientiae Decisiones, Tribus Libris, &c. pencUum had been printed for him at 

Basic, 12"<'- 1609, translated from ' A his own University in 1618. 



134 UNIVEKSITY STUDIES. 

and Decisions of divers practical Cases of Conscience, fol. Lond. 
1G40. 

Tho. Barlow [Queen'' s Coll., Bodley's Librarian), the second 
bp. of Lincoln of that sirname, took up his predecessor Sander- 
son's work, by considering sundry Cases of Conscience, which 
were published posthumously in 1692. 

H. Feme, S. Mary Hall Oxon. and Trin. Coll. Camb., bp. 
of Chester, published in Dec. 1042 (Cambridge, E. Freeman and 
T. Dunster) The Resolving of Conscience upon this Question 
Whether... Subjects may take Arms and resist? and Whether 
that case be now? 4to. pp. 51. Also Conscience Satisfied that 
there is wo warrant for the Ai^ms now taken up hy Subjects. 
Oxon. 1643, 4to. 

J. Norman wrote Cases of Conscience, Lond. 1673, of which 

1 know nothing. 

Watt, so far as I am aware, does not record a single eigh- 
teenth century book of English casuistry ; and indeed casuistry 
would be of small use without canonists, of whom even the 
commencement of that century could claim but the small list 
given in a note on p. 138, and perhaps Humphry Hody ( Wadh , 
Gk. Prof., and Archd.), and the Cambridge non-jurors, J. John- 
son (Bene't)^ and Lawr, Hawel (Jes.), and, perhaps one of the 
greatest, John Ayliffe, ejected fellow of New College, (author of 
'the Antient and Present State of the University of Oxford,' 

2 vols. 1714), who published his Parergon Juris Canonici 
Anglicani, 1726; also 'The Law of Pawns,' 1732, and 'A new 
Pandect of the Roman. Civil Law,' (with a bibliographical list) 
fol. 1734. 



CHAPTER XL 



LAW. 



A Serjeant of tlic Lawe ware and wise, 
That often hadde y been at the Parvis i. 

Chaucer's Prologue. 



In old times the faculty of Law undertook to teach the jus 
utrumque, and to give separate degrees in Canon and Civil 
Law I 

The old English Canon Law consisted of the body of lega- 
tine and provincial canons, promulgated and adopted in this 
country, as well as the Roman corpii^s of Decretals, Clementines 
and Extravagants collected in the twelfth and three following 
centuries. The deci'etum of Gratian of course included Mer- 
cator's forged additions to Isidore, on which so much of the 
pretensions of the See of Rome is founded. 

Though there were separate degrees in Canon and Civil law, 
there was yet a close connexion between the two, so that (as 
Mr Mullinger shews) when Occam attacked one he aimed a 
blow at the other. They were connected also in the university 
course, i.e. a candidate for the doctor's degree was not allowed 
to enter on Canon law until he had heard lectures in Civil for 

1 Parvis (paradisus), a lean-to build- ^ In Bedell Stokys' Booh {ap. Pea- 

ing, such as was used by the lawyers cock On the Statutes) are given the 

at S. Paul's, and by the scholars at proceedings at the 'Vepers in Canon 

S. Mary's church, Oxon. for the after- and Civell, and the Comviensment in 

noon exercise of ' sitting in generals ' or Canon and CivylV as they were cou- 

little-go {in paruiso) iuramenti (jratid. ducted about 1555. 



136 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

three yearsK It is interesting to observe from the information 
gathered in Mr J. B. Mullinger's early History of Cambridge 
(1873), how the study of law was from the first little en- 
com'aged in the universities ; and, as respect for learning and 
culture increased^ the law of the period met with disinterested 
fZiscouragement. And, on the other hand, when Pope John 
XXII, had ordered the Constitutions and Decretals to be read 
in the schools at Cambridge in 1317, that study had tended to 
exterminate others of greater estimation ^ In the fourteenth 
and fifteenth centuries the statutes of several halls and colleges 
permitted a limited number of inmates to study Canon law 
with special permission, and a still smaller number to read 
Civil law. 

Although a stop had been put to the ancient study by K. 
Henry VIII.'s royal prohibition, yet 'afterwards' (says Fuller) 

'Scholars applyed themselves to the reformed Canon-Laiu 

to enable themselves for Chancellours, Officials, &c. in several 
Dioceses; yet so that Canon-Law did never after stand hy it 
self (as subsisting a distinct Faculty wherein any commenced) 
but was annexed to Civil-Law, and the Degree denominated 
from the later. And although Civilians keep Canon-Law in 
Covtimendam with their own Profession, yet both twisted toge- 
ther are scarce strong enough (especially [1655] in our sad 
dayes) to draw unto them a liberal Livelihood^.' 

It is only surprising that the study did not expire alto- 
gether, considering the sudden failure of the Reformatio Legum 
Ecclesiasticarum (1551 — 3), on the death of K. Edward VI. 
English Canon Law had been limited, and, so to speak, embodied 
in the Statute law two years before Henry forbade its study. 
25 Hen. VIII. cap. 19. § 7 gives express sanction to the then 
received canons, constitutions, &c. which are not contrary to 
the general laws of the realm. Even received foreign Canon 

1 Tliey interpenetrated even in the oneni Diversitatis. And iff the Scolys 

university ceremonies. At the 'Yes- be in Cijvyll, the yougest Doctour in 

pers in Canon and Civil ' (on the day Canon shall aske Kationem Diversita- 

before commencement) the proctor tis.' Bedell Stokys' Book (1555) ap. 

was to. say ' to the yongest Doctom- in Peacock's Statutes Univ. Camb. p. 1. 
Cyi-ill iff the Scolys be kcpte in ^ pycj.^ p,.,-^,, Cant. i. 14, 534. 

Canon, Domine Doctor, queratis Eati- ^ Fuller, Hist. Camb. § vi. end. 



CANON LAW. 137 

Law was included under these terms according to cap. 21, § 1. 
Coke's opinion, as given in Gibson's Codex, p. xxix, was that 
' when the Convocation makes Canons concerning matters which 
properly appertain to them, and the Sovereign has confirmed 
them, they are binding on the whole realm.' Lord Hardwicke, 
however, laid down that the post-reformation constitutions of 
the churcli, after royal confirmation, bind the spiritual body, as 
between members of that body, but not the laity \ at any rate 
not so as to subject them to pecuniary penalties. 

Lord Hardwicke, moreover, (when he was known as Mr 
Attorney-General Yorke) had laid down^ that the law by 
which the university itself was governed internally was a com- 
pound of Civil and Canon Law, and that our universities (like 
that of Paris) had been, by various grants from the crown, 
freed from the courts of Common Law, the LTniversity courts 
being practically subject to the jus utrumque\ Such con- 
siderations may have in some measure modified the effects 
of that sweeping royal edict of the sturdy Tudor monarch to 
the partial results of which we have referred, and which is 
thus recorded : — • 

K. Henry YIII. ' stung (as Fuller says) with the dilatorie 
pleas of the Canonists at Rome in point of his marriage, did in 
revenge destroy their whole Hive throughout the Vniversities.' 
Accordingly, in his Injunctions of 1534-5, he ordered that 
thenceforward no degree nor even lectures should be given 
in Canon Law*. 

In Q. Mary's reign three persons graduated in that faculty^. 
It was admitted indeed that the Canon Law was supposed to 
be included in Civil Law : and a few enthusiasts, like Hearne, 
may have dreamt of a good time coming, when it should again 

^ This implies (I suppose) that the Canon Law at all. 

laity are not held to be so bound in ^ Dyer, H'lst. Camb. i. 75, 76. Priv. 

foro exteriore; — in foro conscientiae Camb. i. 443 — 5. 

every churchman is bound. * Fuller, iit siqwa. He had some- 

* [Kurd's] Opinion of an Eminent thing of a precedent in the prohibition 

Lau-yer, 1751. On the other hand Dr of Civil law laid upon the university of 

Chapman, in his Inquiry into the Eight Paris by Honorius III. in 1220, and 

of Appeal (see my Univ. Life, 74, 630), not finally removed till 1679. 

had maintained that the university ^ Peacock On the Statutes, Appen- 

was subject to Civil only and not to dix, p. I. note. 



138 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

be recognized by a special degree. He even knew an M.A. of 
Balliol (C. Browne, 1716), who had intended to proceed to 
the Bachelor and Doctor of Canon Law ; only he died\ Dr 
Gardiner, the Vice-chancellor of that time, told him that they 
could not indeed hinder him, but that it would be very trouble- 
some. 

A few university canonists are mentioned in the notel 
Thomas Wood (New Coll.) LL.D. (1703) and Barrister at 
Law, author of the Institute of the Latvs of England [1720 ; ed. 
10, 1772], published anonymously in 1708 Some Thoughts con- 
cerning the Study of the LaiifS of England, Farticularli/ in the 
Two Universities, in a Letter to the Head of a College in 
Oxford^. 

He says 'the Canon IjSlw is read and practised within 

the Universities. And even Divines think themselves under 
a necessity to read the Institutes drawn up by Lancellot [Ant- 
wei'p, 1566], or Corvinus, and to consult the Decrees and the 
Decretals with the chief Canonists for settling' of Cases of 
Conscience, and to inform themselves in Church History. This 
method also is so far commendable : and if Divines would 
inspect the Registers of our Ecclesiastical Courts and Clark 
[Praxis Fr. Clark in Foro Ecclesiastico, 1666], as to the general 
Practice, they might be sufficiently qualified for the Offices in 
those Courts ; the Profits of which honourable Posts are often 

1 Rcliqu. Uearn. Bliss iii. 165. 3 Ed. 2, 1727. Bodl. Godwin Pamph. 

" David Wilkiiis,receiYedthe degree 22. Wood published also in 1712 

of D. D. at Cambridge, 1717. anno (Bowyer's press, v. ed. 4. 1730) A neio 

actatis suae 32. He edited Leges Sax- Institute of the Imperial or Civil Law, 

onicae (1721), and Concilia a.d. 446 — with Notes; shewing in some inincipal 

A.D. 1717. (4 Vols. 1737.) cases, ...hoio the Canon La%v, the Laws 

Bp. Edin. Gibson, M.A. 1694, Queen's of England, and the Laws and Customs 

Coll. Oxon. — Codex Juris Ecclesiae of other Nations, differ from it. In Four 

Anglicanae. Lond. 1713, Oxon. 1761, Boelis. 8vo. In 1756 an oration on 

Richard Grey, M.A. 1718-19, Lin- the same subject was delivered in 

coin Coll. Oxon. wrote (beside Memoria Trinity Hall chapel by [Sir] James 

Technica) A System of Ecclesiastical Marriott, a fellow of the society, short- 

Laio (abridged from Gibson's Codex), ly before he took his doctor's degree. 

1730, for which the University con- It was afterwards pubhshed under the 

ferred on him the degree of D.D. title De Historia et Ingcnio Juris Ci- 

iiic7trt?YZZ)!ira, D.C.L. 1762, Queen's vilis et Canonici, cum Comparatione 

Coll. Oa;on. — Ecclesiastical Lata, lldO- Lcgum AugUae. 
65. For others see p. 134. 



CIVIL LAW. 139 

of necessity given to the Laity over the Clergy As to the 

common Business, Lymvood^ [Constit. Provincial, 1557], Degg 
[Parson's Counsellor, 1G76], Godolphin [Repertorium Canoni- 
cum, 1G78], Watson^ [Complete Incumbent, 1701], &c. are the 
Oracles which our best Canonists w^ill vouchsafe to consult upon 
all occasions ; and every Student may quickly learn the skill 
erf turning to an Index as well as the most celebrated Prac- 
tisers.' (N.B. 'Degg' = Sir Simon Degge.) 

But at this time it was practically only the Civil Law which 
was taught by the University professors. 

Civil Law was encouraged by archbishop Theobald and 
taught at Oxford as early as 1149, when Vicarius lectured on 
the Pandects. He was silenced by K. Stephen, and many 
of the text-books were destroyed by private persons. These 
books had been pauperihus praesertim destinati: — whence 
Oxford law-students were known as pauperistae^ . So closely 
was the study of civil law entwined with that of the canonist, 
that the blow struck at the one by K. Henry VIII. was almost 
fatal to the other. In the first year of K. James (1603) there 
were rumours at Oxford that the very existence of the faculty 
of (Civil) Law was threatened*, but, a demonstration being 
made in convocation by Dr Leonard Hutten (deputy Yice- 
chancellor), and Dr H. Marten of New College, letters were 
sent to the Chancellor and to the earl of Devonshire, and the 
danger was averted^. 

This study had been restored at Cambridge in 1054-5 on 

1 Linde-wood was Chaplain to Abp. Henry the VIII. a sufficient number 
Chichely, Dean of Arches, and after- of [civilian^'] could not he found for 
wards bp. of St David's in 1444. His the public service, more particularly 
Constitutions was one of the few books in foreign embassies and negotiations, 
popular in the 15th century (Words- It arose from a strong feeling of this 
worth, Eccl. Biog. [Tindall] ii. 129) deficiency that the Protector Somerset 
and by use it became practically the proposed to combine Clare Hall with 
authoritative digest and Corpus Juris Trmity Hall and the Hostel of St 
Canonici for England. Nicholas in one great college for the 

2 The author is supposed to have study of the civil law : but the accom- 
been not Watson, but Place of York, plishment of this project was defeated 

3 Mullinger,ilisf. l/;ut7.C'aj?i6. (1873) by the death of the young king.' 
p. 38. Maiden's Essaij on the Ori<jin Peacock, Statutes, App. A. I. note. Our 
of Univ. p. 73. first M.P.s, 160|, were D.C.L.s. 

* ' Before the end of the reign of ^ ^. Wood's Annals, ii, 281. 



140 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

the petition of the university addressed to parliament and sup- 
ported by the civilians of Doctors' Commons. Sir Matt. Hale, 
while he preferred the national system, used to lament the 
neglect of Civil Law as a study, so highly did he value the 
Digests or Pandects of Justinian as setting forth the grounds 
and reasons of the science \ The University degree continued 
to be required in the advocates of Doctors' Commons. 

The Regius Professor of Civil Law at Cambridge was prac- 
tically a Trinity Hall lecturer. Thomas Ayloffe was the first 
appointed in that century (1702). He was succeeded in 1714 
by Francis Dickins, a friend of the famous T. Baker, the St 
John's socius eiectus. Of Dickins Zachary Grey says, 'No 
Professor (I may venture to say) from the Foundation ever 
made a greater Figure in the Chair, and few I believe have 
equalled him. His Command in the purest Latin Tongue, 
placed him upon a Level in that Respect, with two of our most 
celebrated Professors of Divinity, Dr Beaumont and Dr James, 
the one Master of Peterhouse, and the other of Queens' Col- 
lege; and was not supposed to fall greatly short of them in 
knowledge of the Questions and Management of the Dispu- 
tations, And liis Determinations upon some of the Questions 
that came before- him were so excellent that they were much 
attended to and admired ; and an eminent Divine has been 
heard to declare more than once, there were some Passages 
in St Paul's Epistles, he could not comprehend till he heard 
them explained by him in the most satisfactory manner from 
the Roman Laws^' 

The requirements of the Cambridge statutes for a degree 
in laws were by no means small ; but so utterly were they 
disregarded (perhaps for that very reason, as being hopelessly 
impracticable), that it was necessary in 17G8 to enact that none 
should be admitted B.C.L. who could not produce a certificate 
to the effect that he had attended lectures for three terms. The 
statute required five years^. 

Nevertheless a harry-soph's gown^ and a law degree con- 

i Cooper's Annals, in. 463. Words- ^ Camb. Calendar, 1802, pp. 19, 20. 

worth, Eccl. Blog. iv. 540. * ' The practice of studymg civil 

* Masters' Life ofH. Baker, p. 110. law without reference to professional 



CIVILIANS. 



141 



tinned to be tlie refuge of the lazy and the dullard (as at a 
later period ' the botany poll' became) ; but the more respect- 
able lawyers, on the other hand, were wont to contend for 
honours in the (philosophico-mathematical) tripos, thereby 
securing some amount of culture before devoting themselves to 
their professional studies. 

Andrew Pemberton of Peterhouse, the university commis- 
sary in 1779, was sixteenth wrangler in 1751. 

Francis Maseres of Clare, attorney -general of Quebec, and 
cursitor-baron of the exchequer, was 4th wrangler and primary 
senior chancellor's medallist 1752, and enjoyed some reputation 
as an algebraist. 

Samuel Hallifax of Jesus and Trin. HalP was Srd wrangler 
and senior medallist in 1754. In 1770 he was law professor. 
He wrote an Analysis of the Roman Civil Laiu, which appears 
to have been employed as a text-book for lectures by Dr Joseph 
Jowett^ (LL.B. Trin. Hall, 1775), his successor in 1781. It 



views, and too often with a view of 
escaping the more severe studies which 
are requii'ed for the degree of bachelor 
of arts, has not tended to augment the 
estimation in which the faculty is held, 
notwithstanding the very laudable ef- 
forts which have been made by the 
present professor of civil law to main- 
tain its credit and character.' [J. W. 
Geldart, LL.D. Cath. and Trin. Hall, 
was not succeeded by Sir H. S. Maine 
until 1847.] Peacock On the Statutes 
(1841), App. A. p. li. n. A Quarterly 
Ecvicwer says (1827, p. 262), ' The pro- 
fessor of civil law at Cambridge, where 
there is a college expressly endowed 
for this study, obliges all law-students 
to attend his lectures and examina- 
tions ; and has of late years published 
the names of those who distinguish 
themselves classed in the order of 
merit. But as the university at large 
have little information and feel little 
interest concerning these proceedings, 
in which he is sole arbiter, his hon- 
ours, like foreign titles, lose the 
greater part of their dignity the mo- 



ment they pass the confines of the 
small territory where they have been 
conferred.' 

^ I have seen a printed notice of 
professorial lectm-es on the Civil Law 
to commence in Trin. Hall on Monday, 
12 Nov. 1787, at 10 a.m. 

2 Dr Jowett, who was tutor of Trin. 
Hall, was a man of small stature. 
About 1790, he enclosed a little corner 
from the puhlic way to plant as a 
garden, whereupon soxne one (Porsou, 
it is said) wrote — 

A little garden little Jowett made 
And fenced it with a little palisade ; 
A little taste had little Dr Jowett, 
This Httle garden doth a httle show it. 

Or in Latin, 

Exiguum hunc hortum fecit Jowettu- 
lus iste 
Exiguus, uallo et muniit exiguo: 
Exiguo hoc horto forsan Jowettulus 
iste 
Exiguus mentem prodidit exiguam. 

The professor having afterward laid 



142 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

contained the heads of Hallifax's own course of Law lectures, 
and was printed several times at Cambridge (1774', 1779, 1795). 
I believe it was the only thing printed by a regius professor of 
Civil Law at either vmiversity in the last century ! Hallifax 
was also professor of arable (17G8), and bishop of Gloster and 
St Asaph (1781, 1789). 

John Wilson of Peterhouse, of the Common Pleas, was senior 
wrangler in 1761. 

Jeremiah Pemherton of Pembroke, the commissary in 1784, 
was 2nd wrangler and senior medallist in 1762. 

Hi. Pepper Arden (lord Alvanley), of the Common Pleas, of 
Trinity, 12th wrangler in 1766. 

Edward Laiu (lord Ellenborough) of Peterhouse, was 3rd 
wrangler and senior medallist in 1771. 

Edward Christian of S. John's, first Downing Professor, was 
Srd wrangler in 1779. 

Not one of these took a degree in law except professor 
Hallifax, and that not until ten years after his degree in arts. 

T. Wood, in the tract (1708) to which reference has been 
made already, asks, 'Why should not the Common Law of 
England be studied at the universities; being "of infinitely 
more use amongst us even than the Civil and Canon Laws", and 
of more value (as he says) than the ordinary studies of those 
societies ?' ' Because of this Ignorance you may often hear our 
Lawyers say, they had rather have any other Clients than 
Clergymen or Scholars ; for they ask so many odd Questions, 
and will have a Reason for everything in their own way : 
whereas a good Reason in the Schools is not always a good 
Reason in a CourV He shews the practical utility of a know- 
ledge of Common Law for Country Gentlemen, University Resi- 
dents, and the Clergy \ whose predecessors used to study the 

out bis estate in gravel, the following and a lavrsuit. Facetiae Cantah.)}. 200. 

postscript was added : — G. Pryme's Recoil. 246. Gunning ii. i. 

Because this garden made a httle talk, i ^^out 1658 Matthew Eobinson, 

He changed it to a little gravel walk. having left his fellowship at St John's 

The false reputation of having writ- Camh. for a country cure, was already 

ten the epigi'am, coupled with his no- 'by reading the councils well ac- 

torious whiggery, cost (archd.) Fr. quainted with the cauou law.' Mayor's 

Wrangham a fellowship at Trin. Hall, Eobinson, p. 53. 



COMMON LAW. 143 

Canon Law, while they do not now know anything of the 
Common Law Avhich has superseded it. He enumerates several 
acts with which the Clergy ought to be axjquainted : and, 
after lamenting the want of a 'complete System of our Laws' 
(p. 43), T. Wood commends among the methods then in exist- 
ence, Finclis Discourse of Laiu as ' the most methodical Book 
extant that ever was wrote by one of our Profession ; it almost 
follows the method of Justinians Institutes,^ Time however 
required its revision and augmentation with reference to Coke 
upon Littleton. Wentworth on the Office of an Executor 
(rather than Swinhurn^ or GodolpJiin), and Hale's Pleas of the 
Crown, should be read with books IT, and III. of [Sir H.] Finclis 
Discourse (a translation oi Nomoteclinia ou description del com- 
mun Leys d'Angleterre, 1613). Pp. 44 — 54 contain accounts 
of some supplementary works, 'abridgements' and books of re- 
ference recommended. 

He concludes by observing that the Chancellor's Court at 
Oxford 'might be so regulated as to conduce very much to 
improve this Study' of Common Law : for the exclusive attach- 
ment to the Civil Law is productive of great inconvenience and 
disorder ; while the use of Common Law is required in certain 
cases by the letter of the University Statutes, &c. 

Fifty years after this the celebrated William Blackstone 
{Pemh., fellow of All Souls and Queen s, afterwards, 1761 — 6, 
principal of Neiu Inn Hall, where Alberic Gentilis, who came 
to be law professor at Oxford, in the 16th cent, had re- 
sided) was made first Vinerian professor of the Common Law of 
England (l7o8), and delivered excellent lectures. 

He virtually answered the question, which Wood had asked 
fifty, and Sir J. Fortescue three hundred years before. 

Blackstone shewed in his inaugural lecture or Discourse on 
the Study of Law (4to. Oxon. 1758, pp. 40), that not only was 

^ H. Swinbiirue on Testaments, Eitl- Jure B, et Pads, &c. were read by 

ley's Vieio of the Civil and Eccles. Matt. Robinson in the middle of the 

Law (1034), Dialogues bettceene a 17th century. He had also some ac- 

B.D. and a Student in the laices quaiutance with Canon Law. {Mayor's 

(1569), Bacon's Elements of the Com- Eobinson, p. 53.) J. Godolphin's book 

mon Laws (1630), Cowell's Instit. juris was called the Orphan's Legacy. 
Anglic. (Cantabr. 1G09), Grotius De 



144 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Common law unpopular at the universities because it was ex- 
pressed in other languages beside latin (as Sir J. Fortescue had 
remarked, de Landibus Legum Angliae, printed about 1490), 
but because the clergy had been jealous for their own law, and 
had withdrawn from the rising forum saeculare in accordance 
with a canon of 1217. Thei-eupon the municipal lawyers find- 
ing themselves excluded from the universities \ had founded 
their own colleges in the Inns of Court : and the universities 
knowing Civil law to be founded on reason had not thought it 
worth while to compete with the professional society in teaching 
the Common law, which was not very valuable as an instrument 
of culture. 

Sir W. Blackstone had published his Essay on Collateral 
Consanguinity (with reference to All Souls) in 1750 when he 
took his doctor's degree, and soon afterwards his Analysis of the 
Laius. The Commentaries first appeared at Oxon. in 4 vols. 
1765 — 8. His successor in the professorship, Sir Robert Cham- 
bers {Line, and Univ.), B.C.L., was, like hi-m «,nd James Black- 
stone (prof in 1793), at once Vinerian Prof, and principal of 
New Inn Hall. Chambers had been an Indian judge, and in 
1791 was chief justice. 

The next professor, Kichard Woodeson (1777 — 93), D.C.L. 
fellow of Magd."^, published Elements of Jurisprudence, 1789; 
and a Systematical View of the Laws of England, as treated in 
a course of Vinerian Lectures read at Oxford. 3 vols. 1792 — 3, 
re-edited in 1834. Dr O. Croft (in a Letter to a Young Gentle- 
man, Wolverhampton, 1784) bears witness that 'no diligence 
has been spared' in these lectures. 

In the last century two medical and six Common-Law fel- 

^ In the last century and the com- judge) Buller. However, in 1827 a 

mencement of the present, it was not Quarterly Rcviciver said (Pp. 236 — 7) 

uncommon for gentlemen intending that a very considerable proportion 

for the law to leave the University of English barristers were graduates, 

without taking a degree. This was though of attorneys not one in a 

the case for example with W. Boscawen thousand, in spite of the privilege of 

(Chalmers' Diet. Biog.), who was a short service in an ofQce granted to 

gentleman-commoner of Exeter Coll. graduates by 1 and 2 Geo. IV. c. 48. 

about 1770, then studied at the Middle 2 jjg ^g mentioned in Best's Mc- 

Temple, and learnt the practice of morials, § xvii. 
special pleading under Mr (afterwards 



I 



CIVIL AND COMMON LAW. 14-5 

lowsliips were founded at Oxford : at Cambridge only one of the 
former, and none in law\ 

Cambridge was more backward in getting an accredited 
teacher of Common Law. 

Edward Christian of S. John's (3rd wrangler 1779) and 
Gray's Inn, had given lectures for three years'^ when, in May 
1788, W. Annesley, M.P., master of Downing, gave him a pro- 
fessorship of Common Law. Half a year later, the university 
confirmed his title as ' Professor of the Laws of England ' until 
such time as Downing College should be founded. The pro- 
fessor was one of the counsel in the long-contested suit between 
the university of Cambridge and the heirs of the founder, 
sir Jacob Downing. Christian became Downing Professor in 
1800, but delivered his course ef tw© dozen lectures in rooms in 
S. John's. His Syllabus was prinrted, Lond. 1797. Gunning 
says that his edition of Blackstone (the 12th), Lond. 1796, 
'was very creditable to him'.' His charges to the grand jury, 
as chief justice of the Isle .of Ely were very queer ; and he died 
in 1823 'in the full vigour of his incapacity.' 

At this period there was no proper lecture-room for the 
Professors of Civil and Common Law*, and indeed the need of 
them was hardly felt, so lax were the 'requirements for the de- 
gree, while, in respect of the other studies of the university, law 
students were more ' wary and wise' than even Chaucer's lawyer, 
for they never made their appearance in parvisiis at all ! 

It was not till 1851 that hona fide examinations took the 
place of the old farcical 'disputations' for the degree of B.C.L. 
(Bachelor of Civil Law) at Oxford ^ yet some forty years earlier 
Professor J. W. Geldart had set himself to remove the stain 
upon his faculty at Cambridge®, where it had for at least a 

^ F, W. Newman (Huber's) English Univ. Calendar, 1802. p. 33. Cooper's 

Universities, VoL ii. Annals, iv. 432. 

'^ I have seen a printed notice to the ^ Cox's Recollections, p. 360. 

effect that Prof. Christian would com- ^ Maiden's Essarj on the Origin of 

mence one of his courses on the Laws Universities, p. 130. It is within the 

of England on Monday 13 Mar. 1786 memory of man that a Law Professor in 

in S. John's Coll. at 11 a.m. the Cambridge Schools was forced to say 

^ Gunning Eeminisc. i. vi. to a hopeless candidate, ' Descendas : ' 

* Ingram's Necessity of Introduc- the ipan replied, in latin equal to the 

inj Divinity, 1792. p. 108 ti. Camb. occasion, 'Non desccndeho .' Another 

w. 10 



146 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

century been considered tlie royal road to a degree for those 
who took fright at the approaching art examination. 

The Civil-Law Examination was commenced in 1816. It 
appears however from the following quotation that in earlier 
days also this degree had been fairly guarded. 

John Taylor, the critic, of S. John's, Cambridge, writes in 
1755 to Andrew Coltee Ducarel, D.C.L., S. John's, Oxon., one of 
the first fellows of the Society of Antiquaries established in 
that year, an interesting letter relative to the migration of a 
friend from Oxford. He says that 'King's is esteemed the 
cheapest' college, but he thinks they make up by high charges 
in some particulars. Taylor adds ' there is a checque held upon 
those that vibrate between Arts and Law,' in the shape of a 
fine. Also he believed 'the common exercise must be kept 
under the Law Professor : for though the University will give 
him an ad eundem degree, they will not be so good-humoured 
or indulgent as to suffer his exercises at Oxford to proceed ad 
eundem also.' (Nichols' Lit. Anecd. IV. 666.) 

One of the points of Ld. Chancellor Macclesfield's scheme 
for University Reform was the provision of a Professor of the 
^ Law of Kature and Nations' But although this plan' was 
committed to writing in 1718, and printed by Gutch as a 
curiosity in 1781, it was not till 1869 that a Professor of 
Lnternational Law was appointed at Cambridge in virtue of 
a bequest from Dr Whewell. At Christ Church there were 
lectures on Puffendorf in 1738 [West to Gray, Dec. 2). His 
de Officio Hominis et Civis juxta Legem Naturaleni was also a 
morning-lecture subject at Trin. Coll. Cant, in 1755. A System 
extracted from Grotius de Jure was printed at Cambridge in 
1703. And Rutherforth's Lnstitutes 1754-6, were his Grotius 
lectures at S. John's. 



professor out of sheer pity asked one ' The Old-Bailey.' This unsuccessful 

person under examination from whom ♦ harry-soph ' shewed his wit when it 

he could get no answer to more strict- was too late by declaring that the i^ro- 

ly technical questions : — ' If you go fessor had plucked him for not an- 

down Chancery-Lane, what is the first swering a question which was not in 

court you come to on the right ? ' But any of the books, 

the only answer he could elicit wap, i University Life, pp. 5G8, 579. 



CHAPTER XII. 

HISTORY AND MODERN LANGUAGES, WITS, POETS, ANTIQUARIES 
AND SAXONISTS. 

Nerissa. What say you then to Fauconhridge the yong Baron of England i 
Portia, You know I say nothing to him, for hee vuderstands not me, nor 
I him ; he hath neither Latine, French nor Italian, and you will come into the 
court & sweare that I haue a poore pennie- worth in the English. 

The Merchant of Venice, Act i. 

In very early times nniverjities seem to have taken great 
interest in sucli geography and history as was known. As, 
according to a Avell known legend, Herodotus read his history at 
a panathenaic festival when young Tliucydides was by, so we 
read that Giraldus de Barri (Cambrensis) recited his Topo- 
graphia Hiberniae in the convention of the university of Oxford 
at the close of the 12th century, and Rolandius his chronicle- in 
the presence of the professors and scholars of Padua, 

Before the twelfth century the study of History meant 
reading the work of Paul us Orosius, a book founded on his 
master Augustine's De civitate Dei^. 

In later times a taste sprang up for rhyming chronicles, and 
miruhilia mundi; then for moral tales and anecdote, flowers of 
histories, illustrative of the Virtues and Vices, and (with the 
exception of the interesting and romantic character of their 
incidents) bearing scarcely higher claims to the- title than the 
History of the Fairchild Family, or the story of Sandford and 
Merton. Such were the Gesta romanorum and the Speculum 
Instoriarum, printed in 1483. The era of the invention of print- 
ing brought forward the works of the chroniclers, which con- 
tinued to be popular in the case of Holingshed and Foxe's 

1 In 1703, Gellarii Notitia Orhis 1712, 14, Varenii Gcographia (ed. Ja. 
Antiqui (also 1783), and Historia Uui- Jurin) was published there, Newton 
versalis were printed at Camb. In having edited it in 1C81. 

10—2 



148 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Actes and Monuments long after the Elizabethan times; as 
was the more modern Baker's Chronicle to the memory of 
recent generations. 

Fulke Greville, Ld. Brooke, designing to found a professor- 
ship of History and Politics (Civilis Scientiae) at Cambridge, 
offered the post to G. I. Vossius (epist 89, 90) 13 Sept. 1G24. 
Eventually Is. Dorislaw, also of Leydcn, was appointed, but 
offence was taken at the supposed political tendency of his first 
course of lectures on Tacitus. (Ward to Usher, 16 May, 1628.) 

Oxford boasted a Reader'of Histories or Professor of Ancient 
History from the foundation of W. Camden in 1622. Among 
those who held this office were (1773) W. Scott, Lord Stowell, 
(brother of Ld. Eldon; he was also Queen's Advocate, and 
then Judge of the High Court of Admiralty) of Univ. ; and 
Tom Warton of Trin. the younger, who succeeded him in 1785, 
the same year that he was made poet laureat. Though there 
were then no such professors at Cambridge, we find Ambrose 
Bonwicke the younger reading the 'Jesuit Bussieres' jlosculi 
historiarum delibati, at St John's, -in 1710. A century earlier 
Florus, Gellius, and Macrobius had been read, and in the 18th 
something was done at Bentley's suggestion {Monk I. 337) 
towards an account of modern geographical discoveries in an 
appendix by James Jurin, fellow of Trinity, to his edition of 
Bernhard Varenius in 1712. 

In the last century, soon after Lord Macclesfield had been 
scheming for their benefit, Geo. I. founded for each university a 
professorship of Modern Ilistory avd Modern Languages in 
1724, to lecture, with a stipend of 400 li., out of which they 
were, says Hearne (May, 1724^), to appoint two deputies, each 
to instruct twenty scholars'^ to be nominated by the crown, each of 
whom is to learn two languages, but yet not to deviate from the 
university course. Hearne himself thought that it showed the 

^ Eeliq^i. Ileum, ii. 200. See also tain proportion by the Heads of the 

the end of the Report of the 1st Univ. different colleges. When "W. Smyth 

Commission. of Peterhouse succeeded Symonds iu 

^ According to the rules revised at 1807, he refused to restrict the nv.m- 

Camhridge in 1772, not more than six- her of his pupils. 
and-twenty pupils, nominated in cer- 



MODERN HISTORY AND LANGUAGES. 149 

depths to which learning had fallen in 1734, that 'nothing is now 
hardly read but Burnett's romance or libel, call'd by him TJie His^- 
tory of his own Times, 'Tis read by men, women, and children \' 

Samuel Harris, of Peterhouse, was appointed first Modern 
Professor at Cambridge, October, 1724. K. George II. con- 
firmed the letters patent for the professorships, and continued 
Harris in that office at Cambridge by a licence dated April 3, 
l728^ His Oratio inauguralis is dated 1725. 

The Oxford professors were : 

D. Gregory, Ch. Ch. (appointed Oct. 27, 1724). 

W. Holmes (pros', of St John's) 1736. 

Jos. Spence, New Coll., 1743.— J. Vivian, Balliol, 17G8,— 
T. Nowell, Oriel, 1771—1801. 

In 1727 Dr Rawlinson, writing from Rome, expressed his 
approval of the new professorships^ as likely to supply tutors for 
young noblemen and gentlemen in the place of ' Impudent and 
ignorant French Hugonots and Scotch pedlers.' Hearne adds : 
' To our shame at present be it spoken, both tutors and pupils 
come and go very little skilled in the languages : and that little 
they know of the leasned languages is useless, as the pronun- 
ciation, especially in Italy,, is widely different from ours, in a 
manner unintelligible to lis and them, as the doctor, he says, 
found by experience \' 

1 Ibid. in. 125, 129. Mr [Gil.] West, Cem'^; Stud. Ch. Ch. 

2 Cooper's Annals, iv. 185, 196. „ [G.] Wyndham, Scho. Wadham. 

3 I am indebted to F. Madan Esq. ,, [Sam.] Holcombe, Com^ Trin. 
of B. N. C. for a reference to the ,, [J.] Merrick, Scho. St John's. 
Gloucester Journal for April 19, 1725, ,, [J.] MTiistler, Com^ Magd. Hall, 
containing a "List of the Gentlemen ,, [W.] Saunders, Com^ Wadham. 
upon the New Establishment for the * Eeliqu. Hearn. ii. 311. 

study of Modern Languages and His- In the summer of 1728, J. Jebb of 

tory, in the University of Oxford," Christ's while waiting for a fellowship 

containing the following names : was hoping to be put on the new list of 

Mr [Dan.] Burton, A.M. Stud. Ch. Ch. the Kings 'modern Schollars.' Hetrust- 

„ [J.] Burnaby, A.M. Oriel. ed that his taking Holy Order would 

,, [J.] Douglass, A.B. Balliol. not disqualify him; for 'most on ye 

,, [Beuj.] Pearson, A.B. Queen's. last List were of y' Profession.' Before 

,, [T.] Velly, A.B. Queen's. his ordination to the curacy at Sandy 

,, [Walt.] Francks, A.B. Merton. he had entertained the idea that a 

,, [H.] Bland, Gent. Com. Corpus. place on the Modern List might lead 

,, — Reynolds, Fellow of New Coll. to a secretaryship in England or Ire- 

,, [J.] Totty, Scho. Wore. land or to some envoy or nobleman, as 



150 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Shallet Turner of Peterhouse succeeded Harris at Cam- 
bridge in 1735, and in 1762 was followed by Lawrence Brockett 
of Trinity. We learn indeed from [Green's] Academic (pp. 22, 
25), that about the year 1750 young men were imbibing a 
taste for modern languages, and that among those who were 
proficient therein were numbered many who were also skilful 
in the ancient tongues\ 

The poet Gray (then of Pembroke) succeeded Brockett in 
1768 : but it is surprising to find that even at his death in 
1771 there had not been a lecture delivered since the founda- 
tion of the professorship in 1724, Ill-health was the poet's 
own excuse, and it is stated that he liberally rewarded the 
teachers of French and Italian in the university. The terms 
of his patent allowed him to find a deputy in one of the two 
branches of his duty. At Oxford also in 1790 the professor 
employed an assistant in each language ;... each of them re- 
ceives an annual stipend from the Professor, and... they attend 
their Pupils at their own Apartments in the Colleges ^ 

It is to the credit of St John's college that at last was 
found a successor to Gray who did deliver lectures in History ^ 

John Symonds (1771 — 1807) proposed a set of rules which 
were accepted by the heads in 1772, the Cambridge professor- 
ship being in general more unfettered than the corresponding 
one at Oxford. Inter alia Symonds arranged that the fees of 
Noblemen, Fellow-Commoners, and their attendant Private- 
tutors, should be devoted to remunerating the Language- 
Masters and buying books, maps, &c. He collected near 1000 
volumes, each whereof was stamped Scholae Historicae Canta- 
hrigiensis Liber. His course was to lecture (1) on Rules for the 

it had done for tliose in the last list ; lectures or classes. Free Thoughts 
for such of the set as were taken any upon University Education; Occasion- 
notice of. He understood French al- ed by the present Debates at Cam- 
ready, and something of Italian. (lam bridge...!??/ a sincere well-wisher, &c, 
indebted to the Eev. H. G. Jebb for 1751, p. 14. (Trin. CoU. Lib. x. 14. 
these particulars.) 14.) 

^ In another pamphlet belonging to ^ Philalethes' Reply to Knox, p. 9. 

the same controversy as the Academic ^ I have seen printed notices of 

it is asserted that if the lorofessor of the Professor's Lectures to commence 

History would reside at Cambridge ' Monday, 13 Nov. 1775,' ' Tu. 18 

with his proper assistants a niimerous April, 1780,' and ' Tu. 22 Nov. 1786.' 

audience would regularly attend his Also a cojiy of Eules dated 1771. 



MODERN HISTORY AND POLITICAL ECONOMY. 151 

Study of History, enumeration oi points for subsequent discus- 
sion, and of text-hooks. (2) Causes of the Fall of Rome. 
(3) State of Commerce, Literature, Civil Government, Feudal 
System. (4) Christianity, centuries I — XV. These topics oc- 
cupied a good many lectures, wherein the history of England, 
France, Spain, Germany, and Italy, was discussed, with allusions 
occasionally to the Eastern Empire, the Greek and Saracen, and, 
in later times, to Turkey. He made a great point of repro- 
bating 'Intolerance in Religion and in Civil Government, 
whatever form that Government might bear. The matter and 
number of the lectures have been altered almost every year, 
the Professor sometimes omitting two or three entirely, which 
had been given before, in order to introduce new circumstances, 
which either study or reflection for the last ten years had un- 
happily afforded \' 

He was succeeded in 1807 by W. Smyth, tutor of Peter- 
house. He was a whig but did not obtrude his political senti- 
ments upon his hearers. Though an admirable lecturer he 
would permit no notes to be taken^, but in 1840 he published 
altogether five volumes of lectures on Modern History and on 
the French Revolution, which are still read. He sometimes 
explained points in political economy'. His lectures were 
eloquent, thoughtful and popular. But when the Previous 
Examination was established, a great part of his audience 
became too busy to continue their attendance*. 

The nearest approach to Polit. Economy lectures in the last 
century were Paley's (at Christ's), which formed the ground 
of his Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy^, published 
in 1785. Ro. Acklom Ingram of Queens', senior wrangler in 
1784, and afterwards tutor of his college, did indeed attempt to 

^ Ganib. Univ. Calendar 1802, pp. * Whe-well, Principles of Engl. Univ. 

27—29, J. Jebb a thorough-going Education, p. 71. 
whig prepared ' some political or con- ^ c. V. Le Grice of Trin. edited an 

stitutional lectures' in the latter half Analysis of Paley's Moral and Politi- 

of 1773 (Life by Disney, p. 50.), but cal Philosophy, Camb. 1795, Smith- 

I do not know that he ever delivered son Tennant professor of chemistry 

them. Possibly he was deterred by who was killed in 1815 had projected 

the fate of his Greek Testament class. a work on political economy (Dyer, 

^ Facetiae Cantab. 1836, p. 158. Privil. Camb. ii, ii. 99), 

^ Prof. Pryme's Recoil, p. 120, 



152 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

institute lectures on political economy \ and went so far even 
as to print ' a Syllabus or Abstract of a System of Political 
Philosophy' in 1799, in the preface to which he advocated the 
establishment of public lectures on the subject, 'but not meet- 
ing with suitable encouragement he declined persevering in his 
plan^' Mr G. Pryme of Trinity delivered his first lecture in 
March, 1816, and twelve years later received the title of Pro- 
fessor of Political Economy. 

Adam Smith's-' Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations' 
was published in 1776. The author had left Balliol without 
a degree, having been surprised when reading Hume's new 
Treatise of Human Nature, by the college authorities, in 1741. 
The remarks which he makes in book V. § 1, would not tend 
to make it a work to be favourably received in Oxford. I do 
not know that it was commonly read in Cambridge in the last 
century^, but Pryme* (the future professor) came across it at 
the age of fourteen, in 1795, when his private tutor read it 
with his older pupils, B. C. Ra worth and A. C. Verelst, before 
they went up to Trinity Hall and Clare ; and Pitt, who took 
his first degi'ce (MA.) in the year of its publication, shewed 
himself so familiar with it (1780), that there is great probability 
in his biographer's supposition^ that he read it with Pretyman 
(Bp. Tomline) in his protracted residence in Pembroke Hall. 

If Walpole and Gray had been less exclusive and more 
popular, and if Gray had worked as professor of Modern Lan- 
guages, french and Italian literature® might have taken more 
hold at Cambridge than was the caee. But while men are 
much occupied in the study of greek and latin, their classical 
tastes are already provided Avith as piquant diet as any of the 
moderns could produce. As at the present day, a few students 



1 Dyer, Hist. Caml. i. 220. » See Stanhope's Life of Pitt, i. 17. 

^ Camh. Univ. Calendar for 1802, s In 1710, J. Byrom a scholar of 

p. 159'n. Trinity enquired for Bentivoglio's His- 

3 'She iiicithtit a ' Coviplete Analysis toria clella Guerra dalla Fiandra &c., 

or Abridgment of Adam Smith' a Wealth Tasso, Ariosto, Marino, Fiilvio, G. 

of Nations' was edited by Jer. Joyce Testi, Petrarcha &c.. Father Paolo's 

at Cambridge in 1797, makes it proba- Hist. Concil. Trident. And in Spanish 

hie however that it was. Don Quixote, Quevedo's Visions, &c. 

* Autobiog. Recoil. 23. 



MODERN LANGUAGES. 153 

learnt from autliorizcJ teachers on their own account. Mons. 
Ren^ La Butte taught french from about the year 1742 till his 
death in 1790. He had been one of Bowyer's printers, and was 
the sole compositor of Gardiner's tables of logarithms\ Dr 
Conyers Middleton had introduced him at Cambridge, where 
he printed, married, and taught french with great reputition. 
A contemporary of his was Agostino Isola, who had the honour 
of instructing at a considerable interval of time the poets Gray 
and Wordsworth '■* in the Italian language. He could boast of Pitt 
also among his numerous pupils. He was a native of Milan, 
but was forced to fly from his home because a friend had taken 
up an English book which Isola had carelessly left about. 
Charles Isola of Emmanuel, esquire bedell, 1797-18, was his 
son, whose little orphan, Emma, won the heart of Charles and 
Mary Lamb in one of their visits to Cambridge, and was adopted 
by them, until in 1833 she became Mrs Moxon. 

The encouragement of modern languages was thought an 
object beside the scope of the university by some in 1788, when 
the author of Considerations on the Oaths complained (p. 39) 
that in 1782 the Syndics of the Press had employed the £500 
arising from the tax on sheet almanacs to ' a fac-simile of the 
Beza ms.' (Kipling's celebrated performance), and * Italian 
Sonnets' £50 was assigned 'To Sig. Isola towards printing 
a new edition of Tasso's Gerusalemme Liherata^.' 

H. F. Gary, the translator of Dante (1806, 1813), when at 
Ch. Ch. (B.A. 1794) was instructed in italian by U. Oliviero. 
T. J. Mathias (Trin.) was a good italian scholar. 

How John Delaport proposed to stimulate conversation in 
the french language at Emmanuel Coffee-House in 1763, 1 have 
already narrated in my University Social Life* ; where I have 
also given a note on the encouragement which the french 

1 Hone's Year Booh 683. Nicliols' ^ Agostinolsola printed some Italian 
Lit. Anecd. ii. 459, 726. Labutte's Selections, translated into English 
French Grammar was pubhshed in verse by some Gentlemen of the Univ. 
1764 ; and in 1790 with a prefatory of Cambridge, 8vo. Lond. 1778, Camb. 
analysis of the subject. 1788. Also Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, 

2 Memoirs of W. Wordsworth, i. 14. Camb. 1789, Lond. 1790. 
W. Gooch also learnt of him. See his * pp. 143, 144, 208 n. 
letter in an Appendix. 



154 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

language received in our collegiate foundations of ihe fourteenth 
century. Mr Thompson Cooper mentions that Herbert Marsh 
( Joh.) knew more german than the rest of his countrymen. 

Something was done both by the universities and by indi- 
vidual colleges in enabling students to carry their researches 
in botany, oriental studies or any specialite, beyond the seas. 

William Worts' will (1709)^ was to provide, in process of 
time, when the interest should be sufficient, after endowing 
certain other things, an exhibition of £100 per annum for each 
of two young Cambridge bachelors of arts, who should be sent 
abroad severally for two years, and should write a descriptive 
letter every month to be placed in the Library. 

It seems that the period of absence was ultimately extended 
to three years, and the required letters reduced to two. A list 
of Worts' bachelors is given below^. 

This was not altogether a new invention, for Barrow had 
leave to travel upon similar conditions in 1G56, when he was 
a fellow of Trinity. He wrote his letters in Latin verse. Vernon 
the botanist had (as will be seen) a travelling-fellowship from 
Peterhouse at the end of the seventeenth century : and Fynes 

1 Cooper's Annals, iv. 86. 1779 H, Jacob, King's. 

2 Worts' TuAVELLiNa BicnELOES, 1780 W. Meeke, Emm. (fellow of 
Cambridge. Downing). 

1767 P. H. Maty, Trin. Son of a 1782 J. Browne, Trin. wooden-spoon, 
liollander, 11th wrang. Translated 1783 T. Hardy, Sid. 5th jun. opt. 
Eeisbeck's Travels 1787. Index to 1786 T. Ellis, Gains, 3rd sen. opt. 
Philos. Transact. Eeview 1782-6. 1788 E. Morris, Pet. 10th wrang. 

1768 J. North, Caius, 7th wrang. 1789 H. Nic. Astley, Chr. 

1770 Nedham Dynoke, Joh. ith sen. 1791 Joshua Stephenson, Joh. 
opt. 1792 J. Ellis, King's. 

1771 T. Kerrich, Magd. 2nd sen. opt. 1791 Ales. Eichardson, Bene't. 4th 
University Librarian 1797. Preb. sen. opt. 

Lincoln. 1795 J. Singleton Copley, Trin. (Ld. 

1772 Fred. Browning, King's. Lyndhurst)2ndwrang. 2nd Smith's 
1775 Alleyne Fitz Herbert, Joh. (Ld. prize. 

St Helen's), 2nd sen. opt. 1st 1795 G. Caldwell, Jes, 10th wrang. 1st 

medal. medallist. 

1777 C. [Manners] Sutton, Emm. 15th 1797 Eoger Kingdon, Joh. 8th sen. 
wrang. Abp. Cantuar. 1804. ' De- opt. Translated a German theo- 
scription of five British species logical work. 

of Orobanche,' Linn. Soc. 1797. 1798 Clement Carlyon, Pcmb. M.D. 

1778 Edm. Morris, Trin. 1st jun. opt. 1813. 



TRAVELLERS. 155 

Moryson was similarly assisted in 1589, Sir William Browne 
made it a condition (1774) that liis Peterliouse 'pliysick-fellows' 
should not have leave to travel. 

Dr RadclifFe founded with an endowment of £600 jjer aim. 
two travelling-fellowshij)s at Oxford for masters of arts 'entered 
upon the physick-line.' These were tenable for ten years and 
entailed travelling beyond the seas for five years at least ; but 
rooms were provided in University College for the travellers. 

A list is sul^joined in the notes \ 

Among travellers whom the universities produced, Edmund 
Chishull, Corpus, Oxon. was chaplain to the factory at Smyrna, 
1G9S-1702, B.D. 1705. His Travels in Turkey were edited 
posthumously by Dr Mead in 1747, the author having written 
an appendix ou Smyrnaean medals for Mead's Harveian ora- 
tion in 1724. He wrote also a dissertation on the Sigean 
Inscription (1721), containing a review of a somewhat hasty 
private criticism of Bentley's. His Antiquitates Asiaticae 
(1724) contained an inscription from the Bosporus, which Bent- 
ley emended with marvellous sagacity, as circumstances after- 
wards contributed to shew. See Monk's Bentley, ii. 156-9, 
411, 412. T. Shaw {Queens and Edm. Hall) who visited 
Barbary and the Levant about 1730, and J. Marshall (Chr.), 



1 Eadcliffe's Tkavelling Mastees, (Medical and Classical works, 

Oxford. 1760—81). 

1715 Noel Broxliolme, Ch. Ch. 1761 J. Turton, Queen's. 

1715 Robert Wyntle, 3Iert. 1770 J. Colwell, Trin. 

1725 C. Peters, Ch. Ch. ' Of a Person 1771 Francis Milman, Exeter. Bart. 

bitten by a mad Dog,' 1745. F.E.S. 'Instances of the true 
James Steipheus, Corpus (re- Scurvy,' 1772. 

signed). 1780 James Robertson, Balliol. (? ' Ou 

1731 Nat. Hickman, Queen's. the Variation of the Compass at 

1735 J. Kidby, Balliol. Jamaica,' 1806.) 

1741 J. Monro, S. Joh. 1781 J. Sibthorpe, Line. 

1745 G. Dowdaswell, Ch. Ch. (in Car- 1790 E. Ash, Ch. Ch. M.D., F.E.C.P., 

mina Quadragesimalia, ii.). F.E.S. 'The Speculator,' 1790. 

1751 Robert Lynch, Corpus. 1791 James Haworth, B.N.C. 

1755 David Hartley, il/erf. (M.P. King- 1800 C. Ri. Vaughan, Mert. {and All 

ston-on-HuU) 'Argument on the Souls) ' Narrative of the Siege of 

Fr. Revolution,' 1794. Zaragoza,' 1809. 
1760 Sam. Musgrave, Corpus, F.R.S. 



156 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

who observed the astounding height of the Himalayas before 
Colebrooke, we shall have occasion to notice in the next 
chapter. Eichard Chandler (fellow of Magd., p. 12), having 
edited Marmora Oxoniensia for the Clarendon Press in 1763, 
and Roman Antiquities for the Dilettanti Society in 1769, was 
sent out by the latter body to travel in Greece and Asia. He 
published TnscrijJtiones Antiquae...in Asia M. et Graecia prae- 
sertim Athenis Collectae, Oxon. 1774. Travels in Asia Minor, 
Oxon. 1775. Travels in Greece, Lond. 1776. History of Ilium 
and the Chersonesus of Thrace, Lond. 1802. E. Daniel Clarke 
(Jes.), who travelled in Tartary, Circassia, Greece, Turkey, &c., 
belongs properly to the present century, as Sir G. Wheler 
{Line) is the property of the seventeenth. 

The classical studies of a university with the leisure attain- 
able in academic life, tend to produce a crop of no great value, 
though somewhat curious in its nature. 

At the beginning of the present century the specimens of 
facetiae were useless and even noisome, but about the middle 
of the eighteenth there was a coterie of humorists who have 
left some reputation behind them. Such were Kit Smart 
(Pemb.), Joseph Waxton (Oriel), and his more witty brother 
Tom Warton (Trin.), George Colman the elder and Bonntl 
Thornton {Ch. Ch.), and other contemporaries of Johnson and 
Shenstone. It may be that their time would have been better 
spent, and their peculiar talent better employed if there had 
been more encouragement in their day for application to clas- 
sical and continental literature. However it does not seem 
that Person's humour was much refined by his scholarship. 

The generation of Pope (R. C), Swift (T. C. D.), Prior (Joh.), 
Addison {Qu. and Magd.), Steele (Mert.), immediately suc- 
ceeding Dry den (Trin.), was rather more hopeful. It produced 
the more elegant school of Chr. Pitt {New Coll.), Vincent Bourne 
(Trin.), and Samuel Wesley the younger ( Ch. Ch.) : but there 
was also Tom Brown and Edmund Neale {alias Mun Smith) 
expelled from Christ Church. Nicholas Amherst was removed 
from St Johns, in an age which was not over particular, 
and Chr. Anstey (King's) was reprimanded. We may add 
to this list the minor wits who contributed to the Oxford 



WITS AND POETS. 157 

Sausage (17C '). Herbert Beaver {Corpus), Michael WoodhuU 
(Line), J. Ki( gell (Hert), Isaac Hawkins Browne (Trin. Coll. 
Camb.), and two Benet-Hall men, J. Hoadly and J. Buncombe. 
Ralph Bathurat, ■whose epigram was included in the collection, 
belonged to the preceding century. 

Among the poets and more respectable versifiers* we may 
mention T. Gray (Pet. and Pemb.), S. T. Coleridge (Jes.), W. 
Wordsworth (Joh.), W. Brome (Joh.), Elijah Fenton (Jes. and 
Trin. Hall), W. Whitehead (Clare), W. Mason (Joh. and Pemb.), 
W. Somerville (N'etu Coll), Gilbert West and G. Lyttelton (Ch. 
Ck), T. Tickell (Queens), W. Collins {Qti. and Magd), Ei. 
Jago {Univ.), W. Shenstone, S. Johnson, Heywood, Ri. Graves, 
Southern and J. Hawkins {Pemh.); C. Lloyd (Cains), G. Dyer 
(Emm.), Ro. Southey {Ball). Beside these a large number of 
men tried their hands at translation. T. Creech ( Wadh.) hanged 
himself at Oxford in 1700, thus avoiding the limit of our century. 
W. Gifford graduated at Exeter, as also did W. Tasker; W. 
Holwell and R. Polwhele and George Ld. Lyttelton at Christ 
Church, S. Barnet at University, and Dr S. Langley at Pem- 
hrohe. Cambridge produced W. Tremenheere of Pembroke 
Hall, W. Clubbe of Caius, J. Buncombe of Corpus, Fr. Fawkes 
and Gilbert Wakefield of Jesus, G. Ogle of Sidney and R. 
Potter of Emmanuel ; while Capel Lofft resided some time at 
Peterhouse. 

Beside these, some of the more eminent men devoted a part 
of their energies to translation — as Ambrose Philips, Fenton, 
Broome, and Garth: Addison, Colman, Tickell, C. Pitt, and 
Yalden. 

Joseph Trapp (Wadhani) the professor of poetry gave a 
specimen of his skill in this department. 

Of his successors in the professorship, which was tenable for 
five years, Ro. Lowth {New Coll) and John Randolph {Ch. Ch.) 
were bishops, the latter with Ben. Wheeler {Magd.) being 
regius professors of Divinity : Ro. Holmes {New Coll.) was canon 
of Ch. C7i. and dean of Winchester; the Thomas Wartons, father 
{Magd.) and son {Trin.), have some reputation : Jo. Spence 
{New Coll.) was a friend of Pope and has preserved anecdotes of 

1 Ri. Duke and G. Stepuey (Triu.), Ch.), with Prior and Addison, belong 
T. Otway J. Philips and ^Y. King {Ch. properly to the seventeejith century. 



158 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

him and of other contemporaries; he also published Poli/metis 
(1747), a sort of eighteenth century 'Friends in Council' on art: 
J. Whitfield was student of Ch. Ch., W. Hawkins fellow of 
Pembroke, and Ja. Hurdis' D.D., of Magdalen. All (with the 
exception I believe of Wheeler) were authors, most of them 
theologians, and almost all published their poetry praelections. 
Cambridge has never enjoyed the luxury of a professorship in 
this art. 

The art and criticism of painting has been utterly neglected 
by the universities until quite lately, and nothing has been pro- 
duced of any interest, except in the way of caricatures by such 
drauohtsnien as the Kingsmen T. Orde, B.A. 1770, and James 
Bearblock, B.A. 1780. Tyson also used to etch. 

In the more serious department of antiquities (and history) 
Oxford has produced J. Uriy and Browne Willis {Oh. Ch.), 
T. Tanner (^w. and All Souls), A. Charlet and Humphrey Wanley 
( Univ.), White Kennett and T. Hearne {Edm. Hall), Ri. Raw- 
linson and Andrew C. Ducarel {S. Johns), and Joseph Spence 
{New Coll.). 

Cambridge reared Jeremy Collier and F. Blomefield (Cai.), 
J. Strype (Kath. and Jesus), T. Baker (S. John's), J. Le Neve (no 
degree), S. Knight, Morris Drake Morris^ and F. Peck (Trin.), 
S. Pegge, senior (S. John's), W. Richardson" (Emman.), W. Cole 
(Clare and King's), Jacob Bryant (King's), Ri. Gough and 
Michael Tyson (Bene't), Sir S. Egerton Bridges (Queens'). 

We should mention also the learned William Bowyer of S. 
John's (the pupil of Mr Bonwicke) who took John Nichols into 
partnership. In the palmy days of the Gentleman's Magazine, 
while Sylvanus Urban was a Nichols, it kept up a connexion 
with the literary men of Cambridge, and it has left us much 
valuable information concerning them. John Upton (King's), 
and T. Tyrwhitt {Qu., Mert), as students of english must not 
be forgotten. 

Some notices of academical studies in Saxon are to be 
found in the same authorities, Nichols' Anecdotes and the Letters 
from the Bodleian, vol. ii. (1813). 

1 Praised by H. F. Gary, Mem. i. 52. Athenae Cantab. His edition of God- 

2 Cooper's Annals iv. 162, 163. win De Praesulibus was printed at 

3 Richardson made collections for Camb. 1743. 



ANTIQUARIES AND SAXONISTS. 159 

To these references I will add tlie following summary 
gathered from the studious bookseller, J. Petheram's His- 
torical Sketch of Anglo-Saxon Literature in England. 1840. 
(chapters iii — vi.) 

At the Reformation the attention of English Churchmen 
turned naturally to the records of the Saxon Church. Abp. 
Parker, beside collecting and completing by facsimile the mss. 
which are now in the University Library and at his own college, 
Corpus Christi, employed J. Day, the celebrated printer, to cut 
the first saxon type in brass in 1566. About seventy years later 
W. L'Isle received the imprimatur from the Cambridge licenser 
for printing a Saxon English Psalter, A few years after this 
(1640) Sir H. Spelman (Trin.) designed by will to found a saxon 
lectureship at Cambridge, but it came not then into existence. 
He had already given an allowance to Abraham Wheelocke 
(Trin. and Clare) the arable professor (see p. 168), who published 
Chronologia Anglo- Saxonica, with W. Lambard's Leges Sax- 
onicae, Camb. 1644. The disturbance of property at the time 
of the civil war delayed the foundation of the professorship 
but Spelman's grandson Roger carried it into effect after 
Wheelocke's death. 

Fr. Junius the younger (Leyden), uncle of Is. Yossius, studied 
at Oxford and procured the cutting of Saxon type there in 1654. 
We must be content with naming James Usher, abp. of Armagh, 
who resided at Oxford and left his library to Trin. Coll, Dublin, 
AV. Laud {S. Joh.), abp. of Canterbury, likewise a munificent 
collector of mss., J. Selden {Hart Hall), Sir Symonds D'Ewes 
(Joh.) and Meric Casaubon [Ch. Ch.). 

The Cambridge type used by Wheelocke being too large, his 
successor W. Somner of Canterbury had his dictionary printed 
(1659) at the Oxford press, which was afterwards enriched by 
the type which lord Parker had given to Bowyer's press for miss 
Elstob's Rudiments of the English-Saxon Tongue, 1715. 

At the end of the seventeenth century Oxford boasted 
several advancers of saxon studies. G. Hickes {Joh., Magd. C, 
Magd. H., and Line), Edm. Gibson and Chr. Rawlinson {Queen's) 
and Humphry Wanley {Univ.). The greek professor E. Thwaites, 
of whom Hickes had a high opinion, had as many as fifteen 



IGO UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

saxon students (including T, Benson and Jos. Todhunter) at liis 
own college, Queens. 

Several books in tliis department were printed at the close 
of the seventeenth century, but we will confine our list to the 
period which is more properly the subject of the present com- 
pilation. 

1701. Vocabularium Gul. Somner, cura T. Benson (Qh.). 

1705. Thesaurus Ling. Vet. Septentrional. G. Hickes [Joh., Magd. C, 

Magd. H., Line.) with Catalogue of MSS., &c. Hum. Wanley {Univ.). 
1708. Compendium or Latin epitome of Hickes' Thesatirus, by W. Wotton 

(Joh.), notes by G. Hickes (Jo. tfcc), E. Thwaites (Qw.),and a transcript 

by Miss E. Elstob. 
1708. Notae in Anglo Saxouum Nummos. E. Thwaites (Qu.). 
1711. Grammatica Anglo Saxonica. (Id.) 
1713. Versions of the Lord's Prayer, J. Chamberlayne (Trin.). 

1719. Saxon Homilies. Gul. Elstob. (Cath. Qu. and Univ.) et Soror. 
,, History of Kent. J. Harris, D.D. (Joh). 

1719—21, 1726. Complete Linguist. (Orator) J. Henley (Joh.). 

1720. Textus Eoffensis. T. Hearne (Edm. H.). 

,, Canons Ecclesiastical. J. Johnson (Magd., and C. C. C. C. ). 

1721. Leges Sasonicae^ Dav. Wilkins (D.D, Camb.). 

1722. Asseri Annales. 

„ Bedae Hist. Eccl. J. Smith, D.D. (? Joh.) Camb. 

1723. Hemingii Chartularium Vigorn. T. Hearne (Edm. H.). 

1735. Conspectus Thesauri Hickesiani, a Gul. Wotton. Translated by Maurice 

Shelton. 
1737. Concilia, aD. Wilkins (D.D. Camb.), enlarged from the edition of 1717. 
1743. Fr. Junii Etymol. Anglic, ed. E. Lye (Hart JI.) Oxon. 
1745, '53. Enquiry into Anglo-Saxon Government. S. Squire (Joh.).] 
1751. Caedmon (projected edition). E. Lye (Hart H.), 
1755. History of the Lang^^age prefixed to the Diet. S. Johnson (Pevih.). 
1772. Asseri de r. gestis Alfredi, recensuit Fr. Wise (Trin.). 

,, Anglo-Saxon and Gothic Dictionary, E. Lye (Hart H.) posthumously 
edited by 0. Manning (Queens'). 

,, Leges Saxouicae. 0. Manning (Qu. ). 
1774. History of English Poetry, Vol. i. T. Warton (Trin.) Oxon. 
1778. Letter to J. Dunning by J. Home [Tooke] (Joh.). 

1 This work had been commenced a scholar as her brother, and continued 

by W. Elstob (Cath. H. Camb. ; Qu. to work, in great poverty and without 

and Univ. Oxon.), nephew of Dr much encouragement, after his death. 

Hickes, who had died in 1714. He Their type being destroyed in the fire 

translated the Saxon homily of Lupus at Bowyer's (1712-13), Ld. Ch. Justice 

and edited that on the Birthday of Parker gave them new type for her 

S. Gregory, 1709, &c. His sister Eliz. Saxon Grammar, from drawings made 

Elstob (whose portrait is in the initial by Humphrey Wanley. at Ro. Nelson's 

G of that homily) was at least as good request. 



SAXON. IGl 

1786. Diversions of Purley. J. Home [Tooke] (Joh.), 

1787. Historical Accouut of the Textus Roffensis, with memoirs of the Elstobs 
and J. Johnsou. S. Pegge (Joh. ). 

1798. Saxon and English (not Latin) illustrative of each other, exemplified in 
the errors of Hickes, Wilkina, Gibson, and other scholars. S. Henshall 
{B. N. C). 

1799 — 1805. History of the Anglo-Saxons. Sharon Turner. 

The middle of the century appears to have had some re- 
straining power for Saxon studies. Not only was there Lye's 
abortive edition of Caedmon, but Squire's Saxon Dictionary 
withered away\ And, yet more important, Ri. Rawlinson's (Joh.) 
purpose to establish a Saxon Professorsliip at Oxford was frus- 
trated for a longer time than Spelman's had been at Cambridge 
in the preceding century. 

It was not until the year 1795 that C. Mayo, fellow of S. 
Johns, was appointed first Rawlinsonian professor. He was 
succeeded in 1800 by T. Hardcastle fellow of Merton. 

1 However Lye did publish in Etymologicon, fol. Oxon. 1743, con- 
1750 ' Sacrorum Evangeliorum versio tains an anglo-saxon grammar. 
Gothica,' in 4to. Oxon. and his Junii 



W. 11 



CHAPTER XIII. 

ORIENTAL STUDIES. 



Arabicae linguae professor eras ibit in desertum. 

Edm. Castcll (1069). 



At this point some information relative to the study of the 
arch-science Divinity might have been expected to follow our 
account of Humanity and Morality. 

This, however, has been postponed for another occasion, 
if it shall ever arise, when it is proposed to put together some 
collections on the kindred topic of Religious Life at the English 
Universities in the Eighteenth Century. 

Nevertheless we here subjoin a few notes upon the study 
not of arable only but of hebrew, as that may be considered 
simply as a branch of philology, though its literature is theo- 
logical. 

Some additional information, kindly commxnilcated by Mr 
Bensly, will be found in the concluding chapter of this volume. 

In the seventeenth century our English schools and univer- 
sities were by no means behindhand in the study of hebrew. 
It was well done that the drudgery of learning the alphabet 
and grammar should be got over while the memory was young: 
and some traces of that system still linger at King's College 
Camb., and, if not now at Westminster, at the other London 
schools, and at King Edward Vlth's school, Bury St Edmunds*. 

1 Dr J. Covell, master of Christ's (1670 — 77.) and brought home some 
1688—1723, was educated at Bury. valuable eastern MSS. His pupil John . 
Hehal a chaplaincy in Constantinople Marshall (B.A. Chr. 1663-4, M.A. com. 



ORIENTAL STUDIES. 163 

There were even among the juniors at Cambridge in 1654, 
many (as Barrow quaintly said) who could have understood Adam 
when he gave names to all things \ He added that cabalistic 
studies were then pursued, and concluded by deploring the 
death of Abraham Whcelocke (Clare), the first arable professor 
on Sir T. Adams' foundation^ 1632-53. Wheelocke was also 
professor of saxon, and died while engaged upon the Polyglot 
Bible. His place was not filled up until a few years after 
the Restoration, His successor, Edmund Castell, who had 
been pensioner of Emmanuel and afterwards fellow-commoner 
of St John's, finding his lectures neglected the third year of* 
his occupation of the chair, posted up on the Schools' gate the 
humorous notice which stands at the head of this chapter. 

Simon Ockley of Queens' was author of an * Introductio 
ad Linguas Orientales,' 8vo. Camh. 1706. 'Account of Barbary,' 
a version of Esdras II., and of an arable life of Hai Ebn 
Yokdhan, and other works. He lived in very narrow circum- 
stances ; so much so that among Ellis' Letters of Eminent Men^ 
is one addressed by him in 1717 to the E. of Oxford from the 
Castle prison, Cambridge, whence he wrote also the introduc- 
tion to the second volume of his History of the Saracens. His 
' Oratio Inauguralis habita Cantabrigiae in Scholis publicis. 
Kal. Febr. Anno 1711,' was published in 4to. in 1712 (Camb.). 
The first Lord Almoner's reader, 1724-9, was David Wilkins, 

regiis 1705) spent many years in India sian, Greek, Latine, French, Spanish 
and acquired unusual knowledge of the and Italian, and well versed in the 
Puranas, Vedas and the rites of the Greek and Latine Fathers, School- 
Brahmins (Uffenhach Reisen iii. 29). men, Couneels and modem writers.' 
Prof. Cowell, in a paper read before Lloyd (Memoirs, 1668). He also relates 
the Camb. Philological Soc. (17 April, (p. 619) of Bi. Crashaw the poet 
1872) expressed his regret that Mar- that 'Hebi-ew, Greek, Latine, Spanish, 
shall did not publish his diaries Harl. French, Italian, were as familiar to 
MSSA250 — 4256) inl680, as they were him as English.' Brian "Walton him- 
in advance of anything that was known self, though incorporated at Oxford, 
in Europe till the present century. was Cambridge-bred (Magd. & Pet.). 
Is. Mnies brought a knowledge of 2 Cooper's Annals in. 247 — 9. The 
Hebrew to S. John's cir. 1657. Life Lord Almoner's readership was not 
(1721) p. 14. instituted till 1724. 

1 T. Comber of Trinitj% who was '■* pp. 353, 354. Among Ockley's 

master (1631, ejected 1645) was 'dex- pupils about 1705 was J. Jackson (Jes.), 

terous in Hebrew, Arabick, Coptick, theologian and biblical scholar. 
Samaritane, Syriack, Chaldee, Per- 
il— 2 



164 UNIVERSITY STUDIES, 

(who appears, according to Saxii Onomasticon VI. 278, to Iiave 
corresponded with the versatile orientalist Mathurin Veyssiere 
Lacroze of Nantes, St Maur, Bale and Berlin) editor of the 
•Concilia' (D.D. 1717), who issued 'Novum Testamentum 
Copticuin,' and was succeeded by Leonard Chappelow (S. John's, 
B.A, 1712), who had then been Adams professor for nine years. 
Chappelow published an edition of J. Spencer^ ' de Legibus 
Hebraeorum,' ' Elementa Linguae Arabicae,' a commentary 
on Job and translations of Abu Ismael's * Traveller,' and ' Six 
Assemblies ; or, Ingenious Conversations of Learned men 
among Arabians' Camh. 1767, from Schultens' edition of 
arable idioms, proverbs, &c., with special reference to the eluci- 
dation of Holy Scripture^. 

He died in 1779, and was buried in S. Andrew the Great, 
Cambridge. John Jebb was a candidate for his place, but was 
beaten by the more popular Samuel Hallifax (B.A. Jesus ; M.A. 
Trin. Hall), who held the readership and professorship as sine- 
cures for two years, until he became professor of Civil Law'. 
Dr W. Craven followed him, but gave up the professorship 
when he became master of S. John's in 1795. His successor, 
Joseph Dacre Carlyle (of Christ's and Queens', B.A. 1779), had 
studied arable with the assistance of David Zamio of Bagdad. 
In 1799 he went to Constantinople with Col. Elgin, visited the 
Troad, &c., and died in England, 1804;. He published in arable 
and latin (1792), 'Maured Allatafet Jemaleddini Filii Togri- 
Bardii, sen rerum aegyptiacarum annales ab A. C. 971 usque ad 
1458,' and ' Specimens of Arabic Poetry,' 1796. 

Among the Cambridge verses on the occasion of Q. Anne's 
accession in 1702 are hehrew poems by S. Townsend (M.A. 
Jesus 1701), Pet. Allix (B.A. Qu. 1702; M.A. Jesus 1706) and 



1 Master of Benet, 1667—93. not noted. Among these is the entry 

2 Bp. Law, hypo-bibliothecarius in ^ Thin. 2^erkaps T\ir]nsh.' Humphrey 
1773, tried to get H. A. Schultens Wauley writing to Dr Charlett in 1699 
to make a catalogue of our Oriental noticed here one book described as 
MSS. Baker -Mayor, p. 714, 1. 35. '■liber valde peregrina lingua etcharac- 
This portion of the catalogue was terilnis plane ignotis exaratus,' and ra- 
the worst done in the hasty Ust com- cognized in it a late Arabic tract, 
pleted in 1752. The profr. added Ellis' Letters (C. S.), p. 286. 
descriptions of Oriental MSS. where '^ Disney's Jehh, 10, 20, 22, 



ORIENTAL STUDIES AT CAMBRIDGE. 165 

Arthur Ashley Sykes (M.A. Corpus 1708.) Also one each in 
arahic, persian, and tiirkish by C. Wright, late fellow of Trinity. 
Some of these persian characters had to be supplied by substi- 
tute from the arabic fount. Wright's MS. aethiopic grammar 
is in Camb. Univ. Library. 

Bentley boasted that between 1699 and 1708 oriental 
learning began again to be cultivated, first at Trinity under his 
own rule, and then by infection in the whole university. 
( Corresp. 449). His own reputation as a hebraist has been 
established by Mr John Wordsworth {ibid. 790), in the face of 
Middleton's disparagement of his proficiency in such studies. 
In a letter written in 1735 {ibid. 711) he wrote to an Oxonian 
about a persic ms. of the Gospels which had been sent from 
Ispahan to the university, and offered some acute remarks about 
its date. 

In 1703 H. Sike (LL.D, 1705) succeeded Talbot as regius 
professor of hebrew. By his German connexion he was well 
known on the continent. Uffenbach much regretted^ that he 
was not in residence at the time of his visit to Cambridge, and 
when he was in London he came across a young student of 
Breslau who was going to study eastern languages under our 
professor. When he put an end to his own life in his rooms in 
Trinity in 1712"^, his death caused much regret among foreign 
scholars as well as in England. In 1706 he paid a visit to 
Oxford and inspected the arabic and other oriental mss — cor- 
responding^ with Kuster at Amsterdam and Bentley at Cam- 
bridge. He edited the Evangelium Infantiae. (arab.)* 

A Catalogue^ of the oriental MSS., and other curiosities 
given by G. Lewis, archd. of Meath in 1726, was printed at the 
time in a small pamphlet. The seals on the books and the 
plates on the book-case bear his name and the date 1707. 

Among our orientalists several distinguished themselves in 
the senate-house. » 

J. Parkliurst (Clare) was 6th wrangler in 174|. 

^ Eeisen, in. 84, II. 455. 5 This catalogue was re-printed, with 

''Monk's Bentley, i. 328, 329. the omission of 'chop-sticks. Iterum 

Luard's RmVs Diary, p. 8. chop-sticks' and the like, in the Clas- 

3 Bentley Corresp. 2J:4. sical Journal, No. xxxvi. and in Dyer's 

4 Traject. ad Rhenum, 1697. Piivileyes, i. 581 foil. 



1G6 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

C. Torriano (Trin,) first junior optime in the same year, was 
hebrew professor 1753 — 7. 

W. Disney (Trin.) hebrew professor 1757 — 71, was senior 
wrangler in 1753. 

W. Craven (S. Job.) arabic professor 1770 — 95, and Ld. 
Almoner's reader, was 4th in the same year. 

S. Hallifax (Jes.) arabic prof. 17()S — 70, and Ld. Almoner's 
reader, was 3rd in 1754". 

J. Jebh (Pet.) candidate for the arabic professorship was 
2nd, and i2o. Tyriuhitt (Jes.) 13th in 1757. 

W. Collier (Trin.) hebrew professor 1771 — 90, was 5th in 
1762. 

J. Porter (Trin.) hebrew professor 1790 — 95, was 5th in 
1773. 

J. Dacre CarJyle (Queens') arabic professor 1795 — 1804, was 
10th in 1779. 

H. Lloyd (Trin.) hebrew professor^ 1795 — 1831, was 10th 
in 1785. 

J. Palmer (Joh.) arabic professor 1804 — 9, was senior 
wrangler in 1792. 

The hebrew professors do not appear to have produced 
much. A good deal of the instruction imparted at Cambridge 
in that language"'^ in the middle of the century was given by 
Israel Lyons ^ a Polish silversmith (father of the botanist), 
whereas in 1741 the stipend (£2), due to the hebrew lecturer at 
Peterhouse, was devoted to increase the dean's salary*; eight 
years later it was agreed to allow £5 to Lyons ' for teaching 
such scholars the hebrew tongue as shall be appointed by the 
master and deans.' About 1764 John Jebb learnt from him^ and 



^ I have seen a notice bearing the early as 1733 when making one of his 
date ' 1 Feb. 1799 ' to the effect that sojournings in Cambridge, 
the hebrew Professor (Lloyd) would ^ By a college order, 2* Nov. 1659 
give instruction gratis on Tuesdays and the hebrew lecturer's place was con- 
Thursdays, and oftener if desired. ferred on Mr Skelton, the deputy junior 

2 The Statutes required every M.A. dean, for his encouragement. The 
quahfying for the degree of B.D. to lectureship was allowed to he fallow at 
attend the hebrew lecture daily for least as early as 1700. 

seven years. ^ Disney's Jehb, i, 10. 

3 John Byrom learnt from him as 



ORIENTAL STUDIES AT OXFORD. 167 

at the same time he was employed as teacher in S. John's Col- 
lege \ He died about 1770, 

Knowing Avhat sentiments Gilbert Wakefield expressed con- 
cerning greek accents, we are not so much surprised to read in 
his autobiography the following disagreeable remark : ' The chief 
motive for the recommendation of points in those who under- 
stand them, is, I fear, too often pride.' He confesses^ that in 
1775 he could not master Lyons' Hebrew Grammar^, and threw 
it aside for Masclef's, which discards the points. 

We may fairly say that Oxford did more than Cambridge 
for these studies. In the previous century we read of Ri. 
Kilbye (one of the translators of the Bible) as a hebrew pro- 
fessor well read in Rabbinical lore, licensing Jacob Barnet, a 
young jew (who subsequently made off when he had undertaken 
to be baptized), to give elementary lessons to students^ Arch- 
bishop Laud had been most munificent in presenting mss. to 
the University^, and in his code of statutes he made knowledge 
of hebrew a condition for the degree of M.A. That it was 
fairly studied in the middle of the next century is regarded as 
notorious by a writer in the Student in Feb. 17fy, who is advo- 
cating the revival of arable ^ In the second volume (pp. 377 — 
380) is a paper on the hebrew root achal, a specimen of a sup- 
plement to the Originals. Another correspondent contributes 
a paper (ii. 306 — 309) on reading hebrew without points; — all 
this in the midst of the facetiae of Smart and Warton. 

Laud procured in 1620 the annexation of a canonry at Ch. 
Ch. to the hebrew professorship: he also endowed a chair of 
arable, which was supplemented more than a century later by 
the lord Almoner's readership. 

Speaking of the time of the Bartholomew Act of Uniformity 
(1662), Burnet says 'the young clergy that came from the uni- 
versities did good service. Learning was then high at Oxford ; 
chiefly the study of the oriental tongues, which was much raised 
by the Polyglot bible, then lately set forth. They read the 

1 Baker-Mayor, p. 1040. 1. 24. ■* Mark Pattison's Is. Casaubon, 413. 

2 Memoirs (1804), i. 100, 101, 388. {a. 1610.) 

3 The Scholar's Instructor or Hebrevr ^ Hook's Laud, pp. 169, 173, 310. 
Grammar by I. Lyons, Camb. ed. 1, ^ The Student, or OxioidMiscellanij, 
1735, 1738, ed. 3. 1757. i. 41—46. 



168 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

fathers mucli tliere. Mathematics and the new philosophy were 
in great esteem. And the meetings that Wilkins had begun 
at Oxford were now held in London too in so public a manner 
that the king himself encouraged them much and had many 
experiments made before him\' 

Edward Pococke of Corpus then held both professorships, 
but he died in 1691 ; and ere the century"^ opened Thomas Hyde 
of (King's, Camb. and) Queens, was his successor both for 
hebrew and for arable. In 1700 he had published his great 
work ' Historia Religionis veterum Persarum.' He wrote also on 
Chinese weights and measures, on eastern games, and edited the 
Gospels and Acts in the malay language. 

Thomas Hunt of Hart Hall (Prof Laud. Arab. 1738. Keg. 
Hehr. 1747-74) printed latin orations 'De Antiquitate Ele- 
gantia, Utilitate Linguae Arabicae ' and ' De usu Dialectorum 
Orientalium.' Kennicott published his posthumous ' Observa- 
tions on the Book of Proverbs.' 

Benjamin Blayney, B.A. Wore, fellow of Hart Hall, was 
professor of hebrew 1787 — 1802. He published translations 
of Jeremiah and Zechariah, and in 1769 edited the Oxford 
Bible, like Mr Scrivener revising the marginal references. 

Thomas Shaw®,F.R.S. (who was professor of Greek 1747 — 51), 
fellow of Queen s, having resided at Algiers as chaplain to the 
english factory, and having visited eastern countries, published 
in 1738 his ' Travels in Barbary and the Levant,' containing 
observations and illustrations of the sacred and classical writings 
as well as other valuable information. Another edition in 1757 
included his rejoinders to Pococke's strictures. He succeeded 
Felton as principal of >S'. Edmund Hall, and figures in the 
* Oxford Sausage ' as the ' Gahy ' of Herbert Beaver's the 
' Cushion Plot,' and as a 'convert' in politics. 

George Home was admitted at Univ. coll. in his sixteenth 

1 Burnet, i. 332 = (folio) i. 192. professorship should undertake to 

Oxon. 1823. teach Chaldee as well as Syriack, the 

* There is in Letters from the Bod- alternate months throughout the year, 

leian (1813), ii. 49 — 52 a letter from ^ Like his namesake (p. 94) he 

Arthur Bedford {B. N, C. author of seems to have been a butt for the 

Scriptiire Chi-onology 1730, &c.) to Oxford wits on account of the latin 

Dr Charlett Vniv. (11 Dec. 1799.) re- version of his name. Biog. Univer- 

commending that the newly proposed selle. 



ORIENTAL STUDIES AT OXFORD. 169 

year, and became fellow and president of Magd. coll. and Bp. of 
Norwich. He was a follower of Hutchinson the learned he- 
braist, opponent of the Newtonian system, which Home attacked 
in the ironical 'Theology and Philosophy in Cicero's Somnium 
Scipionis explained,' 1751. Soon afterwards he entered into a 
dispute with Kennicott, but ultimately they became fast friends. 
In 1776 appeared his ' Commentary on the Psalms ' (2 vols. 4to). 

Benjamin Kennicott entered at Wadham, but he won his 
fees^ for B.A. and a fellowship at Exeter by his Dissertation 'On 
the Tree of Life ' and ' On the Oblations of Cain and Abel ' in 
1747. Subsequently he was keeper of the Radcliffe library, 
preb. of Westminster and (by exchange) canon of Ch. Ch. He 
undertook the enormous work of examining the hebrew mss. of 
the Bible, and finally brought out the hebrew Bible with Pro- 
legomena and various readings in two vols, folio 1776 and 1780. 
But while the work was in progress he had brought out sj^eci- 
mens of his researches from time to time : — ' The State of the 
printed hebrew Text of the Old Testament considered.' Oxon. 
2 vols. 1753 — 9. 'Annual Accounts of a Collation of Hebrew 
MSS.' 1761—9, collected 1770. 'Dissertatio Generalis in V. T. 
Hebr.' Oxoii. 1780. Beside his controversy with Home he had 
a 'Correspondence with an Abbe' (Rome), 1771 — 3, and a 
' Letter to J. D. Michaelis' on his strictures on the edition, 1777, 
and pamphlets were interchanged between him and our T. 
Butherford (Joh.) on the Samaritan Pentateuch. 1761-2. 

Robert Lowth was elected to New College from Winchester 
in 1730. As professor of poetry he signalized himself by taking 
up the subject of hebrew compositions I His Prselectiones 
' De Sacra Poesi Hebraeorum ' came out in 1753, in which 
certain passages relating to the book of Job were violently 
attacked by Wai-burton in an appendix to the last vol. of his 
second edition of the ' Divine Legation of Moses.' Lowth pub- 
lished a trenchant letter to the bishop in 1765. He became 
bishop of S. David's, Oxon. and London. 

Sir W. Jones, F.R.S., removed from Harrow to Univ. coll. 
where he obtained a fellowship. When an undergraduate he 

^ Cp. the obsolete Camb. expression tion as if the oriental professorships 
* to save one's groats.^ were genei'ally regarded almost as 

* Lowth speaks in his Crewian ora- sinecui-es at that time (1751). 



170 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

was permitted to study arable instead of attending the college 
lecture, and he was appointed tutor to lord Althorp (E. Spencer). 
About 176G he began his Commentaries on Asiatic Poetry, after 
the example of Lowth's hebrew praelections. He was em- 
ployed to translate the K. of Denmark's eastern ms. life of the 
Nadir Shah. He was appointed judge in the court of Bengal, 
and at Calcutta instituted a Royal Society of Oriental Litera- 
ture and Science, and applied himself to the study of Sanskrit. 
He died suddenly in 1794 (aged 48): a monument by Flaxman 
was put up in his college chapel. 

Joseph White, D.D. {Wadh.), arable professor 1774 — 1814, 
published the Syriac N. T. Vers. Philoxen. from the Ridley mss., 
several miscellaneous works, and his lecture de Utilitate Ling, 
Arab, in Studiis Theologicis . . . Oxon. in Schola Linguarum 
117 D. Also Institutes of Timour or Tamerlane from the Mogul 
through Dr Hunter's Persian ms. by W. Davy. Oxon. 1780. 
And Abollatiphi Hist. Aegypt. Compendium. Oxon. 1800. 
Beside later productions. He gave persian lessons to Cary 
(1794). 

The first volume of tlie Oxford catalogue of Oriental MSS. 
(hebrew, chaldee, syriac, aethiopic, arable, persian, turkish and 
Coptic) was begun in 1766 by John Uri (a hungarlan, pupil of 
Schultens of Leyden), and issued in 1787\ The first part of 
the second volume by Dr Nicoll came out in 1821, and the 
conclusion by Dr Pusey in 1835. Uri's part is said to be 
incorrect, and rendered less valuable by the discovery of many 
forgeries palmed upon almost all orientalists except Pococke. 



1 Notes and Queries, S. iv. ix. 379, tises) 2 vol. 4to. Plates, &c. Greg. 

380. Macray's Annals of the Bodleian, Sbarpe, LL.D. 

pp. 199, 233. There was also Notitia 1775 Lexicon Aegyptiaco-Lat. a M. V. 

Librorum Hebraeorum, Graec. et Lat. Lacroze, ex cura C. Scholtz notas 

Saee. xv., et Aldi7i. in Bodl. published et indices adj. C. G. Woide. 4to. 

at Oxford, 1795. We may also men- 1778 Scholtz Gramm. Aegypt. cura 

tion the following books proceeding C. G. Woide, 4to. 

from the Clarendon press. ,, Testamenti Novi Versio Syriaca 

1716 Testameutum Novum Aegypti- Philoxeniana. J. White. 4to. 

um, vulgo Copticum ex MSS. Bodl. ,, Albucasis de CMrm-gia. Arab, et 

D. Wilkins. Lat. J Channing (C/^. Ch.) 4to. 

1767T.Hyde,SyntagmaDissertationnm 1790 Pentateuchus Hebraeo-Samarit. 

(Arabic, Hebrew and Chinese trea- charactere hebraco.B.Blayney,8vo. 



CHAPTER XIV. 



PHYSICK. 



' How ! you uuderstand surgery,' answers the doctor, ' and not read Galen 
and Hippocrates V ' Sir,' cries the other 'I believe there are many surgeons 
who have never read these authors. ' ' I believe so too, ' says the doctor, ' more 
shame for them ; but thanks to my education, I have them by heart, and very 
seldom go without them both in my iDocket.' ' They are pretty large books,' 
said the gentleman. 

H. Fielding's Adventures of Joseph, Andrews, i. xiv. 



The English universities, while aiming at educating profes- 
sional men, never pretended in old time to give the final prac- 
tical training which is requii'ed for every profession. Even in 
the education of the clergy, to which they gave their special 
attention, they attempted to educate them in scientific Theo- 
logy rather than to impart even the elements of the pastoral 
profession. 

So it was that young men intending to practise medicine or 
surgery, though they might receive the grounds of a valuable 
education, and some theoretical instruction, in one of the uni- 
versities, were obliged to look elsewhere for practical knowledge 
to qualify them for their profession. 

A Quarterly Reviewer stated in 1827 (p. 235) that of all the 
physicians then practising in England (three hundred licentiates 
of the College of Physicians and numerous unlicensed country 
practitioners) about one hundred had been educated at Oxford 
or Cambridge ; while of the six thousand members of the 



172 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

College of Surgeons not six bad graduated at either of our 
universities. 

Let us see what were the relations in which the former of 
these learned colleges stood with our own in earlier times. 

In 1701 (18 Nov.), it was ruled by Sir J. Holt that a 
university graduate in physic might not practise in London, or 
within seven miles of it, unless he had a licence from the College 
of Physicians \ 29 Nov. 1715, the Senate agreed to support our 
M.D.s' claims against such prohibition^, and a similar course was 
adopted at Oxford. However, in l7jy the universities were 
again defeated in the person of Dr West by the College of Phy- 
sicians in the Court of King's Bench ^. 

More friendly overtures were made between the two learned 
bodies in 171^, the College offering to appoint their fellows 
entirely from the list of University Doctors*, and the University 
of Cambridge undertaking, through the Public Orator (March 1), 
to make her degrees in medicine strictly conformable with the 
statutable qualifications. In 1750, on the demand of our Uni- 
versities, the College agreed to exclude graduates of foreign 
universities®; and in 1753 it was decided in the case of Dr 
Isaac Schomberg of Trinity that an academic M.D. cannot claim 
to be enrolled F.R.C.P. as a matter of rights 

There were but three Regii Professores of Physic at Cam- 
bridge in the last century^ (Chr. Green, Cai. 1700: Pussell 
Plumptre, Qu. 1741: Sir Isaac Pennington 1793 — 1817), which 
speaks well for their professional treatment of themselves, but I 
do not know that they ever lectured. Indeed most of our men 

1 Cooper's Annals, iv. 47, 48. early observations on the nervous sys- 

2 Van Mildert's life of Waterland tern which have since been univer- 
p. 16. sally adopted. {y^hevieW, Hist. Induct. 

3 CooiDer's Annals, iv. 142, 145. Sciences in. 427, 428.) William Har- 

4 Ibid. p. 168. This was enforced vey who discovered the circulation of 
in the King's Bench in Easter term, the blood (1615-28) had been educated 
1797. Gunning's Reminisc. ii. ch. iii. at Caius (and Padua), and was elected 

5 Cooper's Annals, iv. 281. King Warden of Merton in 1645. Glisson 
Charles II. had made a similar order said that Wallis (Emmau. 1635 ; fel- 
in favour of the universities' monopoly low of Queens') was the first of his 
Feb. 12, I675. Ihid. in. 566. ' sous ' who defended the then new doc- 

^ Nichols' Lit. Anecd. in. 27 n. trine of the Blood (Hearne's Langtoft, 

7 In the preceding century professor i. cl.). 
F, Glisson (Caius), 1636-7, had made 



PHYSICK. 173 

learned in medicine found a field for their powers away from 
the University. However, it appears that when Is. Pennington 
held another professorship (that of Chemistry) in 1773 — 93, 
he found a deputy who gave satisfactory lectures in that sub- 
ject, — J. Milner of Queens'*; while some years earlier we find 
a Botany Professor, E,i. Bradley, delivering and printing (at 
Bowyer's press 1730)^ 'a Course of Lectures upon the Materia 
Medica...in the Physick Schools at Cambridge upon the Col- 
lections of Dr Addenbroke and Signer Yigani' deposited in 
Catharine Hall and Queens' College. 

Among the colleges at least one (Peterhouse) had in past 
times a laudable custom of urging her fellows to determine 
themselves in the line of some faculty — going on 'the Law line,' 
or that of Physick, or of Divinity. Two physicians celebrated 
for their good-nature and other social and moral qualities were 
residents (though not fellows) in that society for some time. Sir 
Sam. Garth (B.A. 1679, M.D. 1691, Harveian Oration, 1697, 
The Disi^ensary, 1699), and Sir W. Browne (B.A. 1710, M.D. 
1721), founder of the classical medals, and translator and editor 
of Gregory s Elements of Catoptricks and Dioptricks. By his 
will he gave the college two ^' kut i^o-^^rjv Non-travelling^' Physic 
Fellowships^. Among resident practitioners was Ro. Glynn 
(Clobery) fellow of King's (B.A. 1741, M.D. 1752, Seatonian 
Prizeman ' The Day of Judgment,' 1757) who was physician to 
the poet Gray. Though he was a doctor of repute his favourite 
panacea was 'emplasma vesicatorium amplum et acre.' He was 
conspicuous for his gold-headed cane, scarlet cloak and three- 
cornered hat. In rainy weather he wore pattens, which is 
possibly the reason why until 1872 there hung at the gate of his 
college a notice forbidding their use. His funeral in 1800 was 
the last performed by torchlight in Cambridge. Like the author 
of the Dispensary he shewed much professional kindness to the 
poor. In [Mathias'] Pursuits of Literature Glynn is celebrated 
as ' dilectus lapis' and larpLKcoraTO';, (f)t\68u)po<i koI dScopo- 
BoK7]ro<;, ^tXoTTTcw^o?, jevvalo'i, vecov SLopdcoTr]<;, oato^, St/cato?, 

1 Gunuing's Reminisc. Vol. i. chap. ^ Ibid. ix. 442. 

viii. * Gunuing, Reminisc. Vol. ii. cli. iv. 

- Nichols' Lit. Anecd. l. 445, 446. Antohiog. of G. Pryme, 46. 



174 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

ei;o-e/3»)<?, et? uKpov tjJ? iraihela'i iXijXatcco^. (1796). His portrait 
hano\s in the libraries of Magdalene and Caius. 

The following notices, preserved by Dr Webb, prove that 
Dr Glynn used to do some work as a teacher : 

'On the 14th of March, 1750—1 

Will begin 

A Course of Lectures 

on 
The Medical Institutes. 
I. On the Animal Oeconomy. 
II. On the Operations of Medicines. 
III. On the History of Diseases. 
By R Glynn. 

Gentlemen who propose to attend these Lectures are desired 
to call upon Mr Glynn at King's College.' 

And another to the following effect : 

On Monday, March 2nd, 1752. Medical Lectures on the 
Structure and Use of the Principal Organs of the Human Body, 
will begin at 3 p.m. Anatomy Schools. 1st Course 2 Guineas; 
2nd, 1 Guinea. 

In Dr Webb's collections, vol. I. (Univ. Library), is pre- 
served a copy of a printed ballad, ' Unfortunate old Clobery ' 
(with a latin jingling version), to the tune of 'A Captain bold of 
Halifax,' relating to Dr Glynn and the ' Chest ' fund at King's. 
(1780.) 8vo. pp. 10. 

We will now pass on to our enumeration of scientific men. 

Stephen Hales was preelected fellow of Corpus, or Benet 
Hall, in April, 1702, and admitted Feb. 1703; B.D. 1711; 
F.R.S. 1718. ^ Statical Experiments ox\ the Sap in Vegetables, 
and an attempt to Analyse the Air,' 1727 (being vol. i. of his 
Statical Essays). ' Hydraulick and Hydrostatical Exj^eriments 
on the Blood and Blood-vessels : also the Nature of certain Con- 
cretions,' 1733, forming vol. ii. In 1733 he took the degree of 
D.D. at Oxford by diploma — why he took degrees in divinity 
instead of medicine I cannot say; ^Admonition to Drinkers of 
Spirituous Liquors^ ed. 2. 1734; 'Experiments of Sea- Water, 
Corn, Flesh, &c.; containing many useful Instructions for Voya- 



PHYSICK. 175 

gers,' 1739, in which year he was Copley Medallist of the Royal 
Society ; ' Observations on Mrs Stephens s Medicines' 1740 ; 
'On Ventilation,' 1743; 'On Tar-Water; 1745; On 'Earth- 
quakes; 1750. ' Crounean Lecture, &c., Job x. 11, 12.' Hales 
was foreign member of the Parisian Academy, Proctor in Con- 
vocation, Clerk of the Closet to the princess Augusta and 
prince George (afterwards K. Geo. III.). Like Dr Burton, he 
was a trustee for the new colony of Georgia, which Wesley 
visited in 1735. {Masters' Hist, of C. C. C. C. 302 sqq.) He 
planned his Statical experiments in his ' private Elaboratory in 
Bennet College \' 

About 1648 — 9, Dr Wilkins and Wallis had removed to 
Oxford, and continued such philosophical discussions as they 
had held for about four years in London, — in the rooms of 
Wilkins in Wadham College. There, with Boyle, W. Petty, 
Seth Ward, and other doctors of physic and divinity, they had 
formed the nucleus of the E-oyal Society, and established the 
Oxford Philosophical Society, which lasted till 1690. Most of 
the founders of the Royal Society had removed to London after 
about ten years' sojourn in Oxford. They were incorj)orated at 
the Restoration, and had the honour of receiving and printing 
the MS. of the Principia. In 1669, Evelyn applied to H. lord 
Howard to effect an exchange of Arundel MSS. and scientific 
books between the university of Oxford and the Society. An 
unfortunate jealousy against the Royal Society appears to have 
arisen at Oxford, so that Thomas Sprat of Wadham, in his 
history of the R. S. (1667), found it necessary to argue that 
Experiments are not dangerous to the universities. Still, two 
years later. South, the university orator, took occasion to inveigh 
against it at the opening of the Sheldonian Theatre, as Wallis 
informed Boyle. Again, at the very close of that century 
(1700), Dr W. King of Ch. Ch. satirized the Royal Society, or 
at least Sir Hans Sloane their president, in two dialogues 
intituled The Transactioneer. Sloane was created M.D. at 
Oxford in the following year. 

John Freind, one of the most eminent physicians of the 
century, was M.A. Ch. Ch. 1701, having been joint editor with 

1 Ri. Davies, General State of Education, 1759, p. 44. 



17G UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Foulkes of one of dean Aldridi's 'new year's gifts' {De Corona, 
1696). The lectures which he delivered before the university 
in 1704 as Reader in Chemistry were published in 1709. 

In 1671, Dr John Eachard, afterwards master of Catharine 
Hall, in 'Some Observations upon the Answer to an Enquirj/ 
into the Grounds and Occasion of the Contempt of the Clergy' 
gives an amusing sketch of the pert young academical sciolists 
of the day. ' And in the first place comes rattling home from 
the Vniversities the young pert Soph with his Atoms and 
Globuli; and as full of defiance of all Countrey Parsons, let them 
be never so learned and prudent, and as confident and magis- 
terial, as if he had been Prolocutor at the first Council of Nice. 
And he wonders very much that they will pretend to be Gown- 
men, whereas he cannot see so much as Cai^tess Principles, nor 
Gassendus's Syntagma, lying upon the Table ; and that they 
are all so sottish and stupid as not to sell all their Libraries 
and send presently away for a whole Wagon full of new Philo- 
sophy. I'll tell you. Sir, says one of these small whiflers, per- 
haps to a grave, sober, and judicious Divine, the Vniversity is 
strangely altered since you luere there, we are grown strangely 
inquisitive and ingenious. I pray, Sir, how luent the business of 
motion in your days ? ive hold it all now to he violent,' and so on. 
The whippersnapper's criticism on the sermon is exquisitely 
sketched. Then follows a slash at the younger members of 
Gresham College (where the Royal Society twice found shelter), 
who ask ' to what purpose is it to preach to people, and go about 
to save them, without a Telescope, and a glass for Fleas ? ' 
Pp. 142—7. 

Uffenbach visited the chemical laboratory at Oxford in 
1710. The room had been fitted up for the original Royal 
Society in its early Oxonian days. He found the stoves in fair 
condition, but everything else in dirt and disorder. Dr Ri. 
Frewin {Ch. Ch., where his portrait is hung), afterwards Cam- 
den Professor of Ancient History, did not seem to care about it, 
and White the demonstrator was a good-for-nothing man. 

John Addenbrooke was B.A., S. Catharine's, in 1701, M.D. 
1712. ' He is thought to have practised in Cambridge, which he 
endowed with £4000 to build the hospital, which was further 
assisted by the bequest of £7000 from J. Bowtell the bookseller. 



PHYSICK. 



177 



Samuel and John Jcbb of Petorlionse we have occasion to men- 
tion elsewhere. They took their first degree respectively in 
1712 and 1757. The same society produced, beside Sir W. 
Browne (B.A. 1710), another fellow of the college of phy- 
sicians, J. Gierke, B.A. 1738. 

W. Battle, the Craven scholar, B.A. King's, 1726, was 
Lumleian lecturer, physician of S. Luke's hospital, and a mad- 
doctor of some repute. He published a Treatise on Madness, 
1758, and Apliorismi de Gognoscendis et Curandis Morbis, 
1762. 

The William Heberdens, father and son, were B.A.s of 
S. John's in 1728 and 1788. The former lectured for ten years 
on the Materia Medica*, having Sir G. Baker, Dr Qisborne, and 
Dr Glynn among his pupils. He presented his collection of 
specimens for illustration to the college ; and he relinquished 
his fellowship in favour of a poorer man. His essay on Mitkri- 
datium and Theriaca (1745) is a specimen of his university 
lectures. His Commentarii de Morbo7'imi Historia et Curati'one 
appeared posthumously in 1802^ 

George Shaw' of Magd. Hall, Oxon., M.A. 1772; M.B., 
F.K.S., having been his father's curate for some time, chose to 
abandon the performance of clerical duties for the study of 
medicine, in which his heart lay. After atteuding lectures at 
the University of Edinburgh he returned to Oxford, where he 
graduated M.D. (1787) in order to qualify for the privileges of 
the College of Physicians. If he had not been ordained he 
would have been elected botanical professor. He was one of the 
vice-presidents of the newly established Linnaean Society, and 
lectured on Zoology at the Leverian Museum. He was also 
keeper of the Natural History department in the British Mu- 
seum. (Born 1751, died 1818*.) 

I have already had occasion to refer to the ' Epistle to the 
Reverend Dr HalesV by Ki. Davies, M.D., late fellow of Queens', 

1 A programme of the elder Dr He- rary Memorials pp. 224, 225, gives ex- 
berdeu's Course of Lectures is printed ampies of his trick of quaint phrase- 
at the end of this chapter. ology. Shaw wrote the scientific de- 

2 Dr Munk's Roll of R.C.P.n.U2. scriptions of the Naturalisfs Miscel- 
^ Brother of Putide Shavius. See lany. 

p. 94 71. 5 Stephen Hales, M.D., F.R.S., and 

* H. Best in his Personal and Lite- D.D. Oxon. hj diploma. 

w. 12 



178 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

on ' the General State of Education in the Universities, with a 
particular view to the Philosophic and Medical Education, 
being Introductory to Essays on the Blood' — l7o.9. 

Dr Davies proposed to abolish ' close ' fellowships and scho- 
larships {p. 23), and the restrictions of tests and holy orders to 
Masterships and Fellowships {jyp. 19, 30), to raise the number 
of professorships and public lectureships to at least fiftu in 
each university, without limitation of tenure or requisition of 
celibacy, their stipends dependiug in part on the attendance of 
their pupils {pp. 33, 34), to sequestrate some existing fellow- 
ships for this purpose {p. 32), to make them generally termin- 
able ten years after the first degree {p. 31), to encourage 
Colleges to devote themselves to some particular science or line 
of study {p. 35). (This was already in some measure the case 
with Caius and Trin. Hall.) He goes on to urge the need of 
mstriiments as well as books for carrying on experimental 
knowledge in mechanics, optics, practical Astronomy, &c., for 
hoohs will not supersede Nature, since they are conservative 
rather than acquisitive : being useful rather to record past 
inventions than to forward fresh discoveries {p. 39). 'The 
Arts subservient to Medicine have no appointments to encour- 
age Teachers in them. Anatomy, Botany, Chemistry, and 
Pharmacy, have been but occasionally taught [175.;]; when 
some person of superior Talents has sprung uj) and has hon- 
oured the University by his first display of them there, before 
his passage into the world' {p. 40). 

The author thought however that no place was so well 
fitted for the early training of Physicians (to be supplemented 
' by due attendance at some public Hospital, which ought 
to be the finishing school of the clinical Physician') as the 
English Universities, on account of their discipline : — if only 
the Professors' lectures had not become a farce ' ; those posi- 



1 The statutes were evidently in- it was found impossible to keep them 

tended for the education of medical waiting for the whole statutable period 

students entering the University at a required for M.D. (eleven years), so it 

very early age. When in the 18th was given up as impracticable. When 

cent, men came up later from school T. Young, M.D., F.E.S., Egyptologer 

or perhaps from some elementary and discoverer of the iJrinciples of 

practice in the profession or its trade, interferences in the Undulatory Theory 



PHYSICK. 179 

tions being looked upon as Dignities rather than Offices Qj. 3). 
Love of Truth had given place to love of Disputation Q^. 12), 
and the result of this neglect mis^ht be seen in the Patent 
Quackeries and Universal Remedies displayed in every news- 
paper Tjj. 4). 

Among Dr Webb's (Clare) Collections, now in the Univ. 
Library, are two editions of a scheme of Dr Heberden's lectures, 
about 1741. One edition compresses them into 26 lectures. 

' The Order of 

A Course of Lectures 

on the 

Materia Medica. 

I. (in two parts). Introductory, giving a general account of 
the Rise and Progress of the Materia Medica. 

Of Fossils. 

2. Of Waters. 

3. Of Mineral Waters. 

4. Of Earths, Sulphurs, Fossil Oyls, Bitumens and Ambar. 

5. Of Sea-Salt, Alum, Nitre, Borax and Vitriol; of the 
Ores of Metals, 

6. Of Quicksilver, and of Semimetals. 

7. Of the perfect Metals. 

8. Of Stones. 

Of Vegetables. 

9. Of the Aromatic Herbs, Leaves, Flowers, Seeds, Barks 
and Woods. 

10. Of the Aromatic Roots : of the Acrid Herbs, Fruits, 
Seeds and Roots. 

II, Of the Astringent Flowers, Fruits, Seeds, Barks, Woods, 
and Roots, 

12. Of the Peruvian Bark, 

{Memoir by Peacock eh, v.) was at no medical lectures at Cambridge ex- 
Emmanuel in 1799, after studying at cept Prof. Harwood's, and they were 
Edinburgh and Gottingen, there were addressed to a miscellaneous audience, 

12—2 



180 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

13. Of the Emollient Fruits, Seeds and Roots, 

14. A general account of the use of Purging Medicines : 
[Of the Purging Inspissate Juices]. 

15. Of the Purging Herbs, Leaves, Flowers, Fruits, Seeds, 
Barks, "Woods and Roots. 

16. A general account of the use of Emetics: of the Eme- 
tic Herbs, Seeds, Barks and Roots : of Diuretics. 

17. Of Narcotics and Opium. 

18. Of Vulneraries, &c. 

19. Of Gums ; [And a general account of Resins.] 

20. Of Balsams, Turpentines and Resins. 

Of Animals. 

21. Of Insects, Fishes and Birds. 

22. Of the Serpent-kind, Quadrupeds and Man. 

Of Chemicals. 

23. Explication of some Terms used in Chemistry. 

24. Of the simple and compound Waters, Essential and 
Fixed Salts, Soaps, Caustic Stones, Expressed and Essential 
Oyls ; of the Preparations of Turpentine. 

25. Of Spirit of Wine, Sj^irituous Waters ; of Vegetables, 
Vinegar, Tartar and its Preparations, Tinctures and Chemical 
Resins. 

26. Of Ammoniac Salt, Spirit of Ammoniac Salt and Hart's 
Horn, S^nritns Volatilis Oleosus, Animal Oyl and Phosphorus. 

27. Of Spirits of Sea-Salt, Nitre and Vitriol ; of the Prepa- 
rations of [Ambar], Sulphur, Steel, Lead, Tin, Silver and Copper. 

28. Of the Mercurial and Antimonial Prej^arations. 

29. General Rules for Prescribing. 
80. 



, Of the Antidotes [proper] to all the known Poisons. 

[In this Course a Specimen of each Particular will be shewn, 
and every Thing is intended to be mentioned that is useful or 
curious regarding its Natural History, Introduction into the 
Materia Medica, Adulterations, Preparations, Virtues, Dose and 
the Cautions necessary to be observed in its use. 



PHYSICK. 181 

These Lectures will begin on Monday, April the Uh, at 
2 o'clock in the Afternoon, in the Anatomy Schools ; and will 
be read every Day, 

By W. Heberden, M.D.] 

The First Course is Two Guineas ; the Second, One Guinea ; 
ever after, Gratis. 

[Those Gentlemen, ivho intend to go, are desird to send in 
their Names'].' 

In 1770 T. Okes published (8vo. Camh.) extracts from Hip- 
pocrates, with a new latin translation, notes, and emendations, 
incorporated in two latin dissertations delivered in theSchools. 

Of the Sedleian professors of Natural Philosophy at Oxford, 
Thomas Hornsby (1782-1810) was the most eminent. He was 
fellow of Corpus, D.D. and Savilian Professor, 1763-1810, pub- 
lishinor several astronomical tracts in 1763 and the ensuinsf 
decade. 

He was a good lecturer, and his natural philosophy classes 
were well attended although they entailed fees. Even his 
occasional fits of dizziness would not disturb the sequence of his 
remarks or explanations, though they might interrupt it. After 
his servant had placed him in his chair, and administered 
restoratives, he would resume his prism or air-pump as though 
nothing had happened \ 

J. Channing {Ch. Ch.) published Alhucasis de Chirurgia 
(arable and latin) at the Clarendon Press in 1778. 

' H, Best's Personal and Literary Memorials, 219 — 221. 



CHAPTER XV. 

ANATOMY. 

" Quaudo enim, obsecro, a conclita Academia in tot cannm, piscium', volu- 
crumque neces ac lanienas sanguinolenta curiositas sae\'iit, quo vobis partium 
coDstitutio et iisus in auimalibns innoteseeret? inuocentissimam crndelitatem 
et feritatem facile excusandam ! " 

I. Barrow, In Comitiis. [1654.] ^ 

Dissection appears to have been no modern innovation at 
Cambridge, for queen Elizabeth granted two bodies for 
anatomical purposes to the medical students of Gonville and 
Caiusl By a grace of Nov. 27, 1646, the three dissections 
required by the University Statutes (capp. 15, 17) as a quali- 
fication for M.D., and the two required from students aspiring 
to M.B., were revived, this exercise having fallen into disuse. 
Five years later ' vividissections of dogs and such-like creatures' 
were popular '. 

James Keill (younger brother of John Keill the Newtonian, 
see in the index), 1673 — 1719, having studied medicine at 
Edinburgh and Leyden, read anatomical lectures at Oxford, 
and also at Cambridge, where he also took the degree of M.D. 
in 1705. 

In 1723 Parliament considered and rejected a clause facili- 
tating the acquisition of the corpses of felons of Cambs. and 
Hunts, for dissection by the Cambridge faculty, 

1 The first systematic ichthyologist works, 

was Francis Willughby of Triu. Coll. "^ Historical MSS. Conwiissioii Ee- 

Cant., who studied for some time at port, ii. p. 118. 

the Bodleian and afterwards travelled ^ Dr C. Ashton's MS. Collectanea on 

all over the continent with Kay who the Statutes (Brit. Mus.) referring to 

edited and then translated his Ornitho- the V. Chancellor's Book p. 91. Statut. 

logia 167G-8, and edited his Ichthijo- cap. 32. Cp. Dyer Privil. i. '2-13. 

(jraphia 168(5, and other posthumous Mayor's Matt. liohinson, p. 31. 



ANATOMY. 183 

111 the spring of 1732, wbea Johu Morgau^ of Trinity 
(B.A. I72I) was professor of Anatomy, a body was dug np in 
a village near Cambridge, and carried to Emmanuel College. 
A riot arose, and a warrant was issued to search the College, 
but in vain. The offence became common at this time, and 
in the same year (May 9, 1732) it was forbidden by grace of the 
Senate, Ur Mathias Mawson of Corpus being Vice-Chancellor^. 

The preparations for a private dissection in college-rooms at 
Cambridge are described in the satirical romance of Pompeij 
the Little (11. xi.) in 1750, by F. Coventry, then an under- 
graduate of Magdalene. About fifteen years later (Bishop) 
Watson, when professor of Chemistry, procured a corpse from 
London and dissected it in his laboratory, with the help of 
E. Waring (Magd.), and W. Preston (Trin.), afterw^ards an Irish 
bishop. The remains were not properly buried, and their 
discovery would have led to the stoning of the operators had 
they been known*. 

The professorship of anatomy was founded by the Univer- 
sity in 1707. The fifth professor (1753 — 85) C. Collignon'*, 
Trin. M.B. 1749, printed a Compendium Anatomico-Medicum, 
1756, of the lectures which he used to deliver yearly in March. 
At the close of the century his successor, Busick Harwood of 
Christ Coll. and Emmanuel (M.B. 1785, M.D. 1790, Anat. Prof. 
1785 — 1814, Med. Prof. Downing, 1801) used to give his 
lectures^ opposite Queens' college at 1 p.m. at the latter end 

1 Cooper's Annals, iv. 181. John turesinl776. Collignon's father came 
Byrom attended some of Morgan's from Hesse Cassell and ministered 
earliest lectures (which met with good to the dutch congregation in Austin 
encouragement) when he was making Friars. The professor was educated 
a stay in Cambridge in Jan. 1728, and under Kinsman at Biuy, and was ad- 
again in 1730 he met the elder (Henry) mitted pensioner of Trin. 1743. He 
Coventry of Magdalen on his way to was appointed deputy regius professor 
see the professor conduct a dissection of Physic for Plumtre in 1779, and 
on a human subject. Downing professor of Medicine or 
- Masters' Hist, of C. C. C. C. p. 196. rather professor in Downing College, 
3 Watson's Anccd. i. 237. 1783 — 5, as well as professor of Ana- 
* In 1764 and 1771, '95, '96, Collig- tomy. I have seen a printed notice 
non published 'An Enquiry into the stating that Collignon would corn- 
Structure of the Hiiman Body.' Camb. mence an anatomical course 16 Feb. 
8vo. And in 1769 ' Medical and Moral 1779 at 3 p.m. 
Tracts.' John Jebb attended his lee- ° I have seen notices of B. Har- 



184 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

of the Lent Term. (In the early years of his professorship he 
used to dine at 2, and take his friends to his lecture afterwards 
at 4 p.m.) His course included ' Comparative Anatomy and 
Physiology ; in which the structure and oeconomy of Quad- 
rupeds, Birds, Fishes' [which, according to Gunning, occasionally 
re-appeared at his hospitable dinner table] ' a.nd Amjjhihia are 
investigated^; the several organs which constitute the Animals 
of the different classes compared with each other, and with 
those of the Human Body; the most striking analogies pointed 
out, and remarkable varieties accounted for, from the Natural 
History of the Animals belonging to each class. Pathological 
remarks on the diseases to which man and other Animals are 
liable are introduced, with observations on the nature and 
effects of the Medicines usually employed for their removal. 
The Anatomia Medico-Forensis, together with the effects of 
various poisons, and also of suspended animation, and the recovery 
of drowned persons, occupy a share of these Lectures, At the 
commencement of the course, the Blood of various Animals is 
compared with that of the Human Species : the doctrine of 
Transfusion is investigated^ : its probable advantages and 
defects enquired into, and the practice illustrated by an actual 
experiment^.' So few medical students were there at Cam- 
bridge, that these lectures were designedly popular and un- 
professional. He was assisted by a Demonstrator named 
Orange. Harwood wrote descriptions and histories of about 
twenty specimens which are enumerated in the Catalogue of 
the Anatomical Museum in the University of Cambridge, ar- 
ranged according to the system of Bichat, 1820. (pp. i. — viii. 
1 — 71.) The university purchased also for the use of the 
anatomy school the anatomical models which had been executed 
in wax for Sir Busick Harwood at Florence and Bologna. 

■wood's lectures for 1792, '94, '96: the sis of a Course of Lectures on the 

time there stated is 4.15 p.m., in the Philosophy of Natural History. 4:to. 

Anatomy School ojiposite Queens'. Camb. 1812. The Scots Magazine, 

^ In 1775, Thomas Mai-tyn the Vol. liii. p. 27, contains a curious 

Botanical professor published at Cam- description of a visibly effectual trans- 

bridge ^Elements of Natural History' fusion of blood from a sheep into a 

Vol. I. Part 1. 8vo. pp. 80, containing dog at one of his lectures. (1791.) 

Mammalia, 289 species. ^ Camb. Univ. Calendar 1802, pp. 

2 Eusick Harwood printed a Synoj)- 26, 27. 



ANATOMY. 185 

In 1710 Uffenbach wont to see the anatomy school at 
Oxford, and agreed with Borrichius that it was not to be 
compared with the anatomical theatre at Lcyden. It Avas in 
charge of the celebrated Tom Hearne, who did not know the 
cast of a foot from the natural limb. Uffenbach also attended 
a lecture given by Dr Lavater, who being only lately appointed 
had no corpse provided for dissection, but gave a lecture (in 
English) on osteology. 

Before 1738 Dr Nicholls had deserted the anatomy school 
at Oxford, and about that year Nathan Alcock, M.D. of Leyden, 
began lectures on his own account. He taught physic also, as 
the old W. Woodford {New Coll) the regius professor (1730 — 
59) made a sinecure of his office. The university was shamed 
into appointing a chemistry reader, T. Hughes, M.D., Trin., 
and summoning Dr Laurence from London to lecture in 
anatomy. Alcock was allowed a room by his own college 
(Jesus). This was crowded, while the authorized readers ad- 
dressed the walls of the empty museum, which at last they 
resigned to their rival. Alcock received his degree of M.A. 
after some opposition, and proceeded M.B. in 1744. 

In the Student, or Oxford and Cambridge Monthly Mis- 
cellany (1750 — 1) are printed several papers relating to 
anatomical studies — viz.; Tivelve Experiments on dogs and 
pigeons, by Mr F. G. Zinn (ii. 12 — 19) forming part of a thesis 
read before professor Haller of Gottingen, in Oct. 1749. Alb. 
von Haller was F.R.S., and had declined the Oxford professor- 
ship of botany in 1747, as well as the invitation of Holland, 
Russia, and Prussia. A paper of his, de nova tunica, oculi fetus 
claudente pupillam ohservatio, was also printed in the Student 
(i. 261 — 4), and called forth a communication ' On the Mem- 
brana Pupillaris^' (p. 340) by 'R. B. Philomed.^ 

About this time (Dr M.) Lee's Ch. Ch. Readerships in 
Anatomy were founded, and rather later (177G) the anatomical 
theatre was commenced at Oxford. The Tomlin's lectureship 
held by the professor of medicine was founded in 1623, the 

1 Francis Sandys (M.D. 1739) is taught anatomy at Cambridge and 

mentioned in Simmons' life of Dr W. made collections of anatomical pre- 

Hunter pp. 14, 15 n. as discoverer parations wliich passed at ono time 

of the Membrana pupillaris. He into Dr Hunter's possession. 



18G UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Aldrichiaii professorship dates only from 1803. J. Parsons 
{Ch. Ch.) was nominated Lee's reader in 1766, the year when 
he took his M.A., and three years before he was M.B, Under 
his direction the anatomical theatre was built ; he pi'ovided 
excellent preparations, and read two courses of lectures in 
anatomy every year. In 1780 Parsons was elected first clinical 
professor of the RadclifTe infirmary. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

CHEMISTRY. 

"If he haue leasure to be idle (that is to study) he ha's a smatch at Alernnv 
and is sicke of the Philosophers stone, a disease vncm-ahlu hut by an abundant 
Phlebotomy of the purse." 

J. Earle's Micro-cosmographie. [1628.] 

James Keill, whom we have mentioned as an anatomist, 
translated Lemery's Course of Chemistry in 1G98, thereby 
introducing English chemists to the current theorj^ of the 
relations of acids and alkalis \ But ten years before that time, 
J. J. Beecher of Mentz had died, and G. E. Stahl was followino- 
out his observations, which had already borne fruit^ in his 
Zymotechnia Fundamentalis, with an ' experimentum novum 
sulphur verum arte producendi ' (1G97), which resulted in the 
enuntiation of the theory of phlogiston, the terminology of 
which was retained or adapted even by our Cavendish and 
Priestley in England in the latter half of the succeeding century, 
when they had passed to more positive observations and dis- 
coveries of the composition of water, and oxygen gas. 

Long before a chair of Chemistry was endowed at Cam- 
bridge^ we have Barrow's testimony* to the ardour with which 

1 Whewell, Hint. Induct. Sciences, to take notes. Wood paid £3 for the 

III. 110. course. In Sept. 1683 the Oxford 

^ Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, ' elabatory was quite finished ' and R. 

III. pp. 116 — 123. Plot,J.Massey and some other scholars 

^ Uffeubach's visit to the Oxford ' went a course of chemistry ' and 

chemical laboratory has been men- held friday afternoon conversations, 

tioued above (p. 176). Anthony Wood In these meetings they were joined by 

had gone through a course of chemis- WaUis, Bathurst, Aldrich, prof. Ber- 

try in 1663 'under the noted cliimist nard, &c. (A. Wood's Dianj). J. 

and rosicrucian, Peter Sthael of Stras- Friend's Praelectiones Clnjmicae in 

burgh in Eoyal Prussia,' whom Ro. quibus omnes fere operationes Chym. 

Boyle had brought to Oxford. Wallis, ad vera principia ct ipsius naturae 

Wren, Bathurst and bp. Turner were ler/cs rcdiguntur were published 8vo. 

his pupils. Also Locke, who was very Oxon. 170-1. 

troublesome at lecture and ' scoru'd ' •* Works (Napier, 1850) ix. iG. 



188 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

the study was pursued. In a speecli delivered in Comitiis 
about the year 1654- he said : ' Equidem noui quorum animos ad 
haec studia igni chymico feruentius desiderium inflammauit : 
alios qui se Lullii, Villanouae et quae eiusdem farinae Philo- 
sophorum extaut monumenta, immo et ipsius Paracelsi obscu- 
rissiraa scripta se capere et comprehendere non. dubitarent ; 
ne memorem alios egregios uiros, quorum magnanima audacia 
de Chrysopoeo Lapide nobilem siue fabulam siue historiam 
generosi fide amplecti non pertimesceret.' 

Towards the close of the seventeenth century chemistry 
had been successfully taught at Cambridge for twenty years 
by a Veronese, John Francis Vigani. In the winter of 1G92 
Abraham De la Pryme went to his course, but ' by reason of 
the abstruceness of the art... got little or no good thereby.' 
He describes the ' Signior ' as ' a very learned chemist, and a 
great traveller, but a drunken fellow\' 10 Feb. 1702 — 3, 
Vigani's services were acknowledged in the University by in- 
vesting him with the title of Professor of Chemistry. 

Bentley soon afterwards fitted up a chemical laboratory for 
him in the ' lumber hole,' eastward of Trinity bowling-green. 

His two nearest successors, J. Waller, 1713, and J. Mickle- 
borough, were Corpus men. Then followed J, Hadley of 
Queens' in 175G, the Plan of whose lectures was printed, Camb. 
1758. 

Two sets of lectures by professor Mickleborough with list 
of persons attending his courses in several years between 1726 
and 1741 are preserved among the Caius College MSS. (619 
= 342 red)^. In 1728 as many as three and twenty attended 

^ Diary of Atr. De la Pryme, p. 25 Deviocritus, to give tliem the title of 
(Surtees Soc, No. 54). Monk! a Bentley, x^'-P°'^M'^'^< ^,3 he did his, which being 
1. 204. Cooper's Annals, iv. 53. Bent- interpreted implys the Experiments of 
ley's Corresp. Wordsw. 448. Eather my own Personal Trying. The retorts 
more than a year later De la Pryme cost me 4(Z, a piece at London, and 
seems to have advanced in the study. the receivers 6fZ., and I pay'd for their 
He records in his diary '1694. Fehr. carriage from thence hither Is.M.' 
14. This day I received twelve little ^ Another MS. at Caius [No. 460, a 
retorts and three receivers from Lon- small 4to. ; pp. 215, a few blank] con- 
don, to try and invent experiments, tains A Course of Chymistry in Four 
and all the things that I shall do £oo^-s by J. Yardley, Trin., M. A. 1704, 
I intend to put down in a proper book, a student in medicine in Vigani's 
and in imitation of the most learned time. Bk. i. contains some general 



CHEMISTRY. 189 

(the fee being one guinea), including Theodore Colladon, Gene- 
vensis, and a Cambridge aiDothecar}^ Only fourteen came to 
his fourth course in 1735 \ the list commencing with 'Charles 
Mason, A.M., Coll. Trin. Soc, Woodward Prof ; Sheppard Frere, 
Coll. Trin. Soc. Commens.V &c., &c. The lectures embraced an 
encomium on Dr Friend, the first who applied the Newtonian 
philosophy to Chemistry. Calcinations. Distillation of Harts- 
horn. Analysis, of Plants distilled in the Great Alembic. 
Distillation of Vitriol. Tinctures of Myrrh, Aloes, Saffron, 
Laudanum, Steel, and Antimony, and many by Digestion. 
Acids and Alkalis. Experiments of Phosphorus. A short 
course on the Four Elements. 

In 1764, Ri. Watson of Trinity (afterwards bp.of Llandaff) was 
appointed, and his stipend augmented by the Government, with 
which he was in favour. Dr Watson ' knew nothing at all of 
Chemistry, had never read a syllable on the subject, nor seen 
a single experiment in it, at the time this honour was conferred' 
upon him: yet he had had the effronteiy to signify his intention 
of reading chemical lectures in the University, to ' an eminent 
physician in London' who 'had expressed a wish to succeed 
Dr Hadley.' However he took to the subject, sent immediately 
after his election to Paris for an operator, and busied himself 
in his laboratory, so that in fourteen months he began to 
lecture to a very full audience. He delivered other courses 
in Nov. of the years 1766 — 8, and published volumes of 
Chemical Lectures in 1781, '82, and '86. In 1768 he printed 
Institutiones Metallurgicae, designed a series of chemical pro- 
positions in Hutherforth's system, and sent a paper on the 
Solutions of Salts to the Royal Society. In 1771 (when he 
printed an 'Essay on the Subjects of Chemistry, and their 

Praecognita, Eules for Distillations, Natural Philosophy in four parts 

Coliobations, Sublimations, Extracts, Camb. 8vo. commenced its appear- 

Tinctures, Cbymical Principles, Salts, ance, being completed in 1744. 

Colours, Alkali Austera, Crystalliza- ^ I suppose this was the Mr Frere 

tion, Fermentation. Bk. ii. Of Metals who accompanied John Byrom (Chet- 

and Minerals. Bk. iii. of Vegetables. ham Soc. 1855, p. 531) to Dr Long's 

Bk. IV. of Animals. Lutes and Fires. astronomical lectures 29 Nov. 1733. 

Calcination. Extraction. Coagulation. He was educated at Bury and Trin. 

Index. Coll. Camb., took no degree, bought 

1 In this year J. Rowning's (Magd.) Eo\doii Hall, Norf. 



190 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

general division,' and a 'Plan of Lectures') a paper of his was 
noticed in the Journal Encyclopedique\ 

Dr Watson was enabled to conduct electrical experiments 
on so large a scale as to excite the admiration of professor 
Musschenbroek of Utrecht and Leyden. About 1747 he ob- 
served almost simultaneously with Franklin^ 'positive and 
negative' (or as the former called them, 'more rare and more 
dense ') electricity, and that when an electric body was excited, 
the electricity was not created, but collected. Watson pub- 
lished 'Institutionum chemicarum in praelectionibns academicis 
explicatarum pars metallurgica,' Camb. 1768, and 'Plan of a 
Course of Chemical Lectures,' Camb. 177L 

Isaac Pennington of St John's (finding a sufficient deputy 
in J. Milner') succeeded Dr Watson in 1773 ; and when he was 
advanced to the Kegius Professorship of Physic in 1793, his 
place was filled by W. Farish of Magdalene. He, finding that 
Chemistry was already being taught by Wollaston, the Jack- 
sonian Professor, struck out quite a new line. ' The application 
of Chemistry to the Arts and Manufactures* of Britain pre- 
sented a new and useful field of instruction, which, however, 
could not be cultivated with effect, without exhibiting whatever 
else was necessar}' to the full illustration of the subject. After 
having taken an actual survey of almost everything curious 
in the manufactures of the Kingdom, the Professor contrived 
a mode of exhibiting the operations and processes that are in 
use in nearly all of them. Having provided himself with a 
number of Brass Wheels of all forms, and sizes, such, that any 

^ Anecdotes of Ei. Watson (eel. 2) vis, 223, 272. Watson's dexice of dis- 

1. 45, 46, 53, 54, 64. Perhaps the tilling wood in close vessels was said 

most characteristic story of Bp. Wat- tohavesaved the government £100,000 

son's impudence is that told in J. S. a year for gunpowder (c. 1787). 

W^atsou'sPorson(pp. 79, 80,) where it is ^ Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, 

related that the professor having been iii. 12, 15, 22 (1837). 

recently primed with a quotation from ^ Milner printed the ' Plan ' of Ms 

Gregory, an author he had previously chemical lectures, Camb. 1784. 

never seen, protested in a moderatorial * About 1750 Dr Charles Mason, 

speech '■ Haec ex Gregorio illo Nazi- one of the senior fellows of Trinity 

anzerxo, que7n semper in deUciis habui' (B. A. 1722), a good mathematician, 

(an expression borrowed, by the way, used to be much interested in practical 

from Erasmus). Porson alludes slyly mechanics, working at his lathe, &c. 

to this audacity in his Letters to Tra- Cumberland's Memoirs, p. 106. 



CHEMISTRY. 191 

two of them can work with each other, the Cogs being all 
equal ; and also with a variety of Axles, Bars, Screius, Clamps, 
&c., he constructs at pleasure, with the addition of the peculiar 
23arts, working Models of almost every kind of Machine. These 
he puts in motion by a Water WJieel, or a Steam Engine, in 
such a way; as to make them in general do the actual work of 
the real Machine on a small scale ; and he explains at the 
same time the chemical and philosophical principles, on which 
the various processes of the Arts exhibited, depend. 

' In the course of his lectures he explains the theory and 
practice of Mining and of Smelting metallic Ores — of bringing 
them to nature — of converting, purifying, compounding, and 
separating the Metals, and the numerous and various Manu- 
factures which depend upon them, as well as the Arts which 
are more remotely connected with them, such as Etching and 
Engraving. He exhibits fhe method of obtaining Coal and other 
Minerals, the processes by which Sulphur, Alum, common Salt, 
Acids, Alcalies, Nitre, and other saline substances are obtained, 
and in which they are used; the mechanical process in the 
formation of Gunjjowde?', as well as its theory and effects. He 
shews the arts of procuring and working A nimal and Vegetable 
substances; the great staple manufactures of the country, in 
Wool, Cotton, Linen, Silk; together with the various chemical 
arts of Bleaching, of Preparing Cloth, of Printing it, of using 
adjective and substantive colours, and Mordants or Intermediates 
in Dying. He explains in general the nature of Machinery: 
the moving powers, such as Water-wheels, Windmills, and 
particularly the agenc^j of Steam, which is the great cause of 
the modern improvement and extension of manufactures. He 
treats likewise on subjects which relate to the carrying on, or 
facilitating, the commerce of the country, such as Inland 
Navigation, the construction of Bridges, Aqueducts, Lochs, 
Inclined Planes, and other contrivances, by which Vessels are 
raised or lowered from one Level to another; of Ships, Docks, 
Harbours, and Naval Architecture. On the whole, it is the 
great design of these Lectures to excite the attention of persons 
already acquainted with the principles of Mathematics, Phi- 
losophy, and Chemistry, to Beal Practice; and by drawing 
their minds to the consideration of the most useful inventions 



192 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

of ingenious men, in all jDarts of the kingdom, to enlarge their 
sphere of amusement and instruction and to promote the im- 
provement and progress of the Arts. 

'These Lectures are given in the Schools in the Botanical 
Garden, alternately with those of the Jacksonian Professor, in 
the Lent and Midsummer Terms \' 

In the vestibule of one of the most remarkable of European 
Laboratories, that of the chemical faculty in Bonn university, 
it is with some feeling of national pride that the Englishman 
will recognize among the select medallions of eminent chemists, 
&c., those of his own countrymen, Cavendish, Watt, and Davy, 

The Hon. Henry Cavendish was matriculated Dec. 1749, 
he was admitted fellow-commoner of Peterhouse, being con- 
temporary in residence with the E. of Euston (afterwards Duke of 
Grafton), Gray, and Jeremiah Markland. He left Cambridge 
just before the time when he should have taken his degree. 
As the 'three Articles' were then, and for about twenty years 
afterwards, required as a test for the degree of B.A., he may 
have been thereby deterred. Cavendish inherited some in- 
terest in science from his father, who was a meteorologist, 
and he himself has been ranked 'the third in order of time 
of the four great English pneumatic chemists of the 18tli 
century: the other three being Hales, Black, and Priestley^.' 
Sir H. Davy characterized him as "fearful of the voice of fame;" 
but now he is credited with being the real discoverer of the 
Composition of Water, to which Watt and Lavoisier have had 
their claims set up and demolished ^ There is now a cha- 
racteristic likeness of him in one of the windows of Peterhouse 
hall, from a cartoon by Mr Madox Brown, in his grey suit (once 
violet), and knocker-tailed periwig, standing with one hand 



1 Vniv. Calendar, 1802, pp. 2i, 25. of the commencement of Parish's lec- 

Another sketch of Parish's lectiu'es is tures for 1794. 

given in Facetiae Cantah. 1836, p. 154 ; ^ Life of the Hon. H. Cavendish htj 

and another in the Edhiburgh Ecvieiv G. Wilson, M.D. (Cavendish Society's 

of the first number of the Cambridge publications, 1851) p. 24. 

Philosophical Transactions in 1821. ^ Sir H. Ellis, Letters of Eminent 

In the reviewer's light sketch profes- Literary Men, p. 427 (Camden So- 

sors Clarke and Sedgwick are also ciety). 
noticed. I have seen a printed notice 



CHEMISTRY. 193 

behind his back, and his stockings hanging loose and un- 
gartered, like the boy Napoleon Bonaparte's \ 

Isaac Milner of Queens' was the first Jacksonian professor 
of Natural and Experimental Philosophy appointed in Cam- 
bridge (1783). According to the will of the founder, he and 
his successor, Fr. J. Hyde Wollaston, of Trinity HalP (1792) 
paid great attention to the exhibition of 'facts' in Natural 
History, &c., at least three hundred experiments being ex- 
hibited annually^. But Milner's experiments in Optics, though 
entertaining, were 'very little more than exhibitions of the 
Magic Lanthorn on a gigantic scale*.' When Vince broke 
through the bad example of preceding Plumian professors, 
by lecturing in Experimental Philosophy (1796), Wollaston 
devoted himself to Chemistry alone. Twelve students might 
receive nominations to attend these lectures gratis, four being 
reserved for Trinity. 

William Hyde Wollaston^, who studied medicine at Caius 
(M.B. 1788, M.D. and F.R.S. 1793), had a wider reputation 
than his namesake, as the discoverer of the goniometer for 
crystals, and was barely anticipated by Dalton in the rule of 
multiple proportions, a stepping-stone on the way of the atomic 
theory. With Smithson Tennant the Cambridge professor he 
detected the new metals palladium, rhodium, iridium and 
osmium in platinum ore, before Davy's discovery of potassium. 

Tennant's other discoveries relate to the analysis of carbonic 
acid, the magnesian variety of limestone, the inflammable nature 
of the diamond, the chemical examination of emery, the nitrovis 
solution of gold, and a mode of double distillation. Tennant 
was Copley medallist of the Koyal Society 1804 1 A notice of 



1 Wilson's Cavendish, pp. 167, 168. (dated 6 Dec. 1796) to the effect that 

^ Afterwards Master of Sidney ' in consequence of the election of Mr 

(1807). Vince to the Plumian Professorship, 

3 Univ. Calendar, 1802, p. 32. Mr Wollaston will discontinue his 

* Gunning's Reminisc. i. viii. Lectures in Experimental Philosophy 

5 Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, and intends to read Chemistry annu- 

III. pp. 150, 151, 160, 181, 207 (1837). ally.' His apparatus was handed over 

See also Muuk's Roll of R. C. P. ii. to Vince, partly to use and partly to 

381—3. dispose of. 

Dr Webb preserved a printed paper ^ Dyer, Privil. Camh, ii. ii. 99. 

w. 13 



194 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

his death is given in the next chapter, p. 199 n. Wright's 
account is not so accurate. 

The Plan of Wollaston's chemical course was printed at 
Cambridge in 1794. 

Later in the present century (1823) James Gumming of 
Trinity, the Cambridge professor of chemistry, determined the 
thermo-electric order of most of the metals within a few months 
of the discovery of thermo-electricity by Seebeck of Berlin\ 
Cumming's syllabus appeared in 1834 (Camb.) 

In days when the Universities could not set before them- 
selves tha task of giving a good education to more than one 
or two classes of professional men, and when the ancient road 
branching at one point into its triuium, and again parting in a 
guadriuium, had become overgrown and impracticable for the 
heavier traffick of the Sciences, it was perhaps inevitable 
(though humiliating) that our ancient bodies should be content 
practically to abandon the work of pioneering students in the 
natural Sciences. * What Science there was in England was in 
an attitude of hostility,' says the Eector of Lincoln College, 
speaking of Oxford at the time of /. Casauhon's visit about 
1613^ ' Neither Selden nor Bacon were ever fellows of a 
college.' This is the more to be regretted when we think of 
Bacon's almost pathetic dedications to the universities, whereof 
one is now engraved upon the pedestal of his monument in 
Trinity ante-chapel. 

In the seventeenth cenfLiry the universities manifested some 
jealousy of the Royal Society^ which (after some London meet- 
ings) was first established in Oxford in 164|. Even beyond the 
middle of the eighteenth century it beneficially centralised the 
best powers of the country on the Natural Sciences in their 
widest sense. Dr South, the University Orator, at the Encaenia 
in Oxford in 1669, took occasion to inveigh against it in his 
satirical vein, denouncing its members 'as underminers of the 
University; which was very foolish and untrue, as well as un- 

1 Dyer, Frivil. Camh. iii. 90. Engl Univ. (F. W. Newman) ii. i. 82. 

^ p. 417. Hobbes' sneer at the Eoyal Society is 

3 Evelyn's Dmr^/ (July 9, 1609) C^KU'. quoted by Dr Wliewell, Hist. Moral. 

Society, p. 287. Reliqu. Hearn. (anno Phil. p. 53. Mayor's 3Iatt. riohinson 

1731) Bliss III. 71. cd. 1. Ruber's lOi et passim. 



CHEMISTRY. 195 

reasonable.' In 1700 the tory W. King of Ch. Ch., LL.D., 
ridiculed the Royal Society and its president Sir Hans Sloane 
in the Transactioneer^. And Hearne {Diary, April 13, 1731) 
remarks that it ' sinks every day in it's credit both at home and 
abroad, occasioned in some measure by it's new statutes for 
election of foreigners and natives by posting up their names in 
the public room ten weeks together. 'Tis observable (what I 
have been told by one of the fellows thereof) that this Society 
is now as much tinged with J)arty principles as any publick 
body, and Whigg and Tory are terms better known than the 
naturalist, mathematician, or antiquary.' 

1 Johnson's Life of W. King. Sir he revived the publication of their 
Hans Sloane ^as president in 1727. Transactions which were commenced 
He was secretary in 1G93, whereupon 6 Mar. 164|. 



13—2 



CHAPTER XVII. 

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 



" Terrible apprehensions and answerable unto tlieir names, are raised of 

Fayrie stones, and Elves spiirs, found commonly with us in Stone, Chalk and 

Marl-pits." 

T. Browne, Vulgar Errors, ii. 5. 



Although some of the chief men who were interested iu 
mineralogy and geology in the last century got their degrees 
elsewhere', we find that both at Oxford and at Cambridge the 
study of stones was not a novelty. Two keepers of the Ashmo- 
lean, Ro. Plott {Magd. H.) and E. Llwyd {Jes) established the 
credit of Oxford in the 17th century. The latter edited a 
catalogue of english fossils in the Ashmolean Museum, under 
the title of Liiliophylacii Britannici Iconogra'pliia^ (8vo. Lend. 
1699 ; ed. 2. Oxon. 17G0). Llwyd's book has been useful ever 
since, especially for the figures. 

' A Lapidary or the history of Pretious Stones by T. Nichols 
sometimes of Jesus-Colledge in Cambridge,' printed by T. Buck, 
4to. Camb. 1652, was founded chiefly upon the Gemmaj^um 
Historia of Anselm Boetius de Boot. The classification of 
stones by sizes tells of diligence and system at Cambridge, if 
the science was but infantile. 

The study of Geology may be said to have been begun at 
Cambridge by the bequest of J. Woodward, M.D.^ (dated 1 Oct. 
1727) of his original collection of English Fossils (begun in 
1695 with wonderful system and sagacity) in two cabinets with 
their catalogues to that University, and at the same time the 
foundation of the Geological Professorship or Lectureship 

1 e.g. Woodward from Lambeth, in. 495, 496. Hearne's Diary (1706). 
his antagonist Sir J. Hill from Scot- Bliss i. 107. 

land, and iu more recent times 'father' ^ 'Woodward; a man ridiculed by 

W. Smith from Dublin. Pope who was his contemporary, but 

2 Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, who was far in advance of his age in 



GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 197 

with a view to opposing the theory of Dr Camerarius that 
fossils were not of organic origin \ Dr Conyers Middleton of 
Trinity (Bentley's 'fiddling Conyers',) was the first to fill it, 
being elected in 1731. Upon Dr Woodward's death his col- 
lection of Foreign Fossils also was secured for £1,000 {Reliq. 
Hearn. in. 18.) 

The professor was bound to attend at the Museum and to 
give oral instruction ' to all such curious and intelligent persons 
as shall desire a view of them'^ — he was expected also to de- 
liver four lectures a year in latin or english, and to publish one 
at least of them. 

About 1732 was printed by Bowyer Oratio de novo Physio- 
logiae explicandae munere ex celeberrimi Woodiuardi Testa- 
mento instituto, habita Cantabrigiae in Scholis Puhlicis a Con- 
yers Middleton^ S. T. P., Acad. Cant. Protobibliothecario et 
Lectori ibidem Woodwardiano. 

Middleton's successor was Charles Mason of Trinity, known 
as a practical engineer of a queer character. His ' Oratio Wood- 
wardiana ' appeared in 4to. Camb. 173-t. 

J. Mitchell of Queens' followed him (1762—4). Shortly 
before he was made professor he had enunciated with novel dis- 
tinctness the stratified structure of the earth's crust. (Philos. 
Trans. 1760). His papers shewed that he had himself inves- 
tigated the strata which occur between Cambridge and York*. 
His 'Essay on the Cause and Phenomena of Earthquakes' 
(1760) is philosophical and in advance of his contemporaries. 
His successor, Professor Sam. Ogden (Joh.) 1764, Avas a 
remarkable preacher. T. Green (Trin.) 1778 spent some pains 
in arranging the collections and books. J. Hailstone (Trin.) 
1788 was a botanist and antiquary as well as a geologist. He 
seems, from a comparison of the Calendars of 1802 and the fol- 

perceiving the importance of collections ^ Middleton held the professorship 

of organic and other fossils.' Wheioell. 1731 — i. The office of Protobibliothe- 

(Todhunter, i. 379.) His earlier works cariiis was created specially for him in 

were translated into french ; Amst. spite of Bentley, Dec. 15, 1721. In 

1735, &c. 1845 it was consolidated with the Li- 

1 Woodward, like Eay and Whiston, hrariauship. His scheme for the Li- 
considered Geology in illustration of brary is extant. 

the Mosaic record. * Whewcll, Hist. Induct, Sciences, 

2 Facetiae Cantab, pp. 151, 152. iii. 501. 



198 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

lowing years, to have been pretty constantly employed in giving 
descriptions to all comers for four hours twice a week, though he 
did not lecture. He made a collection distinct from Woodward's\ 
When Mr Hailstone died in 1818 there came forward a man 
who had studied geology for some time, G. Corn. Gorham of 
Queens' (B.A. 1809), known in theological controversy, and 
biographer of the botanists Martyn. 

The successful candidate was Adam Sedgwick, who with 
boldness equal to Watson's, but with more striking success, 
undertook to get up his subject after his election. He lectured 
both in his auditorium and in the open air with characteristic 
energy. 

Now, the Woodwardian, with the additions of the splendid 
Fletcher, Leckenby, and Walton collections, its fine series of 
fossil reptiles, and numerous other additions, many of them the 
result of Professor Sedgwick's work and liberality, is a museum 
of which the university may well be proud ; while the most 
ancient foundation of Peterhouse has a choice practical selection 
of specimens on a smaller scale, gathered and arranged with 
loving care by the late Master, whose love of science and fore- 
thought have left a mark on the Woodwardian Museum also. 

While Mr Hailstone was alive there arose an ardent disciple 
of the kindred science of mineralogy, Edward Daniel Clarke 
of Jesus, the famous traveller and discoverer of the Eleusinian 
' Ceres' or Caryatid. He gave lectures in mineralogy, Feb. 17, 
1807, which were enthusiastically received. The end of the 
following year he was made first i^rofessor of mineralogy at 
Cambridge. Hailstone was favourable to his lectures, which 
were delivered in the Botanic room by invitation from Tho. 
Martyn, who was become superannuated. 

Clarke's lecture-room was thus described from recollection — 

'We will wile away a few minutes over the beautiful 
specimens which are so delicately arranged upon the table, and 
the surrounding cases, from the primitive formation of granite 
to the costly stones and precious metals ; the [gas] blow-pipes^ 
too, [his own invention], whose intense heat in fusing metal has 

1 Hailstone published 'Outlines of chap. vii. and Wliewell's Writings and 
the Geolocjy of Cambridgeshire' 1816. Letters (Todhuuter) i. 378. 

2 Cf. Gunning's Reminisc. Vol. ii. 



GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 199 

SO much assisted the science; the picture of the grotto of Anti- 
paros, with its beautiful stalactites and crystal floor; the ingeni- 
ous section of the strata of this island; the green god of the 
New Zealanders; and a vast collection of curious and precious 
thinsrs.... His earnest manner of recommendinar his darling: 
pursuit shows that his heart and soul are wrapt in it. To a 
full audience he mentions the names of some ambitious tra- 
vellers among his pupils who have brought him specimens from 
Scandinavia, Switzerland, and the Pyrenees'.' He was called 
* Stone Clarke' as distinguishable from two other professors, 
Bone Clark (anat.) and Tone Clarke [Whitfield, — (music)]. 

J. Holme of Peterhouse framed the syllabus for his lectures, 
and assisted the professor to accuracy in details ^ 

Many may like to have preserved the following jeu d'esprit 
on Dr E. D. Clarke, attributed to professor Smyth of Peter- 
house. It exists in various forms, and has been communicated 
to me by Mr J. Willis Clark of Trinity. 

I slug of a Tutor reuownecl 
Who went roving and raving for knowledge, 

And gatlier'd it all the world ronnd, 
And brought it in hoxes to College. 

And because Mathematics"' was clear, — 
Too clear for our Metaphysicians^ — 

Introduced Dr Gall as I hear 
To enlighten his Academicians. 

Tol de rol, &c. 

His pupils flocked eagerly round 
When they heard there was nothing to bore 'em, 

But guess their surj^rize when they found 
A lot of old skulls placed before 'em. 

Astonished confused-* and perplext, 
They stared at their Lectm-er able, 

^ Facetiae Cantab, p. 153. in 1815) he would have left a lasting 

2 Gunning L cit. In [Wright's] J ?)«a name behind him. 'He was known 

Mater ii. 31 Clarke's grief at his friend throughout Em-ope by several impor- 

Tenuant's death is commemorated. tant discoveries, among others that 

When Farish became Jacksoniau Pro- the diamond is the purest form of 

fessor, S. Tennant succeeded him in carbon, which he explained in the Pfei- 

the chair of Chemistry (1813). He losophical Transactions.' (G. Pryme'a 

was devoted to that science even as an Recoil, p. 115. Gunning's Reminisc. 

undergraduate (1786), and but for his ii. ii.) 

untimely end (which was owing, not to ^ al. 'Metaphysics Mathemati- 

drowning as Wright supposed, but to cians.' 

the fall of a draw-bridge near Boulogne ^ «?. ' plagued.' 



200 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

And the Freshmen expected that next 
Old Nick would pop up through the table. 

' Come round me, Sophs^, Freshmen and all,' 
Cried the Doctor, and sprang from his chair : 

'You shall hear of the wonderful GaU, 
And of skulls and^ their mysteries rare. 

Of Thought, how it comes and it goes, 
And of Life in the marrow descending ; 

And I'll tell you what nobody knows, 
And you'll see me begin at the ending. 

' First there's life that must fashion and warm, 
And when figure and form have begun 

The skull is the seat of the charm, 
'Tis there you must look for the fun. 

And you've only to peep in the brain 
Just to see how it bumps and it bends, 

And when the whole matter is plain, 
Why — 'tis plain the whole mystery ends. 

' Observe now this skull I pick out, 
'Tis'* hard; see how slowly it moulders; 

And hence I conclude without doubt 
'Twas on some Fellow Commoner's shoulders. 

And this, by* the lines in the face, 
Belonged to some fam'd Ehetorician. 

And this by this little soft place, 
Was the head of a Metaphysician.' 

Then he talked in a capital strain 
Of the Lion the Bear and the Fox, 

Of Parrots with miisical brain, 
And of men with mechanical blocks, 

That the Organ of Courage was clear 
To the test of an Investigation, 

And he talked till his Pupils looked queer 
Of an Organ of Assassination. 

Next he shewed how the Organ of Thought 
Was developed, as easy as may be. 

How Man to perfection was brought 
By tinkering the nob of the Baby. 

The Doctor grew more and more able 
And his eloquence clearer and clearer, 

Till he knocked round the skulls on the table 
And knocked up the skull of each hearer. 

1 al. 'ye merry men all.' * al. ...'by the marks in this place 

^ al. ' and of brains and of hair.' Was the head of a Mathematician 

^ al. ' How hard! See, how little it And this, by the lines in the face.' 
moulders.' 



DOCTOR CLARKE. 201 

But ' alas ! while the Doctor was prosing 
Of Brains^ and their wonderful parts, 

In entered a German ^ imposing 
To sell him a lump of Red Quartz. 

Red Quartz ! There was no standing that, 
And besides he had with him a gander 

Which he swore had grown jolly and fat 
At the Tomb of the Great Alexander, 

And Flaxman was now at the door, 
To talk of the Ceres* divine; 

And Bircham^ to settle the Corps; 
And Caldwell to sell him bad wine. 

In the Court were five Lions from Town, 
And a message came hot from the Master 

So that round about up-stairs and down 
The plot thicken'd faster and faster. 

Oh me ! cried poor Clarke in a stew. 
And to lecture no longer was able, 

Off, whizz ! like a rocket he flew, 
Overturning the skulls and the table. 

And he cried in a whiff as he w'ent 
That now nothing more was expedient. 

That in short they all knew what he meant 
And that now he must be then* Obedient. 

So huzza for all Tutors and Lectures 
And our able promoters of knowledge. 

And the rest of our learned protectors, 
Not forgetting the Cooks of the College. 

And long may a Tutor be found 
To explain Dr GalVs lucubrations. 

And his humbugging System profound 
Of prancing and proud botherations. 

After 1813, when he was translated to the Jacksonian pro- 
fessorship, Farish prefixed (in the University Calendar of 1814) 
to his syllabus about mining, &c. (see above p. 191) — ' the 
natural history of minerals.' Hailstone and Clarke were al- 
ready engaged for that subject. 

^ al. ' Thus far had the Doctor pro- 30th foot di-illed the Cambridge Volun- 

ceeded.' teers. Prof. Clarke was on the Com- 

2 al. ' sculls.' mittee and his college (Jesus) supplied 

3 al. 'and pleaded the largest contingent to the corps 
He'dbrought him a lump of fine Quartz.' after Trinity and S. John's. Ld. 
Fine quartz ! ' Palmerston was one of his comrades. 

4 the Ceres. See p. 198. Cp. Otter's Clarke ii. 210. Cooper's 

5 In 180.S Capt. S. Bircham of the Annals iv. 478, 9. Gunning ii. vii. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 



BOTANY. 



BeruarJus iialles, colles Bencdictus amabat, 
Fraiiciscus uillas, maguas Ignatius vu'bes. 



If the fathers of the monastic orders had their tastes in 
scenery and situation, their degenerate posterity at Oxford 
and Cambridge in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries 
took great pleasure in gardens. Paradise and Christ Church 
Walks, Merton and Magdalene Gardens, St John's Grove, 
New College and Wadham Gardens, Trinity Mount — beguiled 
the solitude of Earle, Addison, and Whitefield; while ' Kinges 
colledge hacJcesides^,' the Groves of Peterhouse, Queens', and 
Trinity Hall, the Wilderness of St John's, the Gardens of 
Christ's, Emmanuel and Sidney, as Avell as the walks of Trinity, 
oifered their attractions to Barrow and Simeon. The avenue 
of the last-named royal foundation, with Coton Church in the 
distance, suggested to the sportive fancy of Person a type of 
a clerical fellowship which he declined — 'a long dreary walk 
with a church at the end of it.' Many, perchance, Avould 
question the great critic's estimate both of the 'Coton grind' 
and of the Trinity-fellowship and country-Parsonage — 

* Sheltered, but not to social duties lost, 
Secluded, but not buried".' 

However, gardens are not only suited for academic dis- 
cussion and meditation, recreation and pleasant converse; but 
as they were in the days of Evelyn and Sir T. Browne, they 

^ See Speed's map of Cambridge, 1610. 
2 W. Wordsworth's Excursion, Book v. 



BOTANY. 203 

may he made studies in themselves \ Lord Bacon wrote as 
follows in 1G05, 'We see likewise that some places instituted for 
physic [medicinae (1623)] have annexed the commodity of 
gardens for simples of all sorts, and do likewise command the 
use of dead bodies for anatomies".' 

The study of botany made one very great and important 
step in the course of the last century. But if we say that 
Charles von Linnd, or Linnaeus, of Sweden published his most 
remarkable works about the middle of the century, and that 
his system was introduced into our Universities about ten years 
later, and that there were one or two families of enthusiasts 
who kept the claims of their subject before our learned public, 
we have said nearly all. If we may say that Newton belonged 
to the seventeenth century, and left few behind to continue 
his work, we might more fairly surrender Bay (d. 170|) to 
that period, and assert that his work outstript our investiga- 
tions for the next century in their claim to be recognized as 
scientific. J. Bay was a student of Catharine hall, whence 
he migrated to Trinity and became fellow of that royal foun- 
dation (1G49) — but was afterwards deprived (though in holy 
orders) for refusing to protest against the Solemn League and 
Covenant. He subsequently conformed. 

After his time English botanists seem to have contented 
themselves with collecting plants, especially curiosities, and 
in publishing catalogues. In such occupations and in herbarizing 
expeditions considerable energy was expended. Even as early 
as 1054 Bay's contemporary Barrow^ asserted that Cambridge 
freshmen could name and distinguish all plants that were to 
be found in the fields and gardens of the neighbourhood. 

When Uffenbach visited Oxford in 1710 he went (Sept. 19), 
to the hortus medicus with Dr Biittner. They had an intro- 
duction to professor Jacob Bobart *, an ill-favoured man, rather 

1 The colleges were intended appa- ' auelanis ' (nuts) and ' focalibris.' 

rently to be self supporting. To this ^ Advancement of Learning, ir. 'To 

day Queens' has its own kitchen gar- the King. ' 

den. Mr J. W. Clark has drawn my ^ Works (Napier) is. 46. 

attention to the reditiis orti in the ^ The younger Jacob Bobart, who 

old covijnitus rolls, whence it appears like his father was keeper of the Ox- 

that in 1472 (e. gr.) Peterhouse made ford physick-garden (1683— 1719. )> 

what was then a haud;=omc sum from manufactured a winged dragon out 



204) UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

a gardener than a botanist. However he was devoted to his 
occupation, and pubKshed the work of his more scientific pre- 
decessor Kob. Morison\ The plants seemed to Uffenbach 
pretty numerous, but not to be comjDared with the treasures 
of Leyden and Amsterdam. Some specimens intended for 
the former place had found their way to Oxford, having been 
captured by a French privateer ; afterwards when they were 
recognized Bobart kindly restored them to professor Hermann 
of Leyden. Biittner did not see a dozen plants which he con- 
sidered rare, 

Morison died in London Nov. 10, 1683, and the second 
professor Edwin Sandys of Wadham was not appointed by the 
University till 1720, if we may rely on an old Oxford Calendar. 
Jacob Bobart the younger (above-mentioned) succeeded Mori- 
son at least in the work of the place. His father Jacob, who 
died in 16^, had also published (1048) a catalogue of the 
plants at Oxford, more than twenty years before the first 
professor was appointed. The botanical gardens seem to have 
descended from father to son in quite a patriarchal style. 
Beside the Linngei at Upsal, and the Martjms at Cambridge, 
there were at Oxford the Bobarts, and Humphrey and John 
Sibthorp, father and son (1747, and 1784 — 96). These last 
were preceded by John James Dillenius of Darmstadt, who 
had followed Sherard to England in 1721, of whose foundation 
he was first professor in 1728. He had undertaken an edition 
of Ray's Synopsis Stirpium Britannicarum. He entered at 

of a rat's skin which deluded several of the Koyal Gardens, and ' first 

naturalists and was deposited in the director of the Botanical Garden at 

museum. (Grey's Hiidlbras i. 125 n.) Oxford.' He wrote ' Eemarks on the 

Cp. Terrae-FUius sxvi. Mistakes of the two Bauhins ' (16G9), 

1 However Cuvier and Whewell do and ' Plantarum Historia universaUs 

not speak very highly of his system Oxouiensis ' (the original volume) fol, 

of classification. ' The most distinct Clarendon Press, 1680. 
part of it, that dependent on the fruit, Morison was the Duke of Ormond's 

was probably borrowed from Caesalpi- candidate for the Sedleian professor- 

nus.' (Whewell Hist. Ind. Sciences iii. ship. Ealph Bathurst wrote to the 

296.) Morison was an Aberdeen man duke (their Chancellor) 16 Nov. 1675, 

wounded near Dee bridge in the Eoyal to explain that botany was not enough 

cause. — He retired to France where for a professor of Natural Philosophy, 

Charles II. found him, and after his and that they elected Dr Millington. 

Hestoratiou made him superintendent {^Yo,y:ton's Bathurst, i. 138.) 



BOTANY. 205 

St John's, and in 1735 received the degree of M.D. He died 
in 1747, having publisht Ilortus Eltliamensis, and a liistoi^y 
of Mosses. 

We have a quaint account of the dutch appearance of the 
Oxford Physick Garden in 1707, from the pen of Thomas 
Tickell {Queen's), in his poem of ' Oxford.' 

' How sweet tlie landskip ! where in living trees 
Here frowns a vegetable Hercules ^ ! 
There fam'd AchiUes learns to live again, 
And looks yet angry in the mimic scene ; 
Here artful birds, which blooming arbours show, 
Seem to fly higher while they upward grow, 
From the same leaves both arms and warriors rise ; 
And every bough a different charm supplies. 

So when our world the great Creator made' &c. &c. 

The 'Pocket Companion for Oxford' 1761 (pp. 22 — 24), 
dilates upon the architectural glories of the Physick Garden 
adorned by the Earl of Dan by, 1632. ' The Garden is divided 
into four Quarters, with a broad Walk down the Middle, a 
cross Walk, and one all round. Near the Entrance, one on the 
R. and the other on the L. H., are two elegant and useful 
Greenhouses, built by the University for Exotics ; of which 
there is as considerable a Collection, as can be met with any 
where. One of the large Aloes was blown in 1750, and grew 
to the Height of 21 Feet. In the Quarters within the Yew 
Hedges, is the greatest Variety imaginable of such Plants 
as require no artificial Heat to nourish them, all ranged in 
their proper Classes, and numbered. At the lower end of the 
middle Walk, near the Iron Gates, are two magnificent Yew- 
Trees, cut in the Form of Pedestals (but of Enormous Size) 
with a Flower-Pot on the Top, and a Plant as it were 
growing out of it.... Eastward of the Garden, without the Walls 
is an excellent Hot-House; where tender Plants, such whose 
native Soil lies beneath the Tropics, are raised and brought 
to great Perfection ; viz. the Anana or Pine-Apple, the Plan- 
tain, the Coffee Shrub, the Caper Tree, the Cinnamon, the 

1 Mrs Alicia D'Anvers {Academia : of a Giant the Face Alabaster ' in tlio 

or Humom-s of the Univ. of Oxford Physick Garden, and another in the 

in Burlesque Verse, 1691, p. 16 n.) shape of a crane. 
speaks of ' A Tree cut into the shape 



206 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Creeping Cereus, and many others. These Pine-Apples have 
nearly the same delicious Flavour as those in warmer Climates ; 
the Caper and the Coffee-Shrub also bear well. 

' The Earl settled an annual Revenue for the Maintenance 
of the Garden, and furnished it with Plants and Herbs, for 
the Use of such Gentlemen of the University who study 
Botany, as a necessary Branch of Physic. This useful Foun- 
dation has been much improved by the late Dr Sherard, 
who brought from Smyrna a valuable Collection of Plants. He 
built a Library adjoining to the Garden, for Botanical Books, 
and furnished it with a curious Collection. One End of this 
Building hath, within a few Years been altered into a conve- 
nient Apartment for the Professor whose Salary is paid out 
of the Interest of 3000^. given by Dr Sherard for that Purpose. 
The Assistant to the Professor is paid by the University.' In 
1764 Israel Lyons the younger, a native of Cambridge, 
lectured on botany at Oxford to a class of sixty or more, at 
the instance of [Sir] Joseph Banks who had learnt that science 
from him. He had some reputation as a mathematician. 

The following botanical works were produced at Oxford : — 

IG'lS. Catalogus Horti Botanici Oxon. (by Jacob Bobart the elder.) 

1658. Catalogiis &c. priore duplo auctior. (by P. Stephan, W. Browne aud 

Bobart. ) 
1672. Plantarum Umbelliferarum Distributio Nova. Eo. Morison. 
1678. Plautarum Historia Universalis Oxoniensis, fol. Vol. i. (by E. Morison : 

posthumoits.) 
1690. Plantarum Hist. Universal. Oxon. Vol. ii. (by Jacob Bobart the 

younger.) 
1699. In Historian! Plantarum Adnotationes Nomiuum singularum plantarum 

liuguii Arabica, Persica, Tui-cicri, by T. Hyde D.D. Queen's, oriental 

professor and keeper of the Bodleian. 
1713. Vertumnus. An Epistle to Mr Jacob Bobart, Botany Professor of the 

univ. of Oxford and keeper of the Physick-Garden. (frontisp.) 12mo. 

pp. 1—33. 
1732. Hortus Elthamensis. J. J. Sherard Dillenius^. 
1740. Historia Muscorum. J. J, Sherard Dilleuius. 

179-4. Flora Oxoniensis exhibens Plantas in Agro Oxon. Auctore Jo. Sib- 
thorp, M.D., F.E.S. 

1 Professor Dillenius of S. John's country round Oxford. Dr Alcock 

•whom Sherard brought from Giessen used to find the plants when he went 

and appointed his first professor was botanizing about 1740. Memoirs of 

created M.D. in 1735. He scattered Nathan Alcock (1780) p. 24. 
foreign and indigenous seeds in the 



BOTANY. 207 

1808. Flora Graeca & Florae Graecae Prodromus, vol, i. Svo. J. Sibthorp 
(the characters by yir J. E. Smith.) 

Ill the middle of the seventeenth century, Matthew Eobin- 
son, of St John's, was an ardent botanist at Cambridge, and 
pursued the study after he left the university \ 

Adam Buddie, whose botanical collection UfFenbach saw in 
the British Museum in 1710 {L'eisen iii. 202) took his degree at 
Catharine Hall in 1681. 

Among the records of permission for non-residence, which 
were granted at Peterhouse from time to time, is the licence 
of * W. Vernon on the approval of the Visitor to be absent for 
three or four years to improve his Botanick Studies in the 
West Indies,' with the proviso that he shall certify yearly 
that he is alive and unmarried. (Dated 23 Dec. 1697.) Vernon 
collected plants in Maryland, as Hans Sloane did in Jamaica, 
and John Banister in Virginia^ 

Of the minor botanists of Cambridge in the last century 
we may notice Benjamin Stillingfleet the younger, whom Gray 
described as a cheerful, honest and good-hearted man. His 
grandfather was the bishop of Worcester, whose ex-chaplain 
Bentley invited this young man to Trinity and then used 
his influence to prevent his election to a fellowship, observing 
that ' it was a pity that a gentleman of Mr Stillingfleet's parts 
should be buried within the walls of a College.' The colour 
of his stockings has been immortalized in our language as the 
sohinquet for learned ladies such as delighted in his company. 
He made in 1755, and published in 1761, the Calendar of 
Flora, in Swedish and English, Miscellaneous Tracts by mem- 
bers of Upsal University, translated from the latin 1759, &c., 
and other works. He was one of the first (in 1757) to bring 
the system of Linna)us into notice in England '\ 

At the end of the century James Lambert, a senior fellow 
of Trinity and regius professor of greek, was much addicted 
to this study*. The Quarterly Reviewer said in 1827 (p. 263), 
that the study of botany was then 'just awakened out of a 
thirty years' slumber.' 

1 Mayor's M. Robinson pp. 31, 106. ^ Boswell's Johnson, sub anno 1781. 

2 Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, Nichols' I/ff. J need. u. 336. 

III. p. 291, ed. 1837. * Gunning's Reminisc. ii. oh. iv. 



208 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

The following books relating to Cambridge and Cambridge- 
shire botany have been printed : — 

1660. Catalogus Plantarum circa Cantabrigiam nasceutiiim I. Raius. 8vo. 

1663. Eay's first Appendix ad Catalogum &c. 8vo. and 12mo. 

1667. Edmuudi Castelli Oratio. (Scripture botauy elucidated frora oriental 

writers i.) 
1685. Eay's second Appendix. 
1716 — 27. Five Decads of a Historia Plantarum Succulentarum...quae in 

Horto sicco coli non possuut. (R. Bradley.) 4to. 
1727. Methodus Plantarum circa Cantabrigiam uasceutium (J. Martyn) 8vo. 

and 12mo. 
1734. Bradley's Hist. Plant. Succulent, (reprinted posthumously). 
1741. The Georgicks of Virgil with a Translation and Notes (partly botanical) 

by J. Martyn. 
1749. The Bucolicks (ditto). 
1754. On the Sex of Holly, by J. Martyn (Philos. Transact.) 

1763. Plantae et Herbationes Cantabrigienses. T. Martyn. 

A Short Account of Dr Walker's Donation to the Botanick Garden. 

T. Martyn. 
Fasciculus Plantarum circa Cantabrigiam nascentiiim quae post Raium 

observatae fuere. Israel Lyons juu. (Bowyer). 

1764. Heads of Botany Lectures (privately printed). T. Martyn. 

1771. Catalogus Horti Botanici Cantabrigiensis. T. Martyn. 

1772. Catalogus &c. editio secunda. (With Lectm-es and a Plan of the 

Gardens prefixed.) 
1775. The Elements of Natural History. T. Martyn. Cavib. 8vo. 
1782. Heads of Lectures on Botany, Natural History and Fossils. T. Martyn. 
1785. Rousseau's Letters on Elements of Botany. To a young Lady. 

T. Martyn. 
1788. Thirty-Eight Plates to illustrate Linnteus' System of Vegetables and 

Rousseau's Letters, T. Martyn. 
1786 — 93. Three parts of Flora Cantabrigiensis by R. Eelhan (collected in 1802 

and 1820.) 
1787. Heads of a Course of Botanical Lectures delivered at Cambridge by 

R. Relhan. 
1792—4. Flora Rustica. T. Martyn. 

1793. The Language of Botauy. A dictionary with critical Remarks. T. Mar- 

tyn. 

1794. Horti Botanici Cantab. Catalogus^. 

Account of the Botanic Garden at Cambridge''. 

1802, 1820. Relhani Flora Cantabrigiensis, see above. 

1804, 1807. Hortus Cantabrigiensis ; or a Catalogue of Plants Indigenous and 

Exotic, by James Donn, Curator. 
1807. T. Martyu's edition of P. Miller's Gardener's and Botanist's Dictionarg. 
(A Ust of Fen-plauts by W. Marshall, Esq. of Ely is given in G. 

Pryme's Recollections, pp. 147, 405.) 

^ A copy in Queens' Coll. Library, ^ Queens' Coll. Library, Hh. 3. 31. 

M. 14.36. 3 ihid.V. 5. (11). 



BOTANY. ■ 209 

1829. A Catalogue of British Plants arranged according to the Natural 
System, with the Synonyms of De CandoUe, Smith and Lindley. 
By Prof. J, S. Henslow. Camb. 8vo. pp. 40. 

It appears that about 1588 John Gerard the herbalist 
tried to move lord Burleigh to establish a botanical garden 
in Cambridge, and to recommend him as 'Herbarist\' but 
his project came to nothing, and the letter which he com- 
posed never had the Chancellor's signature. A similar attempt 
to establish a physic garden at Cambridge was made a century 
later (1695), which also met with no success ^ 

Ri. Davies M.D. of Queens', writing to Dr Hales in 1759, 
on the General State of Education, &c., says ' Oxford indeed 
has long enjoyed a Botanic Garden^ which since the time of 
Mr Sherard's donations has been properly supported. There 
has also been lately erected there a magnificent pile of 
Building by the donation of a celebrated Physician of the 
last age. But it has not proved a real enlargement of the 
School of Science.' — The Library founded by John Radcliffe, 
M.D., Line. 1682, was originally entirely the Physical Library. 
It was opened April 13, 1749. 

The ground for the garden at Cambridge was actually 
measured and the plan drawn in 1696, but through some 
unknown impediment the scheme failed ^ But the hopes of a 
later generation were raised when the title of Professor of 
Botany was conferred on Hi. Bradley ^ F.R.S., by a grace dated 
Nov. 10, 1724. He was author of a large number of miscel- 
laneous works on botany and agriculture. He died in 1732, 
Nov. 5, while measures were being taken to deprive him on 
account of his irregularities. It is said that he was chosen pro- 
fessor 'by means of a pretended verbal recommendation from 
Dr Sherard to Dr Bentley, and pompous assurances that he 
would procure the University a public Botanical Garden by his 
own private purse and personal interest... with the mere view 



1 Cooper's Annals, ii. 458, 459. * Bradley's most important research 

2 Baker MS. xlii. 138 b, ap. Cooper's related to exotic succulent plants. 
Annals, iv. 30. See preceding page, s. a. 1734, and 

' Cole MS. xxsiii. 26, Athcnae iii, Nichols' Lit. A need. i. 446??. 
312. 

W. 14 



210 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

(it should seem) of obtaining the Botanical Cliair \' How 
thoroughly Bentley was alive to the importance of this as of 
other branches of science may be seen from his correspondence 
{Wordsiu. pp. 620 — 625) with the Rev. John Lawrence on 
Silphium and Lasevpitium. 

Bradley publicly repeated his promise in his lectures in 
1729, but nothing was done. And as he usually neglected to 
read lectures the university made no difficulty to permit another 
person to do it. Mr John Martyn, F.R.S., who in his early 
days as a counting-house clerk had herbarised in St George's 
Fields, was 'recommended by Dr Sherard and Sir Hans Sloane 
as a proper person to execute the office. Accordingly in the 
next year (1727) in the Anatomy Schools he gave the first 
course that ever had been read there in that Science, with a 
view to restore this study on the spot which should seem most 
adapted to its growth, as having nourished the most eminent of 
all our english Naturalists, the excellent Mr Ray.' It appears, 
however, that Bradley was shamed into reading a course of 
Lectures on the Materia Medica in 1729, which he published 
in 1730. 

John Martyn entered at Emmanuel in 1730. In the fol- 
lowing year he had several conferences with Dr Mawson, the 
V. C, and Phil. Miller of the Chelsea garden^ about the pro- 
jected physick gai'den at Cambridge, but the ground (Brownell's) 
designed for it, was secured for some other purpose. In 1733 
on Bradley's death J. Martyn was elected professor, H. Goddard 
of St John's and T. Parne of Trin. retiring. 

He continued to lecture only till 1735, when other employ- 
ment enffagfed his time. However, he did not lose his interest 
in the subject, but soon afterwards opened a correspondence 
with Linnaeus : and in 1741 he sent forth his botanical edition 
of Virgil's Georgicks dedicated to Mead, the astronomical por- 
tion being submitted to Halley. In 1749 his translation and 
notes of the Bucolicks followed. 

He had a valuable botanical library (200 vols.) which with 

J Gorham's Memoirs of the Martyns Bentley, wliicli tlie latter terminated 

pp. 31, 32... 113. Cooper's Annals, iv. abruptly with the celebrated ' Walker, 

185. my hat,' is narrated by Monk (Life ii. 

■■' The interview between Miller and 406, 407). 



BOTANY. 211 

his Ilortus Siccus of foreign plants be bequeathed to the Uni- 
versity on his resignation. The lack of a garden was still felt : 
indeed we are told that W. Heberden's course of experiments 
on Medicinal plants of Cambridgeshire, about 1748, was spoilt 
for want of one \ But it was left for Martyn's son to supply it. 

In 1761 Thomas Marty n (5th senior optime, Emman. 1756), 
tutor of Sidney, succeeded his father Joh. Martyn of Emmanuel 
(who survived exactly six years) as professor of Botany. In 
the following year Dr Ri. Walker, Bentley's Vice Master, en- 
dowed the new garden, where many plants had already been 
put in, and a greenhouse partially erected. He appointed 
T. Martin (sic) as first reader, and C. Miller first curator^. 
T. Martyn introduced the Linnaean system^ into his first 
lecture in 1763, contemporaneously with professor Hope in 
Edinburgh. 

Young Martyn's publications have been enumerated above, 
so far as they relate to Cambridge. In May 1766 he had 
but few pupils, and those inattentive. His curator C. Miller 
went to the East Indies in 1770, and the professor gratuitously 
supplied his place, receiving (till 1793) nothing but lecture-fees. 
Soon after he married the sister of the master of his college 
and took the incumbency of Triplow, but continued to lecture, 
though his subject was not at all popular : indeed in 1782 (if 
not in other years) he was forced to include natural history and 
geology in his course in order to secure an audience. Miller 
(who was son of the Chelsea curator) had worked satisfactorily 
for eight or nine years before his resignation. A good account 
of Sumatra was pirated from his papers for Philos. Transact. 
Lxviii. 160*. 

In May, 1784, a syndicate was appointed to build a lecture- 
room for the Botanical and Jacksonian Professors ^ The 
Calendar of 1802 states that T. Martyn lectured in this room ® 

^ Gorham's Martyns 117. Philosophia Botanica and the Species 

- ibid. 32, 33, Plantarum effectually drew him over 

^ Linnaeus when visiting England to Linnaeus. 

in 1736 had been coldly received by ^ Gorham's il/ar<2/)?s 111,114 n. 

Hans Sloaue, and Dillenius the Oxford s Cooper's Annals iv. 412. 

professor refused to accept the sexual ^ jx^ Gorham however says that 

system. Thomas Martyn was a Eayian he delivered his last lectm-es in 1796. 

about 1750, but about 1751 — ^3 the He died in 1825, and was succeeded 

14—2 



212 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

during the first half of the Midsummer term at 4 p.m., 
explaining the elements of Botany, and elucidating Linnaeus' 
system. The doctrine of the Sexes in Plants, being the foun- 
dation of that system, was proved. The Theory of Vegetation 
and other matters relative to the Physiology of Plants were 
detailed ; and finally, the more curious and useful species were 
selected and exhibited. When he got old, Thomas Martyn lent 
his lecture-room to E. D. Clarke, the professor of mineralogy. 

A controversy between Sir J. E. Smith, M.D. (President of 
the Linnaean Society^), and professor J. H. Monk (1818, 1819), 
on the Cambridge Botanical Professorship, is bound up in a 
volume of pamphlets^ in the library of Trinity College, Cam- 
bridge. It arose from the successful opposition of the tutors of 
most of the colleges', refusing to allow their pupils to attend the 
lectures of one who was a member neither of the University 
nor of the Church of England ; Thomas Martyn having nomi- 
nated Sir James as his substitute. 



by J. S. Henslow the mineralogist. iv. 520, 521. Gorham's Martyns 

Perhaps Ei. Eellian of Trin. was 242 — 9. 

Martyn's deputy at this time. 3 Queens', Clare Hall, Benet Coll., 

^ He purchased the herbarium and Magdalene and Downing were not 

collections of Linnaeus. represented. 

* X. 14. 10. Cp, Cooper's Annals, 



CHAPTER XIX. 



THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS. 

* Non stabit pro forma.' 

Specimen of Early Latin. 

That candidates for the degree of B. A. had some instruction 
in Philosophy (probably as much as they ever had) we have 
already seen. But since the Reformation there does not seem 
to have been any great effort made to incite bachelors to spend 
their three years in the statutable pursuit of the University 
quadriuium of Music Arithme'tic, Geometry and Astronomy. 
Still in 1787 the University still required of candidates for a 
Mastership in Arts three years continuance as B.A., and (in that 
capacity) 

Three Respondencies against M.A. Opponents. 
Two .... B.A. . 
One Declamation \ 

Hence we gather that even M.A.S were called upon to dis- 
pute ^ (See Statut Acad. cap. L.) 

Accordingly the colleges^ bade their bachelors to exercise 
themselves in Acts within their walls. It was in order to 
remunerate M.A. Fellows who acted as moderators in these 
college disputations, that college fees for M.A. degrees were 
levied originally from B.A.s. But, as I have observed, when 

1 Considerations on the Oaths. ..hy a ceremonies of Admission and Sub- 
Member of the Senate. Camb, 1788, scription to the xxxvith Canon; — 
p. 43. Appendix I. and for an ordinary M.A. ' performed 

2 But these ' acts ' were huddled privately ' before his ' supplicat ' was 
tlirough all at one time, after the offered. Ceremonies Wall-Gunning 
style of ' Hodiissime, Omnes Magistri pp. 167, 168 (1828). 

estote' {Qovbei's Ballad. 1615), for ^ The Statutes of University College 

an ad eundem degree in the presence Oxon. ordered that a moderator of the 
of an M.A. and a B.A., between the bachelors should be appointed to pre- 



214 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

undergraduates began to be admitted at a manlier age, tbere 
was a tendency at Cambridge to anticipate the course of stiidy, 
and to require from undergraduates that mathematical know- 
ledge which according to the statutes belonged rather to gradu- 
ates. Shall we say that Oxford went further \ and expected 
her undergraduates to be qualified as bachelors in the arch- 
science of Divinity ? 

It is not surprising that a man of Gray's calibre should 
rebel against the thraldom of mathematical and metaphysical 
lectures (1736) ; but towards the close of the 18th century, 
there was a growing vehemence in the protest against that 
state of affairs which continued until the foundation of the 
Classical Tripos in this century. 

I have read two pamphlets of the year 1788, in which this 
complaint is set forth — that at Cambridge mathematics was 
made the only standard of merit and 'the only Introduction to 
a Fellowship ^,' ' Mathematics ^ with a little Logic, Metaphysics, 
and Moral Law, constitute the sum of the course of lectures : 
for Divinity, History, and Classical Knowledge scarce enter into 
the plan; Civil and Common Law never: so that unless . a 
student have a taste for mathematical studies, he may as well 
not attend the public lectures.' And the like testimony was 
borne by R. Acklom Ingram of Queens' in 1792*. 

But if at Cambridge mathematics were dominant, this was 
not so at Oxford : while on the other hand she could not boast 
any more than her sister that she was free from the abuse of 
huddling^, though she did not perhaps recognize the name. 
If I mistake not, the Cambridge Schools had the dust swept 
from them and the daylight let into them many years before 
the Oxford examination was made efficient. 

It has been stated, that real examinations may have taken 

Bide over the disputatious of the ^ The Necessity of Introducing Di- 

bachelors. Dr Stauley informed the vinity into the regular Course, &c. 

Commifsioners in 1852 that the office by E. A. Ingram. Colchester &c. 1792. 

was still retained in name. p. 122. 

1 Cp. [Southey's] Espriella ii. 79. ^ Dr Knox (ap. Gradus ad Cantab. 

^ Rcmarhs on the Enormous Expence s. v. Huddling) says that at Oxford 

in Education, 1788, p. 13. ' droll questions are put on any sub- 

^ Considerations on the Oaths, 1788, ject ; and the puzzled candidate fur- 

p. 16. nishes diversion by his awkward em- 



THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS. 215 

place ill Oxford up to the thirteenth century, but they had 
completely fallen into disuse at all events after the end of 
that century^ Two years after the statutes of 1636'"' a supple- 
mentary statute introduced at Oxford a principle which had 
been recognized at Cambridge a century before : viz. that of a 
real examination for the degree in arts ; the degree having 
depended virtually upon a plurality of votes, although nomi- 
nally upon the old scholastic exercises, which for a long time 
past were become a practical nullity \ And it would not now 
have been prudent politically to encourage the freedom of 
disputations. So pass examinations were established. 

It seems a startling statement, but so far as I am aware 
there was no such thing at Oxford as an honour examination for 
degrees until the nineteenth century^ 

The same wave of interest in university examination which 
distressed Powell and Jebb at Cambridge about 1770, seems to 
have stirred a ripple on the tranquil waters of Isis. In 1773 
was printed Considerations on the Public Exercises for the First 
and Second Degrees in the University of Oxford. This pam- 
phlet was circulated in Cambridge, and was considered by Jebb 
as 'an ingenious performance*.' The writer mentions that the 
question had been mooted at ' an occasional meeting of several 
respectable Members of the University,' and had been subse- 
quently commended by the V. C. to the serious consideration of 
the Heads of Houses and the Proctors, He proposes to make 
the examinations really public by having fixed days for their 
performance, a change which would also induce men to com- 
mence their residence at one time of year: that there should be 
two regular Examiners or Censors holding office perhaps for 
three years. The first Aveek in Lent Term should be an exami- 

barrassment. I have known ' (he tronomy, Metaphysics, Natural Philo- 
' the question on the occasion sojihy, Ancient History and Hebrew, 



to consist of au enquiry into the as well as the continuation of the 

pedigree of a race-horse.' study of Geometry and Greek which 

1 English Univ. V. A. Huber (F. W. were to occupy the latter part of the 
Newman, 1843) ii. pt. 1, p. 59. undergraduate course. 

2 The statutes of Laud required as ^ See Bp. Mant's Life (Trin. Coll. 
a qualification for M.A. three years Oxon. 1797 ; fellow of Oriel) p. 62. 
study after the degree of B.A. As- * Jebb's Works ii. 301. 



216 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

nation-week for all who were candidates for a bachelor's degree 
the ensuing year, and another week or four days in Act (Trinity) 
Term for candidates for their second degree. The examinations 
to be held in presence of Congregation in the Theatre or 
the Nat. Philos. Schools, to be conducted generally by the 
Examiners, any member of Congregation having a right to take 
some part in examining (as under the then existing regime at 
both Universities). It would have been a formidable ordeal if 
conducted in latin in the Theatre, each examinee appearing 
in one rostrum and answering the two examiners who were to 
sit in the other rostrum. Private examination would the more 
grow into disrepute if it were reserved for those who had been 
'plucked' in the public scrutiny. The author approved on the 
whole the matter prescribed by the statutes for examination. 
He wished however to make mathematics a more important 
subject than it was then made at Oxford. He proposed there- 
fore six books of Euclid, the nature and use of Numbers, par- 
ticularly vulgar and decimal Fractions, and the Elements of 
Algebra, reserving (as we shall see) higher subjects for the 
second degree. In addition to the other recognized subjects 
(grammar, rhetoric, logic, ethics, greek classics, and speaking 
latin) he proposed to examine in the historical part of the New 
Testament, and in the xxxix Articles. And to arrange the 
names of the successful candidates in three classes — the 1st and 
2nd only being published : — thus virtually making the modern 
distinction between 'jmss and class! 

So much for the author's proposal (in 1773) for a new 
examination for B.A. at Oxford. Let us pass to the state of 
things which then was, and which continued to be till the 
beginning of the present century. The Oxford statutes re- 
quired from candidates for the degree of B.A. — 

I. disputationes in parviso ['generals' and 'juraments']\ a 



' Wood records that this exercise, once prior opponent. At that time the 

having been in early times tlie pride proctors appointed certfiin M.A.s as 

of Oxford, fell into desuetude but was Supervisors. (Wood ii. 271, 291, 726 

revived in 1601, and in 1606 each — 8.) About 1615 acts and exercises 

candidate for B.A. was required to were discontinued, and all under- 

Bwear that he had ' answered' in Par- graduates under sixty years of age 

visiis or generals, or at least had been were on military duty. {ibid. n. 475.) 



OXFORD EXERCISES FOR B.A. 217 

disputation on three questions in grammar or logic from 1 to 
3 p.m. Each Student was to hear others perform in his 2nd, 3rd, 
and 4th years. This was systematically neglected. In his 3rd 
year he was to be created a senior soph after performing these 
disputatious twice himself (this was called generals); after 
which he was to keep one such disputation (juranients) every 
term. The questions were trite and uninteresting, and when a 
student was once Senior Soph he merely went into the schools 
every term and proposed one syllogism juramenti gratia, and 
was said to be 'doing juraments.' One great defect in the 
working of this statute was the frequent absence of proctors 
and regent 'masters of the schools,' so that as a general rule 
there was no one to watch the proceedings. 

II. ansiuering under bachelor. The student disputed upon 
three questions in grammar, rhetoric, ethics, politics, or (more 
often) in logic, a B.A. taking the office of moderator. This was 
performed twice in the Lent of his third or fourth year for an 
hour and a half The proctors and masters visited the schools 
in Lent more often than in parviso, but still they did not 
always watch the entire time. (j). 56.) 

III. Examination in grammar, rhetoric, logic, ethics, 
geometry, greek classics, fluency in the latin tongue. The 
proper examiners were three regent masters, but as the custom 
of the regents taking this duty by rotation had long since become 
obsolete, the candidate usually chose his own three examiners, 
and then got their liceat from the proctor. This examination 
was quite private. This was the main point which the author 
of the 'Considerations' wished to reform. He proposed to add 
to the statutable exercises, one latin and one english declama- 
tion to be delivered publicly in the Theatre in Act Term. 

The writer of another Oxford pamphlet of that period^ 
remarked that at Cambridge 'they are generally supposed to 
expect more than we [Oxonians] do from a Candidate for the 
First Degree, in proportion as they expect less from a Candidate 
for the Second.' Doubtless the statutable exercises (viz. three 
respondencies to an M.A., two respondencies to a B.A., and one 
declamation) for a Cambridge M.A. were trifling'^, and generally 

^ Considerations on the Residence Oxford 1772 — p. 19. 
usuaUy required for Degrees, &c.— * Stat. Acad. Cantab. 1570, cap. 7. 



218 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

stultified by 'huddling' or by the forfeiture of caution-money, 
and indeed of no account except so far as some of the Colleges 
kept their bachelors employed by 'acts' and 'declamations.' 
We may gather from these Considerations on the Exercises 
(1773) that if the statutable requirements for an Oxford M.A. 
"were not inconsiderable, they were in the last century by no 
means so creditably observed as were the Cambridge exercises 
for the first degree. 

Our university indeed seems never to have pressed the 
revival of the exercises of those who, being bachelors, were 
proceeding to their next degree in Arts. For a long while — 
even almost till 1840 — 'the incepting masters of arts crowded 
{huddled) to the schools, sometimes on a day preceding, some- 
times within a few minutes of the presentation of their suppli- 
cats, to kee'p, juramejiti c^atid, the statutable exercises\' It was 
allowed that the repetition of two lines of Virgil's first Eclogue 
or the same quantity of Aen. I. would do for a declamation ; and 
as for the three disputations or 'acts' which the statute (cap. 7) 
required, they might be summarily despatched in one compen- 
dious form^ — the 'respondent' asserting 

' Recte statuit Newtonus — Recte statuit Woodius — Recte 
statuit Paleius.' The 'opponent' was allowed to attack these 
all-embracing positions with a scarcely less positive 

'Si non recte statuerunt Newtonus, Woodius, Paleius, cadunt 
quaestiones. 

Sed non recte statuerunt Newtonus, Woodius, Paleius. 
Ergo cadunt quaestiones.' 

Between such combatants it would have been sheer pre- 
sumption for a moderator to interpose. It remained only for 
the opponent to become respondent (and vice versa), and to go 
through the same nonsense — and there were six acts and two 
declamations finished, and two supplicats eai'ned, in less than 
two minutes ! It needed only that the first and second dispu- 
tants should have said the same couplet of Virgil for their 

1 Vesicock onthe Statutes, 18il,]y.8(}. wliile it emulated these moclern Can- 

2 Person's juvenile theme — tabs in brevity, hail the advantage of 

' Nee bene fecit Brutus occiso them in wit. (See Facetiae Cantab. 
Caesare, nee male fecit, sed inter- p. 199.) 
fecit ' — 



HUDDLING FOR M.A. 219 

declamations to reduce the formula to its lowest and simplest 
terms, and to absolute barrenness. It seems strange that the 
'bold interpretation' of the Heads in 1608 (25 May), which 
virtually excepted the clause 'iustum trium annoruni spatium' 
(cap. 7) from the apparently plain prohibition 'nee plures jwo- 
ponant terininos in quihus studuerint in academia' &c. (cap. 21), 
should not have been imitated by abrogating the remainder of 
cap. 7 of the University Statute, rather than that the farce of 
'huddling' should continue in the 18th and part of the 19th 
centuries to rival the promenade 'ad opposituni whereby the 
commencers of the 16th century almost to our own time have 
mounted to the degree of doctor (or M.A.). Yet we might be 
inclined to regret that the university had the heart to improve 
away that quaint old step worn by so many worthy feet, now 
that the doctorate is dignified by an ascent of more becoming 
altitude. 

The Oxford requirements for M.A. were 

I. determination. A solemn exercise opening with prayers 
and contio in St Mary's on Ash Wednesday. Then the dean of 
each college walks in procession to the Schools, at the head of 
his determining bachelors, and there holds a disputation for the 
tedious period of four hours. He reads a copy of verses, pro- 
poses arguments upon three questions to every determiner of his 
house: which questions are to be defended against him by a 
determined or senior bachelor, who responds for the determiner 
and is therefore called his Aristotle. [' Aristoteles pro me respon- 
debit.'] In the course of Lent the determiner is required to 
hold two disputations, each on three questions in grammar, 
rhetoric, ethics, politics, or (more often) logic; in which he is 
always to maintain the doctrine of Aristotle and the Peripa- 
tetics. Though the questions themselves and the arguments 
were not good for much, the exercises of Ash Wednesday itself 
were respectable, the V. C. being usually present as well as the 
deans and a fairly large audience of determiners, &c. ; but the 
other days in quadragesima were comparativel}'- neglected and 
made to do double duty as 'answering under bachelor' for the 
degree of B.A., and as 'determinations' for M.A. This exer- 
cise was often held in the afternoon, — an inconvenient time. 



220 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

II. disputationes apud Augustinenses * — to be performed 
from 1 to 3 p.m. for the degree of M.A. by a determined Bache- 
lor. He might be called upon to repeat the exercise in the 
subsequent years of his trienniiim. No one was present except 
the candidate and the moderating master of the Schools. It 
was an exercise which might well be discontinued. 

III. disputationes quodlibeticae — responding to a certain 
regent master on three questions, and to any other disputant 
on any question whatsoever. This had become the merest farce, 
and might (it was urged) be dropped with advantage. 

IV. sex solennes lectiones — three original dissertations in 
Natural, and three in Moral philosophy, to be delivered in the 
Schools between 1 and 2 p.m. These were intended to stimu- 
late original invention and research, but had so degenerated 
that they were held pro forma in an empty school, and had 
long since obtained the title of Wall Lectm'es'^, being then 'scarce 
known by any other name. An attempt has lately been made 
in one of our Colleges to restore it to its ancient dignity and 
utility, by obliging every Bachelor to read his solemn lectures 
publicly in the College Hall: a regulation which does honour 
to the Society^.' The author proposed to have these lectures 
read publicly in the Theatre, and to give honours of some sort 
for excellency therein. 

V. hinae declamationes — to be delivered (at 2 p.m.) without 
book before the proctor on a thesis assigned or approved by 
him. This was intended as an exercise in polite learning and 
elegant composition. In old times one candidate affirmed the 
thesis, a second denied, and a third arbitrated ' in the way of 
amhigitur' It was suggested that this system should be re- 

1 When dean FeU was V.C. in 1646, Univ. Life pp. 315, 317.) 

1G47, lie revived for a time the strict " See above, p. 10. 

discipline and the interest of this ex- ^ This was a provision of the Rules 

ercise, vulgarly known as doing Aus- and Statutes of Hertford College (Hart 

tins. It took its name from the Hall) as early as 1747. See my Univ. 

custom of scholars at Oxford dis- Life p. 576. At Christ Church to- 

puting with the Augiistinian monks, wards the end of the centui'y a man 

who had a reiDutation for exercises of (apparently an undergraduate) was 

this kind. The proctor appointed a chosen to read an essay each week in 

B.A. as his ' collector in Austins ' who hall. While H. F. Gary was in resi- 

had authority to match the disputants dence {Memoir i. 66) Canning was 

tcgether at his discretion. (See my frequently thus distinguished. 



OXFORD EXERCISES FOR M.A. 221 

vived, the declamations held publicly in the Theatre in Act 
Term, and one of the two made in the english language. 

VI. examination — as for B.A., only the subjects are geo- 
metry, natural philosophy, astronomy, metaphysics, and history 
(including geography and chronology), greek classics, and he- 
brew, and latin conversation yet more perfect. The writer of 
the pamphlet proposed to regulate the examination, as has been 
stated on p. 216, and to add to the fixed subjects Euclid xi, xii, 
some system of Conic Sections, Trigonometry, Logarithms, and 
Algebra applied to Geometry. Also the Epistles in the New 
Testament, the xxxix Articles, and the book of Genesis in 
hebrew. 

This scheme seems to have produced no immediate effect at 
Oxford in 1773. Accordingly we find Mr G. V. Cox, the Oxford 
esquire bedel, recollecting the sad decay at Oxford \ when 
Cambridge examinations for B.A. were in a comparatively 
healthy condition. At Oxford ' it seems (1868) the trial is 
strict when one takes a Master's or Bachelor's, but slack when 
you come to the Doctor's Degrees, and vice versa at Cambridge.' 
But at Oxford in 1797 there were traditional schemes, skele- 
tons, or 'strings' of questions, examples of syllogisms, used by 
the Examiners or Masters of the Schools, as well as by the 
examinees^ — sometimes wound up by a latin epigram. ' It is 
well known to be the custom for the candidates either to present 
their examiners with a piece of gold, or to give them a hand- 
some entertainment.' 

Cox quotes a contemporary english epigram (jy}). 36, 37), 
supposed to be spoken by a well satisfied examiner. In 1799 
(he continues) the examination for the B.A. degree, under the 
old system, * had dwindled into a formal repetition of threadbare 
"Questions and Answers" (in Divinity, Logic, Grammar, "et in 
omni scibili"), which had been transmitted in manuscript from 
man to man, and were unblushingly admitted, if not adopted, 

^ Cox's Collections and Recollections were to be had ready made and were 

of Oxford, pp. 34, 35. called ' strings.' ' Schemes ' are de- 

2 In the Gent. Mag. vol. l. pp. 277, fined as ' collections of all questions 

278, an example is given of an ' argu- which will be probably asked in the 

meut ' in Generals at Oxford. These sciences.' 



222 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

even by the "Masters of the Schools.'" These were Regent- 
Masters of the year, whose duty it was by virtue of their Regency 
to go through this ceremony, for a mere ceremony it had be- 
come. The more scrupulous, joining in the increasing cry for a 
new Examination-Statute, hung back from the farce ; but each 
year was sure to produce a few Masters who did not object even 
to dine with the examined after the fatigues of the morning ! 
"Well might such a state of things expire witli the expiring 
century ! 

' The " New Examination-Statute " was already on the 
anvil, and was being worked into shape ; Dean Cyril Jackson 
[Ch. Ch., 1783—1809], Dr [John] Eveleigh [provost of Oriel, 
1781—1814], and Dr [John] Parsons [Mr of Ball., 1798—1819], 
were labouring hard for the revival of scholarship and the credit 
of our Alma Mater' [Oxon.]\ The new Public Examinations 
Statute came into action rather feebly indeed at first in 1802; 
but the claimants for honour degrees were, in the years from 
1802 to 1806, only two, four, three, one, three respectively. 

Professor F. W. Newman bears witness to the efforts of 
Eveleigh and Jackson in the interest of Oxford examinations. 
He bestows also deserved praise upon Dr Eveleigh's successor, 
the provost of Oriel, Dr Coplestone (bishop of Llandaff)^ 

He says, translating Huber's English Universities, ' In proof 
of the degeneracy of the University Studies in the last cen- 
tury^, I need only refer to Kuettner's Beitrdge zur Kenntniss 
von England. Kuettner's account refers more immediately to 
the second half of the 18th century ; but if any alteration had 
by then taken place, it was for the better : so that the earlier 

^ Gent. Mag. xlix. pp. 35, 37, 45. University College?" I stated (though, 

2 Huber and F. W. Neicman, English by the way, the point is sometimes 
Universities, 1848, vol. ii. part ii. pp. doubted) "that King Alfred founded 
513,514; 501. it." "Very well, Sir," said the Ex- 

3 'Mr John Scott [Lord Eldon] aminer, "you are competent for your 
took his Bachelor's Degi-ee in Hilary Degree."' Horace Twiss' life of Ld. 
Term, on the 20th February, 1770. Eldon, i. 57, quoted in the Oxford 
"An Examination for a Degree at Univ. Coinmission Report, p. 59. Mr 
Oxford," he used to say, " was a farce G. V. Cox {Recollections,, p. 34 n.) 
in my time. I was examined in He- loyally regards the anecdote told 
brew and in History." " What is the against his university as a mere 'post 
Hebrew for the place of a skull?" prandivm ioke.'' 

I replied "Golgotha. " "Who founded 



THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS. 223 

period a fortiori deserves the severest censure justly applicable 
to the later.' After quoting Amhurst's example of an Oxford 
disputatio qiiodlihetica, ' a short string of syllogisms, upon a 
common o^ue^tion, An datur actio in distans,^ iis, it was disputed 
about 1718^; — Huber adds, 'Such jokes as these are among 
the less ordinary effusions of talent. Generally the whole 
party — Moderator, Opponent, and Respondent — passed the pre- 
scribed half-hour in reading or talking'^ 

' Doubtless the young men who carried off the various Uni- 
versity and College prizes from the year 1801 to the end of the 
war, were morally superior to the mass ; yet of these but few 
can have become permanent residents in Oxford, as so few 
Fellowships were as yet thrown open to any sort of fair com- 
petition. The first College which in this respect became cele- 
brated was Oriel.' 

The same movement, at the beginning of this century, which 
improved the B.A. examinations in Oxford, revived also for 
a time the qualification for the M.A. degree. We happen to 
have a minute account of their working in the life of Daniel 
Wilson (bp. of Calcutta), who was born in 1778. It will be as 
well to sketch his studies up to that time^. 

' He continued during the six months of his student life [as 
private pupil of Josiah Pratt, in 1798] to rise at 5 o'clock and 
retire at 10 o'clock. One hour's exercise in the day sufficed 
him. At breakfast the Spectator and Johnson's Lives of the 
Poets were read through. Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and element- 
ary parts of mathematics occupied the morning. The after part 
of the day was assigned to divinity, logic, history, natural philo- 

1 Terrae Filiua, 1721, No. xxi. The have been, we must not omit to notice 

Respondent chooses to maintain the that individual Societies were more 

negative, and simply says negatur particular. In 1720 we^ find John 

viinor, negatur antecedens, &c. after Wesley acquiring skill in logic at 

each syllogism. The opponent takes Christ Church, and improving it in 

as his example the power of the fear 1726 — 8, when as 'Moderator of the 

of the Vice Chancellor upon a student Classes ' in Lincoln Coll. Oxon. he 

who has committed a breach of the presided at disputations six times a 

statute by wearing a hat (galenis). week. (Life bij Southey, Coleridge and 

The Moderator ends with a ridiculous C. C. Southey, 1846. p}}. 27, 37, 39.) 
distinctio about the bedels and the ^ Batsman's Life of D. Wilson, 

imagination of the offender. 1860. pih 49 — 67. 

- However lax the University may 



224 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

sophy, geograpliy, and general literature. The books read were, 
The Holy Scriptures in Hebrew and Greek, Hooker's Eccl. 
Polity, Doddridge's Lectures, Fuller's Calvinism and Socinianism, 
Rowning's Natural FJdlosopJii/, Drallois' Epitome of Logic, 
Chisseldon's Anatomy, Adam's Geography, Anacharsis' Travels, 
Wilcock's Rome, Bisset's Life of Burke, Blair's Lectures, and 
Payne's Epitome of Llistory. 

' Seventy or eighty years have witnessed great changes and 
improvements in our universities. All testimony goes to shew 
that towards the end of the last century religion had little life 
there, and learning little encouragement \ The Classes and the 
Tripos which now gauge a man's ability and assign him his 
proper place were then unknown. At Oxford . . . the examina- 
tion was a mere form. A man chose not only his own books, but 
his own examiners. It was consequently the very general cus- 
tom to choose the easiest books and the most indulgent ex- 
aminers. There was no audience. The three Masters of Arts, 
who were the examiners, and the undergraduates to be ex- 
amined, were alone present ; and it was not unusual to proceed 
to the Schools from a pleasant breakfast, or to adjourn after a 
successful termination of the day's labours to a good dinner ! 

" Quid solidus angulus ? " 

Such was the question of an examiner in the schools : and 
receiving no answer from the respondent, he answered himself 
by grasping the corner of the desk at which he stood, and 
saying, 

" LLic solidus angulus" 

' Such is a specimen of the traditionary stories of the day ; 

and it might be capped by many of the same kind 

' Before the last century had closed many changes had 
begun, and many abuses were corrected. The authorities of the 
university appointed examiners, and publicity was given to the 
examination. Though there was not as yet any fair and im- 
partial criterion of ability, such as the Classes have since 
presented, yet the opinion of the Examiner was publickly ex- 

1 It will, I think, have appeared from the foregoing pages that this remark 
does Cambridge scant justice. 



THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS. 225 

pressed, and sent through the university the gradually widening 
circle of commendation or disgrace. 

' It was in November, 1798, that Daniel Wilson entered into 
residence at Oxford ... in St Edmund's Hall. It was but a 
small society, and perhaps at that time better known for its 
piety ^ than its learning. Still he says that he found the men 
reading what required from him five hours' preparation daily. 

'During the short vacation in March, 1799 ... he was giving 
more time to Hebrew and Greek. He makes also a successful 
application [to his father] for permission to have a private 
tutor, in order to work at Thucydides. " I am perfectly well," 
he says, " in health, not as yet experiencing any inconvenience 
from my studies. Very few days pass when I do not walk for 
about an hour." 

'In 1799 he leaves Oxford for the Long Vacation, July 1st, 
and returns October 17th, to set to work at Herodotus, and 
Livy, the Hebrew Bible, Hutton's Mathematics, and RoUin's 
Ancient History. He now also began to talk Latin familiarly 
with his friends, Bull and Cawood. Tradition says that he 
translated and re-translated the whole of Cicero's Epistles. In 
the vacation he had devoted his mornings, from 9 o'clock till 
2; — the first hour in Hebrew, the second in Greek, and the 
third in Latin ; reading French and then English after dinner 
if time allowed.' He had fortunately acquired regular habits 
by being in business in his early youth. 

He was examined for his B.A. degree early in June, 1801 ; 
and for that of M.A. about the same time in the following 
year. 

It appears that in May, 1800, an examination statute pro- 
vided that there should be a strict public examination for the 
degree of M.A. at Oxford as well as for that of B.A. This 
regulation induced men to forego their second degree, or to 
seek it at Cambridge, so that the decree fell into neglect and 
desuetude. 

' But Daniel Wilson came vmder its operation whilst it was 
in vigorous action, and we are thus enabled from his second 

^ It was famous for the expulsion of University Religion in the 18th Cent.). 
six 'pious students ' in 1768, (a trans- Few of the larger societies could have 
action more proper to the records of found so many to expel. 

W. 15 



226 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

examination to supply what was lacking in the details of the 
first. 

' He writes to his friend Cawood and makes very light of it. 
" You seem," he says, " to make a great deal more of the ex- 
amination I have just passed than it deserves. I can scarcely 
help smiling at what you say, and at the anxiety you feel. I 
only gave three days for direct preparation, and you need not 
give one. But since omne ignotum jjjv niagnifico, I will tell you 
what really took place." He then goes on to say that he was 
examined with his friend Wheeler and a Christ Church man. 
The books he took up in Greek were Thucydides and Herodo- 
tus. But in Latin he made no selection ; he took up all : omnes 
optimae aetatis auctores — omnes aureos auctores — are the ex- 
pressions he employs. His friend Wheeler followed his example 
in the Latin, and took up Sophocles and Longinus in the Greek. 
In Hehretu Daniel Wilson stood alone. 

' A book was first put into his hand called tlie Gentleman'' s 
Religion, and he turned a page of it into Latin. The Greek 
Testament followed. He read part of St Mark xiii, and an- 
swered questions about the Temple erected in the time of 
Vespasian and the prophecies concerning it in the Old and New 
Testament. Livy was then opened and a page translated. This 
led to many historical questions. Up to this time, he confesses, 
he was not without apprehensions, not knowing where the 
examination might lead liim : but now all fears subsided. Latin 
being finished, Hebrew came on. He took up the whole He- 
brew Bible: but the examiner (wisely perhaps for himself) 
confined his examination to the first Psalm, and some gramma- 
tical questions which were readily answered. His friend having 
passed a similar ordeal, they were now bid to sit down whilst 
others were called on, approbation being expressed with what 
they had done. 

'Whilst sitting apart the junior examiner, as if casually, 
asked whether Wilson had read Physics, and then put certain 
questions such as "Whether the angle of refraction was equal to 
the angle of incidence ?" " Whether a ray of light passing from 
a thin into a denser medium would be deflected from the per- 
pendicular ?" &c. ; all of which were of course answered. Mathe- 
matics, Logic and Metaphysics were passed by ; one of the 



THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS. 227 

sciences only being required by the statute. When he was 
again formally called up, the third Book of Thucydides was 
selected, and he was put on at one of the speeches. Neither 
this nor the historical questions connected with it, gave him any 
difficulty. Xenoplion followed instead of Herodotus (which was 
his book) : but he took things as he found them ; and the pas- 
sage selected was (he says) neither obscure nor difficult. 

' Thus ended the examination : and the Senior Examiner 
confirmed his former sentence by saying in a loud voice that 
Wheeler and Wilson had done themselves the greatest credit, 
and obtained the highest honour. The Christ Church man gained 
his testamur, but nothing more ; and six men were rejected. 
There were about one hundred auditors.' 

This new examination for the Oxford M.A. degree seems 
soon to have degenerated, and existed barely for half-a-dozen 
years. Mr G. V. Cox in his Recollections (p. 57) speaks of it as 
' fast becoming an " examination made easy," for it never, I 
believe, ended in plucking, and seldom attracted an audience.' 
This testimony of an accurate observer shews how fast and 
utter was its decline, for Mr Cox was admitted to New College 
only two years after Wilson saw six men rejected and a 
hundred persons present. The M.A. examination was discon- 
tinued towards the end of 1807 \ 

*A Gentleman in the Gity^ writing 'to his Friend in Oxford',' 
Nov. 25, 1700, says ' I am glad to hear from you that the study 
of the Mathematicks is Promoted and Encouraged among the 
youth of your University^.'' He concludes however {p. 33) that 
mathematics must be 'more generally study'd at our Universities 
than hitherto they have been.' Still it is below the dignity of 
those Bodies, that their students should be 'taught the practice 
of any rule without the true and solid reason and demonstra- 
tion of the same.' So that the common Compendiums are to be 
reprobated ^ 

^ See also Abp. Whatehfs Evidence were men of middle age, and many 

(p. 25), Oxford Univ. Commission 1852. clergymen.' 

'In fact it was 7iot public, all the ^ ed. 2. 1721. Bodl. Godwin Pam- 

Undergraduates and Bachelors making phlets, 22. 

it a point of delicacy never to attend, ^ ihicl. p. 35. 
becarse several of those examined 

15—2 



228 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

It is amusing to compare with the foregoing pages au ac- 
count of the Oxford examinations when they had come to be 
empty forms, as they are indignantly described by Vicesimus 
Knox in his seventy-seventh Essay {ed. 1782). He had taken 
his M.A, degree at >S'. Johns, Oxon. in 1753. 

'The youth whose heart pants for the honour of a Bachelor 
of Arts degree must wait patiently till near four years have 
revolved. But this time is not to be spent idly. No ; he is 
obliged during this period once to oppose, and once to respond 
in disputations held in the public schools — a formidable sound, 
and a dreadful idea ; but on closer attention the fear will vanish 
and contempt supply its place. 

'This opposing and responding is termed in the cant of the 
place doing generals. Two boys or men as they call themselves 
agree to do generals together. The first step in this mighty 
work is to procure arguments. These are always handed down 
from generation to generation on long slips of paper, and consist 
of foolish syllogisms on foolisli subjects of the formation or the 
signification of which the respondent and opponent seldom 
know more than an infant in swaddling cloths \ The next step 

^ 'These commodious sets of syllo- great rarity), and was, I believe, made 

gisms are called strings, and descend by the disputant himself, 
from undergraduate to undergraduate 

in a regular succession ; so that when Intrent Opponeus Eespondens et 

any candidate for a degree is to exer- Moderator, 

cise his talent in argumentation he Opponens. Propono tibi, domine, hanc 

has nothing else to do but to enquire quaestionem, (viz.) 

among his friends for a string upon — An datur actio in distans. 

such or such a question, and to get it Eespondens. Non datur actio in dis- 

by heart, or read it over in his cap... tans. 

I have in my custody a book of strings 0pp. Datur actio in distans ; ergo 

upon most or all of the questions dis- falleris. 

cuss'd in a certain college very famous Resp. Negatur antecedens. 

for their ratiocinative faculty; on the 0pp. Probo antecedentem ; 

first leaf of which are these words, Si datur fluxus virium Agentis cum 

Ex dono Eichardi P e primae distat Agens, tum datur actio in dis- 

Classi Beuefactoris munificentissimi. tans. 

...I will present the reader with a Sed datur fluxus virium agentis cum 

short string of syllogisms upon a com- distat agens. 

mon question as it was disputed about Ergo datur actio in distans. 

three years ago ; Dr B[aro]n being Resp. Negatur minor, 

then vicech[ancello]r (1715 — 18.). ..it 0pp. Probo minorem ; 

was really a new one (which... la a very Vice-Cancellarius est agens ; 



THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS. 



229 



is to go for a liceat to one of the petty officers called the Regent- 
Master of the Schools, who subscribes his name to the questions 
and receives sixpence as his fee. When the important day 
arrives the two doughty disputants^ go into a large dusty room, 
full of dirt and cobwebs, with walls and wainscot decorated with 
the names of former disputants, who to divert the tedious hours 
cut out their names with their penknives or wrote verses with a 
pencil. Here they sit in mean desks opposite to each other 
from one o'clock till three. Not once in a hundred times does 
any officer enter ; and if he does he hears one syllogism or two, 
and then makes a bow and departs, as he came and remained, 
in solemn silence. The disputants then return to the amuse- 
ment of cutting the desks, carving their names or reading 
Sterne's Sentimental Journef/ or some other edifying novel. 



Seel datui' fluxns virium Vice-Can- 
cellarii cum distat Vice-Cancellarius. 

Ergo datur fluxus virium ageutis 
cum distat agens. 

Resp. Negatur minor. 
0pp. Probo minorem ; 

Si Disputans Parvisiis vel aliquis 
Galero indutus timet et patitur, dato 
spatio inter Vice-Cancellarium et Dis- 
putantem vel Galero iudutum, turn 
datur fluxus virium Vice-Cancellarii, 
cum distat Vice-Cancellarius. 

Sed Disputans Parvisiis vel aliquis 
Galero indutus timet et patitur dato 
spatio inter Vice-Cancellarium et Dis- 
putantem vel Galero indutum : 

Ergo datur fluxus virium Vice-Can- 
cellarii cum distat Vice-Cancellarius. 
Resp. Negatur turn minor, tum se- 
quela. 
0pp. Constat minor ex perfectissima 

Academiae discipliua et experien- 

tia; et valet sequela quoniam in- 

cutere tlmorem alicui est agei'e in 

aliquem. 
Moderator. Distinguendum est ad 

tuam probationem. 

Terror non procedit a fluxu sive ex 
effluvio Vice-Cancellarii; sed Bedelli 
forsitau (viz. Wkintllcru]-? et M — ck 



I\Iuss[encli]nus) baculis suis incutiunt 
terrorem. 

Et dico secundS quod imaginatio 
Disputantis sibi incutiat terrorem ; 
quippe nihil est materiallter terrificum 
vel in Baronio vel in WMstlero, vel 
(utcunque obeso) in Mussendino ; sit 
quamvis forvialiter.' 

(Ten-ae Filius, xx, xxi. ) 
1 Knox says nothing of any modera- 
tor who according to Amhurst's account 
(1721, March 24.) is always present 
and ' struts about between the two 
wordy champions during the time of 
action, to see that they do not wander 
from the question in debate, and when 
he perceives them deviating from it to 
cut them short, and put them into the 
right road again ; for which purpose 
he is provided with a great quantity 
of subtle terms and phrases of art 
such as quoad hoc, and quoad illud, 
formaliter and materialiter , jiraedica- 
mentaliter and transcendentaliter, actu- 
allter and potcntialiter, directe and 
per se, reductive and per accidens, 
entitative and quidditative, dx. all 
which I would explain to my english 
reader with all my heart, ij I could.'' 



230 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

When this exercise is duly performed by both parties they have 
a right to the title and insignia of Sojjhs ; but not before they 
have been formally created by one of the regent masters, before 
whom they kneel while he lays a volume of Aristotle's works 
on their heads and puts on a hood a piece of black crape hang- 
ing from their necks and down to their heels ; which crape it is 
expressly ordained by a statute in this case made and provided 
shall be plain and unadorned either with wool or with fur. 

' And this work done a great progress is made towards the 
wished-for honour of a bachelor's degree. There remain only 
one or two trifling forms and another disputation almost exactly 
similar to doing generals, but called answering under bachelor 
previous to the awful examination. 

'Every candidate is obliged to be examined in the whole 
circle of the sciences by three masters of arts of his oivn choice^. 
The examination is to be held in one of the public schools, and 
to continue from nine o'clock till eleven ^ The masters take a 
most solemn oath that they will examine properly and im- 
partially. Dreadful as all this appears there is always found to 
be more of appearance in it than reality ; for the greatest dunce 
usually gets his testimonium signed with as much ease and credit 
as the finest genius. The manner of proceeding is as follows : 
the poor young man to be examined in the sciences often knows 
no more of them than his bedmaker, and the masters who ex- 
amine are sometimes equally unacquainted with such mysteries. 
But schemes as they are called, or little books containing forty 
or fifty questions on each science are handed down from age to 
age from on© to another''. The candidate to be examined em- 

1 ' It is a notorious truth that most noon, if the examiner thinks fit, as 
candidates get leave of the proctor by long as he pleases.' Ibid. 
paying his man a orown (which is ^ ' As I told my reader, that for dis- 
cftUed his, perquisite) to choose their pittaJ/ons they have ready-made s^nnjrs 
own examiners, who never fail to be of syllogisms ; so for examination they 
their old cronies and toping com- have the skeletons of all the arts and 
pauions It is also well-known to sciences in which they are to be ex- 
be a custom for the candidates either amined, containing all the questions in 
to present their examiners with a eaoh of them which are usually asked 
jriece of gold, or to give them an upon this occasion and the common 
hunAsome entertainment.^ Terrae-Fili- rt);sit,*ers that are given to them ; which 
us, No. xLii. (8 June, 1721). in a week or a fortnight they may get 

" ' and again from one ui the after- at their tongue's end.... Many a school- 



THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS. 231 

ploys three or four days in learning these by heart, and the 
examiners having done the same before him when they were 
examined, know what questions to ask, and so all goes on 
smoothly. When the candidate has displayed his universal 
knowledge of the sciences he is to display his skill in philology. 
One of the masters therefore desires him to construe a passage 
in some Greek or Latin classic, which he does with no interrup- 
tion just as he pleases and as well as he can. The statutes next 
require that he should translate familiar English phrases into 
Latin. And now is the time when the masters shew their wit 
and jocularity. Droll questions are put on any subject and the 
puzzled candidate furnishes diversion by his awkward em- 
barrassment. 1 have known the question on this occasion to 
consist of an enquiry into the pedigree of a race-horse. And it 
is a common question after asking what is the simimum honum 
of various sects of philosophers, to ask what is the summum 
honum or chief good among Oxonians, to which the answer is 
such as Mimnermus would give\ This familiarity however 
only takes place when the examiners are pot-companions of the 
candidate, which indeed is usually the case ; for it is reckoned 
good management to get acquainted with two or three jolly 
young masters of arts, and supply them well with port pre- 
viously to the examination. If the vice-chancellor and proctors 
happen to enter the school, a very uncommon event, then a 
little solemnity is put on very much to the confusion of the 
masters as well as of the boy who is sitting in the little box 
opposite to them. As neither the officer nor any one else 
usually enters the room (for it is reckoned very ungenteel) the 
examiners and the candidates often converse on the last drink- 
ing-bout or on horses, or read the newspaper or a novel, or 
divert themselves as well as they can in any manner till the 
clock strikes eleven, when all parties descend and the testi- 
monium is signed by the masters. With this testimonium in 
his possession the candidate is sure of success. The day in 

hoy lias done more tliau this for bis reOvalriv ore /xoi /xtiK^Ti raCra /xeXoi 

breaking u]} task J' Terrae-FiUus, KpvirTadiri (pLXdrrj^ Kai /j.dXLx<^ 5wpa. 

XLii. Kal eCvi] — 

^ ris 5e jSt'oj, t[ di Tepirvbv drep xP^- Mimnermus, Fr. 1. 
arjs 'AcppodLrrjs ; 



232 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

which the honour is to be conferred arrives ; he appears in the 
Convocation house, he takes an abundance of oaths, pays a sum 
of money in fees, and after kneehng down before the vice- 
chancellor and whispering a lie, rises vip a Bachelor of arts. 

'And now if he aspires at higher honours (and what emulous 
spirit can sit down without aspiring at them?) new labours and 
new difficulties are to be encountered during the space of three 
years. He must determine^ in Lent, he must do quodlihets, he 
must do austins, he must declaim twice, he must read six solemn 
lectures, and he must be again examined in the sciences, before 
he can be promoted to the degree of Master of Arts. 

'None but the initiated can know what determinhg, doing 
quodlihets, and doing austins mean. I have not room to enter 
into a minute description of such contemptible minutiae. Let 
it be sufficient to say that these exercises consist of disputa- 
tions, and the disputations of syllogisms, procured and uttered 
nearly in the same places, time and manner as we have already 
seen them in doing generals. There is however a great deal of 
trouble in little formalities, such as procuring six-penny liceats, 
sticking up the names on the walls, sitting in large empty 
rooms by yourself or with some poor wight as ill employed as 
yourself, without having anything to say or do, wearing hoods 
and a little piece of lambskin with the wool on it, and a variety 
of other particulars too tedious and too trifling to enumerate. 

' The declamations would be an useful exercise if it were 
not always performed in a careless and evasive manner. The 
lectures are always called Wall Lectures, because the lecturer 
has no other audience but the walls. Indeed he usually steals 
a sheet or two of Latin out of some old book, no matter on 
what subject, though it ought to be on natural philosophy. 
These he keeps in his pocket in order to take them out and 

1 Amhurst vcLeni'iovLB [Terrat-FUlus, tbey posted or clogged the poor men 

XLii) some abuses connected with the (t. e. assigned to them the opening or 

quadragesimal deterHu'nafions ; the iin- closing day of the period) and never 

statuteable fees and treats of the col- gave them commodious schools in the 

lectors (the two determiners who ar- scheme. In the preface to his edition 

ranged the classes for the proctors) of 1726, he says that he hears that 

and their partiality in assigning since 1721 ' the collectors have been 

//j'flcioifcj (/(/?/■'' (li'^lf-^'ii^ie days) to those lately curb'd in their exorbitances.' 

who paid them handsomely, while p. xviii. 



THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS. 233 

read them if a proctor should come in ; but otherwise he solaces 
himself with a book, not from the Bodleian but the circulating 
library. 

' The examination is performed exactly in the same manner 
as before described; and, though represented as very formidable, 
is such a one as a boy from a good school just entered might go 
through as well as after a seven years' residence. Few how- 
ever reside ; for the majority are what are called term-trotters, 
that is, pei'sons who only keep the terms for form-sake, or spend 
six or eight weeks in a year in the university to qualify them 
for degrees according to the letter of the statutes. 

'After all these important exercises and trials, and after 
again taking oaths by wdiolesale, and paying the fees, the 
academic is honoured with a Master's degree, and issues out 
into the world with this undeniable passport to carry him 
through it with credit. 

'Exercises of a nature equally silly and obsolete are per- 
formed in a similar manner for the other degrees \' 

That it was most unfair to speak of ' our English universi- 
ties' as though Cambridge in 1782 were in the same condition 
as Oxford with respect to the process for degrees, is manifest, 
and is scarcely excusable on the plea of ignorance. 

With regard to Oxford, in an improved condition, a Rugby 
boy destined to be an eminent professor of that university wrote 
the following sagacious remarks comjjaring it with Cambridge 
in May, 1843. 

'I have been led from attentive observation lately to look 
upon the two rival systems of Oxford and Cambridge as being 
neither of them perfect in themselves, from their being each 
confined to one part of education. Cambridge, I should say, 
from its verbal criticism and philological research, as well as 
its mathematical studies, imparts a system of education valuable 
not so much for itself as for the excellent discipline which pre- 
pares the mind to pass from the investigation of abstract intel- 
lectual truth to the contemplation of moral subjects. Oxford, 
on the contrary, seeks without any such medium to arrive at 



^ V. Kiiox, Essayn Moral and Lite- of the Discipline in our English Uui- 
raryi. 332—6. (1782) 'Ou Some Parts versities.' 



234 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

the higher ground at once, without passing through the lower, 
leading the mind before it has been sufficiently disciplined to 
investigate the highest and most sacred subjects at once. Cam- 
bridge men too often view the intellectual exercise as sufficient 
in itself, instead of as a preparation for higher things ; Oxford 
men without any such preparation, which they affect to despise, 
proceed to speculate on great moral questions before they have 
first practised themselves with lower and less dangerous studies. 
And this, I look upon it, is the cause of the theological novelties 
at Oxford — men apply to the most sacred things powers which 
ought first to have been disciplined by purely intellectual ex- 
ercises. The one, if I may so express myself, raise a scaffolding 
and too often rest contented with that ; the other endeavour to 
build the house either with no scaffoldiug at all, or at least a 
very slight one — and a most unsubstantial structure it generally 
proves. The fault of Cambridge, you see, is not the fault of 
system, but its abuse ; in Oxford the plan seems to me radically 
wrong, and consequently, if followed out to the full, cannot do 
much good. Cambridge appears to have seen that the province 
of a university is not to give a complete education, but to fur- 
nish the mind with rules, drawn from lower subjects, to be 
applied in after life to higher; Oxford wishes to give a complete 
education, and by attempting too much, does the whole very 
imperfectly^' 

1 The Miscellaneous Writings of J. Couington 31. A. i. xvii, xviii. 



CHAPTER XX. 



MUSICK. 



" Mvs cauit, Ar numerat, Geo ponderat, As colit astra." 

Wk will now pass to the consideration of those studies which 
in mediaeval times were named the Quadrivium^ and con- 
sidered as the most advanced treasures attainable by the seeker 
after Arts, though 'smally regarded' by the universities in the 
Elizabethan era. 

Music, the art intended by mediaeval scholars, was some- 
thing very different from the sweet tones which cheer many 
modern mathematicians ; and even from the knowledge of har- 
monics, nodal lines, strings, and thorough bass, which has a 
charm for the intellects of some of them. The musice which a 
bachelor in ancient times had to study in order to qualify him- 
self as Regent Master was little more than an acquaintance 
with metre. It was however necessary that all clerks should 
be at least 'bene can.', i.e. able to sing well": accordingly, in the 
16th century, the determiners were ' examined in Songe and 
wrightynge^' on the 5th thursday in XL™^ Bishop Cosin, in 
his zeal for divine service, took care in like manner that the 
scholars of his foundation should have instruction in i^lionasco. 
The rule still existed in some of the old institutions — as at 

1 W. Harrison's Bescription, Holiu- bert Tunstall {Ball. Oxon. and King's 

shed's Chronicle (1577) 73 &. Cooper's Hall Camb.), de arte siipputandl 

Annals, ji. 351. The Cambridge Uni- (1522, commended in De Morgan's list), 

versity statutes of 1570 prescribed or Jerome Cardan of Pavia; &c. if 

{cap. IV.) that the professor of matlie- geometry, Euclid ; if astronomy, Pto- 

matics, if he were teaching cosmo- lemy. 

graphy, should expound Mela, Pliny, ^ YisimngionNugac Anticiuae, li.lbQ. 

Strabo or Plato ; if arithmetic, Cuth- ^ Bedell Stokys' Book. 



23G UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Winchester College in the present century, where the ' children' 
before admission being asked if they could sing, answered, as a 
matter of course, somewhat indirectly, by saying a stanza of 
'All people that on earth do dwell.' 

Degrees in Music seem at all times to have been rather un- 
common in England, and lectures from the professor in that 
faculty still more rare. Of the so-called ' Musick Lectures ' at 
Oxford in the 17th century, an account will be found in my 
Univ. Life, p. 308. It will there be seen that voices and violins 
were employed. An act in musick at Cambridge in 1620 is 
described, ibid., p. 280; but Bedel Buck (16G5) speaks of a 
Music Act as not always forthcoming in Die Comitiorum^. So 
in his account of the Oxford Commencement (1714), Dr Ayliffe 
says, ' if there he any Person taking a Musick Degree, he is to 
perform a Song of Six or Eight Parts on Vocal and Instru- 
mental Musick, and then he shall have his Creation from the 
Savilian Professors, &c.' In Walmisley's time (1836 — 56), 
these exercises at Cambridge were usually performed in Trinity 
Chapelt Dr Eo. Smith, the master of Trinity, who printed a 
book on Harmonics (1749, &c.) had a correct ear. He would 
not use a harpsichord until, by a contrivance of his own, he had 
divided the semitones into their proper flats and sharps. 
Bishop Spencer Madan (Trin. 3rd wrangler 1749 — 50) had a 
great passion for music, and sang welP. Dr Smith instructed 
and patronized Joah Bates (fellow of King's, Craven scholar, 
1760), who was director of the original Handel Festival in 
"Westminster Abbey, and the Pantheon, and founder of the 
'Ancient' concerts in Tottenham Street*. 

1 At Cambridge there is a grace been seen in the schools * the face of 

'Cum in Academia millus sit in Masica any lecturer in any faculty, except in 

Doctor, Placeat Vobis, ut A.B. Senior j^oetry and musick, for three years 

Procurator, istiusmodi Doctoris munus past ; that all lectures besides vrere 

pro hac vice suppleat. ' (Wall-Gnu- entirely neglected.' 
ning Cerem. 1828. p. 124. In a statute ^ MS. note in the Kegistry, by 

of 1608 it was ordered that the comt/m Eomilly. 'Father' (Bernard) Smith 

or great Commencement should be was a member of Beutley's London 

closed with a musick act, cum hymno Club and built the chapel organ which 

ab huiusce facultatis inceptore. A was completed by Chr. Schrider his 

letter in Amhurst's Terrac-Filius, no. son in-law. Monk's Bentley, i. 205. 
X, dated ' Wadham-collegc , Jan. 22. ^ Cumberland's Memoirs, 109, 105. 

1720—21,' says that there had not ^ Gunning's Beminisc. i. ch. ii. 



MUSICK. 237 

Among the deans of Christ Church, H. Aklrich was fond of 
music, and composed anthems and certain well-known catches. 
Cyril Jackson, on the other hand, publicly manifested his igno- 
rance and his contempt for the art^. 

Dyer relates how the music professor, J, Randall (King's), 
attended Gray regularly for three months in 1768 to set music 
to the poet's ode for the Installation of the D. of Grafton ; he 
complied with the author's taste in adapting the music to the 
Italian style ; but when he came to the chorus, Gray exclaimed, 
'I have now done : — make as much noise as you pleased' 

For some account of the increased taste for music and 
'fiddling' at both universities in the middle of the last century, 
and Tom Hearne's contempt for ' one Handel a foreigner ' in 
1733, I may again be permitted to refer to my University Life, 
pp. 199 — 204. J. Byrom ordered Corelli's Sonatas when he 
was a scholar of Trinity in 1710. 

For the following list, I am indebted to the Compilers of a 
Collection of Anthems for the Cathedral Church of Lincoln 
1875^ 

Graduate Autliem Writers. 

J. Alcock, organist of Lichfield and Tamwortli Mus. B. {Magd.) 1755. 

H. Aldrich, dean of Christ Church, died 1710. 

S. Arnold (Chapel Eoyal), director of the K. A. of music 1789, Mus. D. {Magd.). 

T. Attwood, pupil of Mozart at Yienna, organist of S. Paul's 1795. 

J. Christmas Beckwith, organist of Norwich, Mus. D. (? Magd. Hall.) 

W. Boyce, Chapel Eoyal, Mus. D. Camb. 1749. 

J. (Whitfield) Clarke, Mus. D. Dublin, organist of S. John's and Trinity and pro- 
fessor of Music at Cambridge. 

W. Croft, organist of Chapel Eoyal and Westminster Mus. D. {Christ Church) 
1713. 

W. Crotch, Mus. D. {S. Mary Hall), professor of music at Oxford, 1797. 

Mam-ice Greene, organist of S. Paul's and Chapel Eoyal, Mus. D. and professor 
at Cambridge 1730. 

Manchester Register, i. 58 (Chetham ^ The collection of 570 anthems 

Soc.) Cooper's Diet. Biog. contains 15 by Boyce, 14 by Greene, 

1 H. Best's Memorials, no. xxii. 10 by Croft, 9 by Attwood, 8 each by 

2 Privil. Camb. ii. pt. iii. ( = Sup- W. Hayes and Nares, 7 each by Crotch 
plement to Hist. Camb.) p. 36. A and Kent, 4 each by Aldrich, Whit- 
friend of Southey's {Ball. Coll. 1794) field-Clarke and Weldon, 2 each by 
had a harpsichord in his rooms. Such Beckwith and King, one each by 
instruments were still in use at Ox- Arnold and P. Hayes; none, so far 
ford as late as 1805. W. Battle had a as I observe, by Alcock, Norris or 
spinnet at King's about 1724. Stephen. 



238 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

W. Hayes^ organist of Christ Church and Magdalen, Mus. B. (Magd.) 1735, pro- 
fessor at Oxford. 

Philip Hayes (son), organist of Magdalen, Mus. B. (Magd.) 17G3, professor at 
Oxford. 

Ja. Kent, organist of Trinity College Cambridge and of Winchester. 

C. King, choir of S. Paul's, Mus. B. (Merton) 1707. 

Ja. Nares, organist of York and Chapel Royal, Mus. D. Cambridge 1757. 

T. Norris, organist of Christ Church and S. John's, Mus. B. Oxon. 

J. Stephens, organist of Salisbury, Mus. D. Cambridge 1763. 

J. Weldon, pupil of Purcell, organist of Neiv College about 1705. 

King's College Anthems were published in 8vo. Camb. 1706. 

The following lines, of wliicli a ms. copy is preserved among 
Dr Webb's Collections in the University Library, may he thought 
worthy of notice for the reference which they have to Joah 
Bates, ' Jemmy Twitcher/ Beverly, &c.^ 

' J/r Jennar's Song. Sung at Lord Sandwich's ^. 

Ye Friends of sound Harmony, Mirth and good Chear ; 

Who -would sing out the old and sing in the New Year. 
You that Piddle for pleasure, for Fame, or for Bread ; 

Come and list at Lord Sandivicli's Kettle Drum Head, 
derry down down derry down. 

1 The music professors Hayes, father (1813. ix. 391, 392) of the 2nd ed. of 

and son, had been preceded in that pro- Meadley's Life of Paleij, has some 

fessorship (1682, 1718,) at Oxford by interest in this connexion. 

two Richards Goodson likewise father ' "When the hall of Christ's College, 

and son, organists of Christ Clnirch. which had been promised through the 

" The Persons mentioned are as interest of Dr Shepherd, was fitting 

follows, — up for a benefit concert for Ximenes, 

Felice Giardini, violinist, born at a Spanish musician, warmly patronised 

Turin 1716, died at Moscow, 1796. by Lord Sandwich, Mr Paley and Mr 

Joah Bates, fellow of King's, B.A. Law peremptorily insisted that the 

1764. Secretary to Ld. Sandwich. promise should be recalled unless 

C. Jenner, Pemb., B.A. 1757. satisfactory assurance was given that 

Ld. Sandwich, Trin. LL.D. 1769. a lady then living with his lordship, 

? T. Champness, Trin. B.A. 1762. and who had been openly distributing 

Wade Gascoigne, Trin. LL.D. 1757. tickets, should not be permitted to 

? C. Norris, fellow of Trin. B.A. 1766. attend. At first the senior tutor, who 

J. Beverly, Chr., 1767. was in habits of intimacy with Lord 

Busy. Sandwich," (a very reputable con- 

Desborough. nexion for a divine and an instructor 

Ant. Shepherd, B. A. Job. 1743. of youth) " objected to the idea of 

M.A. Chr. 1747. (Plumian Prof. 1760.) excluding any lady from a public con- 

Bokeby. cert : but afterwards when they urged 

? J. Ward (Dudley), LL.D. 1769. that standing in a public situation as 

3 The following anecdote (about instructors of youth it was their duty 

1770), quoted in the Quarterly Eeview to discountenance every sort of immo- 



LORD sandwich's CONCERT. 239 

For now from the Cares of the Helme he descends ; 

And blowing his Whistle, he summons his Friends ; 
And nothing he leaves them to wish or desire, 

Except for Giardini a little less Fire. 



Now the Masters all mount in a terrible Row, 
And tun'd is each Fiddle, and Eosin'd each Bow, 

And Giardini when got in his fTantrnms andf Fits 
Frights the poor Dilettanti quite out of his wits. 

At the Harpsichord now Joah Bates takes his place : 
Tho he casts a Shee^j's Eye on his dear Double Bass, 

To the Heart Strings it grieves him to quit it so soon, 
For tho he mayn't play it, he'll put it in tune. 

But when he begins to sprawl over a Chorus 
And lays the whole matter so clearly before us : 

No Hearer so stupid but soon understands. 

He's full Son to Briareus, and Heir to his Hands. 

Charles Jenner sits trembling close to his right side, 
And soon as a hard Solo passage he spied, 

He swore that alone he could do it all right, 

Tho' he makes the same Blunder but every night. 

Sam Champness comes lagging, but well propt with Ale 
He will roar you as sweet as a young Nightingale ; 



While Gascoigne who plays on the Hoarse Tenor Fiddle 
And for ever is coming in wrong in the middle ; 

With more Wit than Musick is cracking his Jests, 

Which he thinks better Fun than dry counting of Rests. 

John Beverly^ long had been Fidling the Bass, 

But his Fingers so long seldom hit the right place ; 

So the great double Bass to take up he did beg, 
Where he measures the Stops by the length of his Leg. 

Giardini for Absentees now looks about, 

If Desborough's call'd to a worse crying out ; 

Or if any loose Straglers, the jDractise would balk, 
If Eokeby or Ward take a Ride or a Walk. 



rality, and threatened to appeal to' pions of morality and decorum, the 

the Society in case of his refusal, the older [W. Paley] was then no more 

assurance was given and the arrange- than twenty-eight.' 

ment suffered to proceed." Be it re- ^ The notorious Esquire Bedell 

membered, that of these two cham- (1770), to whom Gunning devotes part 



240 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Lord Sandwich mean time ever active and steady 
Eyes the Drums with impatience, and cries an't yon ready? 

Knows who are alert, and who always ask pardon ; 
And who are the Men must be fetch'd from the Garden. 

When the Band is all marshall'd from front to the rear, 
And Miss Eay^, and Norris, and Busy appear ; 

When impatience to start shines in ev'ry man's Face, 
Steals in Dr Shepherd a tuning his Bass. 

But now hush'd is each noise, and on each raptm-'d ear 
Break such sounds as the angels stand list'ning to hear ; 

Handel rouses, and hearing his own Thunder roar, 
Looks downward from Heaven, and calls out encore. 

Dr Webb's collection in the University Library contains, 
beside the foregoing song (vol. i.), a ^ programvia' (W. Richard- 
son, Coll. Pet., V.C.) forbidding persons in statu pupillari from 
attending a public concert, 30 June, 1770 : — Also the programme 
of a Concert held in the hall of Trinity College on Friday, 
26 June, 1772, at 6 p.m.: — Another (three pages 4to) of a 
concert in the same place 30 June, 1775. 

of the 5th chapter of the first vol. of 1790. She was shot (1779) when 

his Reminiscences. Beverly got an coming from Covent-Garden theatre 

honorary degree from the jn-octors by an unhappy admirer. She was 

in 1767, and a good deal of money doubtless the person whom Paley 

from the heads of colleges, &c. in and J. Law obliged Dr Shepherd to 

various years. exch;de from the concert in their col- 

1 MissiJfltfj/jOrWrayjmotherof Basil lege hall. 
Montagu, Q.C. (Chr.) 6th wrangler, 



CHAPTER XXI. 

ASTRONOMY. 

Sir Roderick {examining Immerito, a candidate for preferment). Sirrah, 
boy, write him down a good astronomer. 
Page {aside, writes) 'As colit astra.' 

The Return from Parnassus (1602), i. 3. 

Though of old time the subjects of Arithmetic and Geo- 
metry were reserved for Bachelors in Arts to study, we have 
already said all that we have to say thereanent on the topic of 
the Mathematical Tripos. 

Concerning Astronomy we have still a few remarks to make. 

The Cambridge professors seem as a rule to have done their 
duty by this science. First and foremost we have Newton, who 
by exact scientific reasoning proved the guess of Descartes^ in 
his general hypothesis of matter and motion to be true, but in 
a different sense for the material universe. 

Isaac Newton of Trinity was Lucasian Professor 1669 — 1702, 
and had his private observatory in the college ^ 

^ In illustration of the question in gather depends.' Some Observations 

dispute between Whewell and Playfair upon the Answer to an Enquiry into 

on the hold which Cartesianism had the Grounds and Occasion of the CoU' 

at Cambridge I omitted (p. 125) Each- tempt of the Clergy 1671, p. 144. Cp. 

ard's (Master of Oath. Hall) humorous above p. 176. 

description of the 'yoimg pert Soph' ^ Humphrey Wanley was staying in 
criticizing the country parson's Easter Cambridge in Sept. 1699. He wrote 
Sermon. 'What a good Text was thus to Dr Charlett of Univ. CoU. 
here spoyled to divide it into this and Oxon. ' Here was a gi-eat preparation 
that, and I know not what, when it for observing the EcHpse, a room 
would have gone so easily into corpus darkened, telescopes fixed and every- 
and inane ; or into the three Cartesian thing put in order on purpose, and 
elements. Besides, like an old dull happy that man that could be ad- 
Philosopher, he quite forgat to sup- mitted ; but after some hours waiting 
pose the motion of the vortexes upon for black Wednesday parturiunt mon- 
which the grand business of the tes, the gentlemen having dined with 
Hypothesis of the Resurrection alto- Duke Humfrey came out very gravely 

w. IG 



242 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

His deputy and successor W. Whiston, of Clare, took in- 
terest in this pursuit. He records ^ how Sam. Clarke and his 
father Alderman Clarke, of Norwich, about 1707 or 1708, 
* happened to be viewing Saturn's Ring at Norwich, with a 
Telescope of 15 or 16ft. long; when without any prior 
Thought or Expectation of such a thing, as Mr Clarke assured 
me, they both distinctly saw a fixed star between the Ring and 
the Body of that Planet : which is sure evidence that the Ring 
is properly distinct from the Planet, and at some distance from 
it : which, tho' believ'd, could hardly be demonstrated before.' 

When Whiston was deprived of his professorship and cate- 
chetical lectureship Oct. 80, 1710, he retired to London, and 
gave astronomical lectures, which were attended by Addison 
and Sir R. Steele. But just before this he published his 
Pi^aelectiones Physico-Mathematicae, and three years earlier 
(1707) he had been especially energetic, editing Newton's nine 
years' professional lectures on Algebra under the title of Arith- 
metica Universalis, as well as Praeleciiones Astronomicae^ of his 
own. In the month of May of that year he and Roger Cotes 
the young Plumian professor began a course of experiments, 
from which each of them composed a dozen lectures in hydro- 
statics and pneumatics. 

Roger Cotes, of Trinity 1706 — 16, just mentioned, is num- 
bered among our professors of Experimental Philosophy\ He 

into the warm sun cursing their Newtoni Mathcmatica explicatins tra- 

tables, &c., and were as well laughed ditur ; et facilius devionstratur. Come- 

at as the Sons of Art in London, who tographia etiam Halleiana Commen- 

hired the monument for the same tariolo illustratur. In Vsum JuvenUi- 

pui'pose.' Letters from the Bodleian, tis Academicae. Typis Academicis 

I, 97. 8vo. Prctium 4s. 6d. An english ed. 

1 Whiston's Memoir of S. Clarke Lond. 1716, 

(1730), p. 14. Wliiston lectured also on the Ancient 

^ PraelectionesAstronomicae,Ca.ntsi- Eclipses of the Sun and Moon for 

brigiae mi Scholis publicis habitae, about a year before he was banished 

Quibus accedunt Tabulae plurimae 1709—10. 3Iemoirs of the Life of 

Astronomicae Flamstediauae correc- W. Whiston (1749), i. pp. 135, 173, 

tae, Hallianae, Cassianae, et Stree- 181. His Neio Theory of the Earth 

tianae. In Usum Juventutis Aca- (1695) continued to be read at Cam- 

demicae. Pretium 5s. 6d. 1707. bridge. 

Praelcctiones Physico-Mathematicae , * Cotes was elected unanimously the 

Cantabrigiae in Scholis pv.blicis hahi- year after he had taken his first de- 

tae. Quibus Philosophia Illustrissimi gree ! Beutley calls him ' Post mag- 



PROFESSORS OF ASTRONOMY. 243 

is very widely celebrated for his 'property of the circle,' and on 
the continent Gauss has done honour to his interpolation 
method for the value of integrals. Mr J. W. L. Glaisher informs 
me that a method which is even now just beginning to find its 
way into Cambridge teaching, the treatment of optics by the 
methods of modern geometry, of which Gauss is the modern 
founder, is really due, so far as its principles are concerned, to 
Cotes. 

Cotes by his College observatory and experiments ' involved 
himself in a debt^ which his modesty permitted to prey upon 
his health ; and which put an end to that valuable life at the 
age of thirty-four. A Person renowned for his great skill in 
classic literature [Bentley] then presided in the College ; a 
spectator of Cotes s distress : Into which he had been plunged 
upon expectations or promises that the expenses should be born 
{sic) by that opulent College. But the only regard paid him 
was by the Epitaph composed in classic elegance ; which is 
inscribed on his monument in Trinity College Chapel. After 
death every Virtue is sure to meet its reward ^' Monk's life of 
Bentley (i. 202, 401) hy no means hears out this imputation. 

In 1714 the Plumian and Lucasian Professors were con- 

num ilium Newtonum Societatis hujus Philosophica was not printed till sixty 

spes altera et decus gemellum ; cui years later. (WheweU Hist. Induct. 

ad summam doctrinae laudem Omnes Sciences, Vol. n. Bk. vi. Cli. vi. § 10; 

morum virtutumque dotes In cumu- Bk. viii. ch. ii.) 

lum accesserunt ; Eo magis specta- ^ There was a college observatory in 

biles amabilesque, Quod in formoso the 2nd court of S. John's (1765), of 

corporeGratioresvenirent.' (Epitaph.) which Isaac Pennington (then a Soph) 

Vincent Bourne also wrote epitaphic had charge in 1766 with a stipend of 

lines in his memory. Three years be- £15 per annum. He was required to 

fore Cotes' death Brook Taylor (LL.B. dehver observations to the master and 

St John's) had discovered (simultane- seniors. In 1764 a pair of 16 in. 

ously with John BernouUi and James diam. globes were ordered, price not 

Hermann of Basle) the centre of exceeding 10 gmneas ; but it was two 

oscillation of bodies in motion rigidly years before they were procured, 

connected by a lever, Taylor published £aker-3Iayor, 1071—1073. 

in his Method of Increments, 1715, a ^ Ei. Davies' General State of Edu- 

problem in vibrating strings. He was cation in the Universities with a par- 

the discoverer of the theorem which ticular View to the Philosophic and 

bears his name. He contributed to the Medical Education : to Dr Hales. 

Philos. Transactions, 1712—23. He Bath. 1759. Sold by M. Cooper, London, 

died in 1731, but his Contcmplatio {Bodl. GoughCamb. G(j),i>. AS. 

16—2 



244 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

stituted ex officio of the Commission foi' discovering the longi- 
tude at sea. (Cooper's Annals, iv. 120). 

Antony Shepherd (M.A. Chr., B.A. Joh.) printed in 1776 
' A description of the experiments intended to illustrate a course 
of lectures on the principles of natural philosophy, read in 
the observatory at Trin. coll. Cambridge,' as Plumian pro- 
fessor^. 

At the close of the century another of the successors of Cotes 
as Plumian Professor, Sam. Vince of Caius (1796 — 1822), used 
to lecture inter alia upon Astronomy ; giving experiments and 
explanations of instruments^ He printed a ' Plan ' of his course, 
Camb. 1797. It may have been on account of Vince's suffi- 
ciency that the special Professor of Astronomy of the later 
(Lowndesian) foundation, W. Lax of Trinity (1795 — 1836), gave 
'no lectures'' at the end of the last century. It certainly was 
on account of Vince's lectures that "Wollaston the Jackson ian 
professor lectured in chemistry only instead of alternating with 
experimental Philosophy, and in his turn Farish took to Me- 
chanics. 

The first who had held the office of Lowndes' professor of 
Astronomy, was Dr Roger Long of Pembroke (1750 — 71), the 
friend of Gray. His famous ' Zodiack,' constructed with the 
help of Jonathan Munns, the tin-plate worker, has been noticed 
in Univ. Life, p. 662. It has only recently been discarded by the 
society to which he bequeathed it. Until Vince was appointed 
Plumian Professor, F. J. H. Wollaston of Trin. Hall, professor 
of Natural and Experimental Philosophy (1792 — 18), gave 
alternate courses on Astronomy with Chemistry, but in 
1795 he abandoned the former. An account of the work of 
their successors at the commencement of the present century- 
may be found in [Wright's] Alma Mater, ii. 84 (relating to 1818), 
and Facetiae Cantab. 1836,^3. 159. 

In 1792 Mr Ingram complained * that our University had 
need of a good Observatory, and a convenient room for the pro- 

1 The covenant of Trin. Coll. with * Camb. Univ. Calendar, 1802, pp. 

the Plumian Trustees, Feb. 9, 1705, is 23, 24. 

gi\eii in Cooper'' s Aiinals, IV. 69 n. The ^ Ibid. y). SO. 

Observatory over the King's Gate is * The Necessity of Introducing Di- 

meutioned. vinity, &c. p. 108 ?i. 



ASTRONOMY. 245 

fessors in Divinity and the professors of Civil Law and Common 
Law to read their lectures in. 

In 1768 there had been a project for building a Music Room 
and Amphitheatre for professional lectures, started by Walter 
Titley's donation, but it fell through. 

There were small Observatories in our principal Colleges — 
over the 'great ' or ' King's ' gate of Trinity, and in St John's *. 
The former was erected by subscription of Bentley and his 
friends (Jan. 170f) and stored with the best astronomical instru- 
ments which science could at that period produce, — partly at 
the expense of the library fund. Beneath this Cotes, and after 
him his cousin Ro. Smith, Bentley's successor, resided as Plumian 
Professor. Sir I. Newton, and after him Yice-master Walker, 
occupied the rooms to the north of the gate, and W. Whiston 
those to the south ^ 

The following list may interest Oxonian Astronomers and 
Geometricians : — 
A Catalogue of lustruments Made and Sold by John Prujean near New- 
College in Oxford. With Notes of the Use of thcm^. 

Holland's Universal Quadi'ant, 

His Arithmetick Quadrant, serving to take Heights hy inspection. 

Oughtred's Quadi'ant, His Double Horizontal Dial. 

Gnnter's Quadrant, His Analemma, 

His Nocturnal. CoUins's Quadrant. 

Mr Halton's Universal Quadrant for all Latitudes with Mr Haley's notes. 

Orontia^s Sinical Universal quadrant. Napier's Rods. 

Mr CasioeVs Nocturnal. Mr Haley's Nocturnal. 

Mr Tomson's Pantametron. Mr Pound's Cylinder-Dial. 

Mr Edward's Astrolohe. [sic.] Mr Hooper's Dialing Scales. 

Scales for Fortification. Scales for Surveying, Dialing, &c. 

And most other Mathematical Instruments. 

John Keill (1671 — 1721), born at Edinburgh, studied under 
David Gregory at the university there, and following him to 
Oxford, entered at Balliol, and exhibited experiments illus- 
trative of the Newtonian philosophy by means of an apparatus 
of his own invention : he also examined Burnet and Whistou's 
Theories of the Earth. In 1700 he lectured on natural phi- 

1 Baker-Mayor 1041, 1073. ^ Advt. at the end of Globe Notes 

2 Monk's Bentley, i. 202, Bentley's by R. HoUaud, Oxford, Printed for 
Corresp. pp. 448, 449, 786. Walker Henry Clements, 1701.— Bodl. Godwin 
preserved Newton's rooms as far as Pamph. 1238. Another list will ho 
possible in statu quo, adding Bentley's found among W. Gooch's remains in 
famed hat to his relics. the Appendix to this volume. 



246 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

losophy as deputy for the Sedleian Professor, Sir T. Millington. 
In the following year he published Introductio ad veram Phy- 
sicam. Having been elected F. R. S., he took the part of 
Newton against Leibnitz in the Fluxional Controversy (1708). 
After paying a visit to America (1709) as treasurer to the ex- 
iled Palatines, he returned to Oxford, and was made Savilian 
Professor^ of Astronomy the same year. He again took up the 
cudgels for Newton against the Cartesians, in a Paper before 
the Royal Soc, On the Rarity of Matter, &c. In 1711 he be- 
came Decypherer to the Queen ; and in 1713 took the degree 
of M.D. Two years later he edited Euclid ; and in 1718 he 
read an 'Introduction to the true Astronomy, or Astronomical 
Lectures in the Astronomical School of the Univ. of Oxford,* 
which was published in 1721, the year of his death. He is 
said to have been the first who introduced the love of the 
Newtonian Philosophy at Oxford by his lectures in 1704, laying 
down very simple propositions which he proved by experiments 
and from those he deduced others more complex, which he still 
confirmed by experiments ; till he had instructed his auditors 
in the laws of motion, the principles of hydrostatics and optics, 
and some of the chief propositions of Sir I. Newton concerning 
light and colours. 

This account of John Keill's positive method is given by 
his successor Desaguliers in the Preface to his Course of Ex- 
perimental Philosophy. 

John Theophilus Desaguliers (1683 — 1749) was born at 
Rochelle, brought to England after the Revocation of the Edict 
of Nantes, and sent to Christ Church. B.A. Ordained Deacon 
1710. The same year, having removed to Hart Hall, he read 
lectures on Experimental Philosophy, as successor in that 
readership to John Keill, who was visiting New England. 
Having married and taken his M.A, degree in 1712, he com- 
menced lectures in London in 1713; was made F, R. S. under 
Newton's presidency in 1714. Published Fires improved, and 
quarrelled with Edmund Curll for advertising it too much. 

1 Keill's master, David Gregory of Carswell) who succeeded Gregory left 

Balliol, had held this professorship a very favoiu'able impression on 

(1691 — 1709). The chair had been Uffenbach, who conversed with him 

fiUed in earlier times by Seth Ward on telescopes in 1710. Beisen, iii. 

and Chr. Wren. Jo, Caswell (or 180. 



ASTRONOMY. 24-7 

Lectured before K. Geo. I. in 1717. B.C.L. and D.C.L., 1718. 
With Dr Stephen Hales he invented and exhibited an engine 
for sea-soundings in 1728. His electrical experiments and 
papers in the Philos. Transactions, &c. are enumerated in 
Kippis' Biog. Brit. 

James Bradley of Balliol, who succeeded Keill as Savilian 
Professor of Astronomy in 1741, made constant obervations, 
and discovered and settled the aberration of the fixed stars 
(1727) from the progressive motion of light combined with the 
earth's annual motion, and the nutation of its axis (1737). 
He succeeded Halley as astronomer royal. Two of the Savilian 
professors of Geometry also held that post-^Edm. Halley of 
Qu. himself, and his successor in the professorship (1742), Nat. 
Bliss of Pembroke. Halley, while at Oxford, had published ob- 
servations on a spot in the sun, by which its motion on its 
axis was established, in 1676 — two years before he was admitted 
M.A., and just before his important visit to St Helena. 

On the evening of June 3rd, 1769, the tower of New Col- 
lege was used by Mr Lucas a fellow, and Mr Clare of St John's, 
to observe the transit of Venus ; the Savilian Professor Hornsby 
was in the Schools' Tower ; and Mr Nitikin (a Russian) and 
Mr Williamson of St Alban Hall, in the Infirmary\ Cyril 
Jackson, then A.B. and Student of Ch. Ch., and several others, 
were stationed in other places, not particularly fitted for the 
purpose^ This shows how much a proper observatory was 
then needed at Oxford, The foundations for such an one (the 
Radcliffe) were laid soon afterwards, in June 1772. 

In Sept., 1750, a Cambridge man wrote to the Student or 
Oxford Monthly Miscellany (l. 339) commending the study of 
astronomy to future country gentlemen, and to all university 
men. He says, ' I fancy they will find it no inelegant transition 
from a chapter in Smigletius to a lecture in Keil.' He con- 
cludes by proposing to commence astronomical communications 
to the Student, afid refers to an account of the early history of 
the science by G. Costard ^ fellow of Wadham, in his Two 
Letters to Martin Folkes, Esq., 1746. 

1 Mackenzie E. C. Walcott, W. of = ibid. p. 29. 

Wykeham and his Colleges, pp. 335, ' Vicar of Twickenliam ; author of 

336, [Green's] Oxford during the Last Observations illustrating the Bk. of Job, 

Century (Slatter aud Eose), p. 22. 17^7. Hist, of Astronomy, 1767, &c. 



248 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

A list of Books m use at Cambridge 

about the year 1730 

for Optics and Astronomy. 

Acta Eruditorum Lipsiae. anno 1683. 

Bentley, Ei. (Trin.) Boyle Lectures, Serm. viii. Lond. 1693. 

Boyle, Eo. (Oxon.) Works, abridged by Shaw. 1725. 

Bullialdus, Ismael (Boulliau) Be Lineis Spiralibus, Paris, 1657. 

Burgundiae Philosophia. (Cf. p. 79 supra.) 

Biunet, T. (Clare and Cbr.) Theory of the Earth. Lond. 1681—9. 

Cartesius, Eenat. (La Fleche) Dioptricks. 

• Meteor. 

• Principia. Amst. 1644. 

Chambers, Epkr. Diet, (sub vocibus Halo, Light, Moon, Parhelion, Eainhow.) 

1728. 
Clarke, S. (Caius) Demonstration of Sir I. Newton's Philos. 
Clericus, J. (Geneva) Physica. Cantab. 1700, 1705. 
De Chales, C. F. M. (Soc. Jesu, Turin) Cursus Mathem. Lyons, 1690. 
Derham, W. (Trin.) Astro-Theol. Lond. 1714, 1726. 
Domekins, G. Peter. Phil. Newton. Lond. 1730. 
Fabri, Honorat. (Eome) ii. de Homine. Paris, 1666. 
Flamsteed, J. (Jes.) 1672—1713. 
Gassendi, P. (Aix and Paris) Astron. 1702. 
's Gravesande, W. J. (Leyden) Physico-Math. Lug. Bat. 1720. 
Gregory, Dav. (Edinb., Oxon) Astron. foho Oxon. 1702. engl. Lond. 1715. 
• Catoptricae et Dioptricae Sphericae Elementa. Oxon. 1695. (Lond. 1705, 

1715, 1735.) 
Harris, J. (S. John's) Astron. Dial. (ed. 3. 1795.) 
Hooke, E. (Ch. Ch.) Posthumous Works. 1705. 
Huyghens, Christian. Discursus de Causis Gravitat. Lug. Bat. 1724—8. 

■ Opusc. Posthuma. Lug. Bat. 1703. 

Planetary Worlds, or Cosmotheoros. Hagae. 1698. Lond. 1699. 

Johnson, T. (King's, Magd.) Quaestiones (Opticae pp. 27, 28). 
(Astronomicae pp. 32, 33) Camb. 1732 ; ed. 

3. 1741. 
Keill, John (Balliol) Examination of Theorists on the Earth. Oxon. 1698. 

Introd. ad Astron. Oxon. 1715. 

Lowthorp, J. (Joh.) Abridgment of Philos. Transactions, 3 vols. 4to. Lond. 1716. 
Malebrauche, Nic. (Sorbonne) Search after Truth. (1674), Trausl. T. Taylor. 

Lond. 1720. 
Miscellanea Cvuiosa (Halley, Molyneux, &e.) 
Molyneux, W. (F. E. S.) Dioptricks. 4to. Lond. 1692. 

in Misc. Curiosa, ii. 263. 

Musschenbroeck, P. van. (Leyden) Elem. Physico-Math. 
Newton, Is. (Trin.) Lectiones Opticae. Opticks, 4to. Loud. 1704. 
Optice. lat. ed. S. Clarke. Loud. 1706, 1728. 



Principia Math. Lond. 1687. Camb. 1713. 

Ode, Ju. Phil. Nat. Principia. Traject. ad Ehen. 1727. 



ASTRONOMY, &C. 249 

Pemberton, H. (Leyden, Gresliam Coll., F.R.9.) View of Newton. Lend. 1728. 
Philosophical Conversations. 

-— Transactions. 

Eiccioli, Giov. Bapt. (Parma) Almagestum Novum. Bologna 1651 — 69. 
Eizzett, Giov. de Lumiuis affectionibus, or the present State of the Eepublick 

of Letters. 
(Rizzett, Giov.) a Confutation of. 
Eohault, Jac. Physica. ed. 4. (by S. Clarke) 1718. 
Eowniug, J. (Magd.) Opticks. 
Smith, R. (Trin.) Opticks, Camb. 1728, 1738. 
Tacquet, Andr. {Soc. Jesu, Antwerp) Catoptricks (1669). 
Wallis, J. (Emm. Qu. Savil.) Opera Mathemat. Oxon. 1687—99. 
Whiston, W. (Clare) Praelectiones Astronom., Camb. 1707. 

. Physico-Mathem., Camb, 1710. 

New Theory of the Earth. Lond. 1696, 1725. 

Worster, Ben. Princip. PhUos. Loud. 1730. 



It may be well to supplement this index, and that on pp. 
78 — 81, with a chronological list of 

Some Mathematical Books printed since 1730. 

1731. Euchd Oxon. 

L. Trevigar, Conic Sections (in usum juvent. Acad.) Camb. 
1734. Is. Barrow's (Trin.) Mathematical Lecttires (Bowyer). 

Inquiry into the Ideas of Space. Treatises by J. Clarke, E. Law, &o. 

1737. W. Whiston (Clare) New Theory of the Earth. Camb. 

1738. Ro. Smith (Trin.) Complete System of Opticks (ed. 1. 1728). Camb. 
Roger Cotes (Trin.) Hydrostatical and Pueumatical Lectures (Bowyer). 

1739. R. Dunthorne (Dr Long's servant, Pemb.) Astronomy of the Moon. 

Camb. 
Tables of the Moon's Motion. Camb. 

1740. Nie. Sanderson (Chr.) Elements of Algebra. 

1741. 2 vols. 4to. with Memoir. 

1742. Roger Long (Pemb.) Astronomy, 4to. vol. i. Camb. 

Colin Maclaurin (Glasg. Aberd.) Complete System of Fluxions. Lond. 
1744. R. Smith (Trin.) Harmonics. Camb. 

P. Parsons (Sid.) Astronomic Doiibts. Camb. 

1747. J. KeiU (Ball. ) Euclidis Elementa. ed. 4. Oxon. 
Ralph Heathcote (Jes,) Historia Astronomiae. Camb. 

1748. Colin Maclaurin (Glasg. Aberd.) Accoimt of Newton's Discoveries. Lond. 
■ Algebra, in 3 parts. Lond. 

• Geometra Descriptio Curvarum (ed. 2. with Life.) 

Lond. 
H. Owen (Jesus) Harmonia Trigonometrica. 
T, Rutherforth (S. Joh. ) System of Nat. Philosophy. Camb. 

1749. R. Smith (Trin.) Harmonics. Camb. 

Edm. Halley (Queen's) Tabulae Astronomicae. 4to. Lond. 
1752, Astronomical Tables, 4to. Lond. 



250 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

1756. James Ferguson, Astronomy on Newton's principles. Lond. (also 1757, 
1764, 1772, 1778.) 

1758. Meuelai Spbaerica. E. Halley, J. Costard. Oxon. 

1759. B. Smith (Trin.) Harmonics ed. 2. Camb. 
Isr. Lyons junior. Treatise on Fluxions. 

1760. W. S. Powell (S. Job.) Observations on Waring's Miscellanea Analytica. 
James Ferguson, Lectures on Mecbanics, Hydi-ostatics, Pneumatics and 

Optics. Lond. 
1762. E. Waring (Magd.) Miscellanea Analytica de ^quationibus algebraicis et 

curvarum Proprietatibus. 4to. Camb. 
W. Jones, Essay on Nat. Pbilosopby. Oxon. 
1765. Excerpta quaedam e Newt. Priucipiis. J. Jebb et R. Thorpe (Pet.) G. 

WoUastou (Sid.) 4to. Camb. 

1767. Syntagma Dissertationum. (partly scientific). Hyde. Oxon. 

1768. James Ferguson, Easy Introduction to Astronomy. 

1769. Astronomical Observations at Camb. 1767, 68. W. Ludlam (S. Joh.) 

Lond. 

1770. E. Waring (Magd.) Meditationes Algebraicae. 4to. Camb. 
James Ferguson, Introduction to Electricity. Lond. 

1771. W. Ludlam (S. Joh.) Hadley's Quadrant, with Supplement. Lond. 

1772. E. Waring (Magd.) Proprietates Algebraicarum Cm-varum. 4to. Camb. 
W. Ludlam (S. Joh.) On the Power of the Wedge. Lond. 

1774. The Academick Dream (a poem against the excessive study of Mathe- 
matics) 4to. Camb. 
1776. E. Waring. Meditationes Analyticae. 4to. Camb. 
1778. T. Kipling (S. Joh.) Elementary part of Smith's Optics. 

1780. W. Ludlam (S. Joh.) on Newton's Second Law of Motion. Lond. 
J. Bonnycastle, Scholar's Guide to Aiithmetick. 12mo. Lond. 

1781. S. Viuce, Conic Sections. Camb. 

1782. E. Waring, Meditationes Algebraicae (ed. 3.) 

1783. J. Bonnycastle, Introduction to Algebra. 12mo. Lond. 

1784. G. Atwood (Trin.) Eectihnear Motion. Camb. 
Analysis of Lectures on Nat. Philosophy. 

Eoger Long's (Pemb.) Astronomy, 2 vols. Camb. (see 1742 — 64.) 

1785. E. Waring (Magd.) Meditationes Analyticae. ed. 2. 4to. Camb. 

T. Parkinson (Chr.) System of Mechanics and Hydrostatics, 2 vols. 4to. 

Camb. 
W. Ludlam (S. Joh. ) Eudiments of Mathematics. Lond. 

1786. J. Bonnycastle. Introduction to Astronomy in a Series of Letters. Lond. 

1787. W. Ludlam (S. Joh.) Eudiments of Mathematics. Camb. 

1789. F. Wollaston (Sid.) General Astronomical Catalogue. Lond. 
J. Bonnycastle. Elements of Geometiy. Lond. 

1790. S. Vince (Cai., Sid.) on Practical Astronomy. Camb. and Lond. 

1792. Archimedes cum Eutocii Ascalou. commentariis. J. Torelli. Oxon. 

1793. S. Vince (Cai., Sid.) Plan of Lectures on Nat. Philosophy. Lond. 
F, Wollaston (Sid.) Universal Meridian Dial. 4to. 

1797. T. Newton (Jes.) Short Treatise on Conic Sections. Camb. 

E. Waring (Magd.) On the Principles of Human Knowledge (Sup- 
pressed). 



MATHEMATICAL BOOKS (1731 — 1800). 251 

1794 — 1852. S. John's Coll. Algebraical Equation and Problem Papers. 
W. Eotherham (Camb. 1852.) 

1795. James Wood (S. Job.) Algebra, vol. i. Camb. 

S. Viuce (Cai., Sid.) Fluxions. Camb. (=vol. ii. of Wood's series). 

1796. T. Manning (Cai.) Arithmetic and Algebra, i. Lond. 
James Wood (S. Job.) Mechanics. Camb. ( = in. i.) 

S. Vince (Cai. and Sid.) Hydrostatics (= Wood's Series iii. ii.) 

1797. S. Vince (Cai., Sid.) Astronomy vol. i. 4to. Camb. 

1798. T. Manning (Cai.) Algebra, vol. ii. Lond. 

Astronomical Observations (Greenwich 1750—02) J. Bradley (Ball.) and 

N. BHss, Oxon. 
James Wood (S. Joh.) Elements of Optics. Camb. (=iv. i.) 

1799. S. Vince (Cai., Sid.) Principles of Astronomy (complete = Wood's Series, 

IV. ii.) 

1800. S. Vince (Cai., Sid.) Plane Spherical Trigonometry. Logarithms. Camb. 

Principles of Hydrostatics. Camb. 

of Fluxions. Camb. 

J. Stephens (? S. Joh.) Method of Ascertaining the Latitude of the 

northern hemisphere. 4to. Camb. 
F. WoUaston (Sid.) Fasciculus Astronomicus, 4to. Lond. 



CHAPTER XXII. 

CONCLUSION. 

Eeliquum est 'ZirdpTa.v iXax^s, Taijrav KSafiei. 

M..T.C. ad Atticum, iv. 6. 

While we thoroughly accept the position that, if Cambridge 
is our mother, Oxford is our aunt^; and while we admit the 
vigour of the latter in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, 
we shall hardly be considered unfairly prejudiced if we declare 
our opinion that there were more certain signs of vitality and 
usefulness in our north-easterly university in the eighteenth 
century, at least in the latter half of it. 

Matters at Cambridge are apt to be at a level (not always 
of necessity a dead level), shewing something of the natural 
characteristics of the country and the town in which her lot is 
cast. Their beauty is retiring, and the point from which they 
may be seen is sometimes far to seek. The elegancies and the 
virtues of Oxford are more prominent, more obvious, even 
to those who do not look for them. 

We may draw a parallel similarly for the intellectual cha- 
racter as it is trained by the traditional method of each uni- 
versity. Oxford shews her sons how they may make the most 
of each point of excellence and turn the smallest details to 
advantage. Cambridge may be colder and duller, but her pur- 
pose is to aim immediately at nothing higher than preparing 
the ground with care and laying the foundation conscientiously. 

The one aims at producing all, and is in danger of losing the 
whole : the other is content with one thing at a time; — that at 
least is gained, though often nothing is built upon it. 

Again, let us carry the contrast of the sister universities 

^ Lakes' Ballad in answer to Ei. universities in 1614, 1615. Cp. Ful- 
Corbet on K, James I's visits to tlie ler's Hist. o/Camb., preface, 1655. 



CONCLUSIOX. - 253 

into comparison with the genius of the two centuries preceding 
our own ; Oxford beauty and Cambridge plainness, the Athenian 
and the Spartan, may be thought to correspond with similar 
characteristics, — the one of the seventeenth, the latter of the 
eighteenth century. 

To take for example one particular where the comparison 
favours Oxford; a particular where Oxford had a right to pre- 
eminence, on the ancient and noble theory that to aim at all 
science is to aim at Theology : we may observe that theological 
controversy, the study of the sacred languages by raw students, 
and even reverent care for ceremonial details, was a growth of 
the seventeenth rather than of the eighteenth century, and 
seemed more at home at Oxford than at Cambridge. A similar 
backwardness (we should hardly call it a deficiency) was, I believe, 
noticeable in our university with regard to physical science. 

In mathematics (if not in metaphysics) Cambridge could 
turn the tables on her sister, at least in the latter half of 
the seventeenth century. But these were the foundations on 
which all subsequent study, in Theology and the other sciences, 
was to be built. 

To these subjects she clung, the like foundation she con- 
tinued to lay, under the guidance of more skilled master- 
builders, and with greater energy, during the eighteenth century. 

In that period a new species of Theology, of a character 
exclusively protestant and alarmingly negative, the product of 
the Revolution, was taking the place of the anglican Divinity 
of Laud or of Cranmer. 

It was not a great step from Hoadly to Clarke, and so to 
Theophilus Lindsey to Gilbert Wakefield and William Frend. 
Those were men of Cambridge education, though no doubt 
their university was not well satisfied with the superstructure 
which they raised upon her grounding. How far she produced 
any better theologians we may perhaps consider hereafter: 
suffice it to say that when she next produced a decided 'school* 
of notability, it was not a school of able and learned theolo- 
gians, but a band of earnest men whose strength lay not in 
science but in subjective religion. As for Oxford, if the theo- 
logical bent of eighteenth century character was not agreeable 
to her traditions, she was content to slumber; at least she raised 



254) UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

no powerful opposition to the floods which for a season were 
overwhelming the field of Divinity with a dull and level surface 
of dead water. 

But now let us look to the work of 'preliniinary training 
which rightly or wrongly Cambridge did pretend to do exclu- 
sively. 

We may take for example the year 1793 (when Kipling, Is. 
Milner and others called Frend to account for his pamphlet, 
and refused the use of the Cambridge University press to a 
fasciculus of Wakefield's Silva Critica), a time which was allowed 
to be in the dark ages of the Universities. 

At Cambridge were circulated the following notices, of which 
I have printed copies before me; and I know not how many 
similar evidences of vitality may have perished in the dust-heap. 

Of the three instructors thus advertising their courses of 
lectures, one, namely Yince, was not a professor in 1793. He 
was promoted three years later and continued to lecture and 
publish as Plumian professor. 

' Cambridge, Oct. 10. 1793. 
On Monday, Nov, 18, at four o'Clock in the Afternoon, 

The Rev. S. Vince, A.M., F.RS., 
Proposes to begin his Philosophical Course of Public Lec- 
'tures in the Principles of the Four Branches of Natural 
Philosophy, With the Application to a great Variety of Pro- 
blems, and on the Principia of Sr. I. Newton, with the most 
useful deductions. 

To be continued every Monday, Wednesday and Friday. 

That Part of the Course which contains the Lectures on the 
Principia, will for the Conveniency of those who shall then 
have commenced Sophs, be given at the End of the present and 
Beginning of the next Term. 

And on Tuesday, Nov. 19, at the same Hour, he proposes to 
besrin his Mathematical Course of Public Lectures on the Prin- 
ciples of Arithmetic, Algebra, Fluxions, Trigonometry, plain and 
spherical, Logarithms, Ratios, &c., &c. 

To be continued every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. 
Each Course to be attended a second Time gratis. 



CAMBRIDGE TEACHING IN 1793. 255 

Terms of attendance are 5 Guineas for each Course. They 
who purpose to attend are requested to send in their Names\' 

The next notice tells that the Jacksonian Professor (F. 
J. H. Wollaston) will begin to lecture on the same subjects to 
candidates for the degree of B.A., and in the ensuing January 
will instruct questionists. 

Another (preserved accidentally like the others) signifies 
that the Professor of Anatomy (Busick Harwood) will lecture 
on Human Anatomy and Physiology. This shows that some 
attempt at least was made to supply professional education. 

Such is a specimen of the pabulum which was provided in the 
University. If in the next place we peep into the private diary ^ 
of a scholar of Trinity written that same month of November, 
1793, we find him reading 'Ratios and Variable Quantities,' 
transcribing a Syllabus of Mechanics, attending certain lectures 
and declamations, beside other literary reading and conver- 
sation. The diary breaks off in the middle of the month and 
is resumed in the following spring, when the writer appears to 
be studying Euripides Hippolytus, Sophocles Oed. Coloneus, 
Lowth de Sac7'a Poesi, Grecian History, Locke, Astronomy, and 
attending Mr Tavel's college lectures on Euclid Bk. xi, and 
Spherical Trigonometry, and professor Wollaston's public lec- 
tures aforementioned. 

But, not to confine our investigations to one college, we find 
that at S. John's there were the annual examinations which 
had been established nearly a quarter of a century before : 

1 A similar notice dated 'Trinity Part: or 8 Guineas the whole course.' 
Jfa7Z, Nov. 2, 1793,' informs students This was I suppose a private venture 

that the Eev. F. Wrangham, with the ofWrangham and Montagu. The former 

Assistance of Basil Montagu, M.A. lost his election three days after this 

Chr. will dehver (at 4 p.m.) a Course date. Shortly after this the friends 

of Lectures upon— formed an elaborate plan of taking 

'Mathematics and Natural Philoso- pupils at Cobham (Gunning's iiemimsc. 
phy. The Mathematical Part will in- ii. 1). On seeing their latter pros- 
chide Algebra, Fluxions, &c. The pectus Sir James Mackintosh re- 
Philosophical Part the Four Branches, marked 'A boy thus educated will be 
Newton's Principia, &c. , Illustrated by a walking encyclopaedia.' 
a Variety of Problems. « Printed in my Univ. Life, 589 

Terms of Attendance 5 Guineas each 591. 



256 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

These were conducted viva voce except in the mathematical 
subjects, in which we have evidence that printed papers were 
set as early as 1793- 

The following S. John's examination paper for 1794 (or a 
year or two earlier^) has been preserved by Mr W. Rptherham. 
' S. John's College. Cambridge. * 
(cir. 1794.) 

, on 7a;' A 352 -12x 

^- ^ 2 12 I 

15a; - 8)/ = 3o ^— ^ I 

xy- 7a;/ -945 = 763) 
• xy -y =12 / 

4. A shepherd had two flocks of sheep, the enialler of which consisted 
entirely of ewes, each of which brought him 2 lambs. Upon counting them 
he found that the number of lambs was equal to the difference between the 
two flocks, and that if all his sheep had been ewes and had brought him 3 
lambs apiece, his stock would have been 432. Required the number in each 
flock. 

5. A countryman, being employed by a poulterer to drive a flock of 
geese and turkeys to London, in order to distinguish his own from any he 
might meet on the road, pulled 3 feathers out of the tails of the turkeys 
and 1 out of those of the geese, and upon counting them found that the 
number of turkey feathers exceeded twice those of the geese by 15. Having 
bought 10 geese and sold 15 turkeys by the way, he was surprised to find 
as he drove them into the poulterer's yard, that the number of geese ex- 
ceeded the number of turkeys in the proportion of 7 : 3. Required the num- 
ber of each. 

6. Two persons, A and B, comparing their daily wages, found that the 
square of A'b wages exceeded the square of £'s by 5; and that if to the 
square of the sum of the fourth powers of their wages, there wag added 4 
times the rectangle contained by the square of the product of their wages 
and the square of the difference of the squares of their wages, augmented 
by 12 times the 4* power of the product of their wages, the aggregate 
amount would be 1428£ Is. Required the wages of each.' 

If our scholars in the eighteenth century did not pretend to 
the studiousness of some in earlier days, — such as Henry 
Hammond who spent thirteen hours in study when he was in 

1 '■Algebraical Equation and Prohlem year 1794 to 1852.' pp. 1, 2. See the 
Papers proposed in the examinations of preface, p. ii. 
St John's College Cambridge, from the 



HARD READING. 2o/ 

residence in Magthden College Oxon\ or even of Robert San- 
derson (eighteen years his senior), who was content with eleven 
hours while at Lincoln College^ (M.A. 1608) ; — we find that a 
wrangler of the year 179G read (at least while a questionist) on 
an average nearly ten hours per diem; once or twice, as much as 
twelve hours and a half. About ten years earlier. Gunning 
having remarked that some people supposed Vickers of Queens' 
would run Brinkley (of Caius) hard for the senior wranglership 
as he read twelve or fourteen hours daily, Parkinson, the tutor 
of Christ's observed, "If he means to beat him, he had better 
devote six hours to reading, and six hours to reflecting on what 
he has read^" Probably the books then required in the tripos 
were more exhausting than those studied in the seventeenth 
century. However, we find that in the early part of the 
eighteenth century Waterland expected students to study in 
the vacations as hard as they did in term-time, while Sir W. 
Hamilton complains that in the latter part (called somewhat 
strangely 'the Augustan Age of Cambridge*,') the mathemati- 
cal examination entailed too severe a strain upon the brains of 
the examined^: and this was before the French analytical 
studies had become popular®, and even before Waring's works 
were published. Paley indeed, as quoted above, p. 66, did in his 
later 3'ears make some such statement as to the severity of the 
preparation, but he did so not altogether as blaming the system 
or its requirements, and I should venture to think that he over- 
stated the havoc made among weak brains. He himself was 
quoted^ as an instance of exceptional immunity from the dele- 
trious effects of being senior wrangler, which may remind us of 
the Cambridge 'Don's' tale of the no less disastrous effects 
attributed to a contest of later times, when one old university 
man represented himself as the only survivor of a certain crew 
who had rowed a hard race against Oxford not very many years 



' Fell's^ammo??/^, ed. 2. (1662), p. 8. " Playfair had stigmatized the iieg- 

- [Bliss] Oxoniana, iv. 84. lect of analysis in England in his le- 

' Gunning's Eeminisc. i. ch. i. view of La Place. Edinb. Rev. vol. xi. 

* Quarterly Review,0ct.lS17. xvtii. Jan. 1808. 

•235. 7 QunrterJtj Ri'vifir, .July 1813. ix. 

* Edivhin-iih Rcvietr. 3tKI. 

w. 17 



2o8 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

before. His hearer was inclined to think that there must be 
some truth in this charge of destructiveness against boating, f(jr 
he had been told in confidence a similar tale by jive of his 
friend's seven colleagues. Of one thing there could be no doubt, 
that the coxswain was no more. 

We may be inclined to think in the other case that the 
brains imported to have been cracked would have given w^ay 
without the tripos coming in contact with them. 

In addition to the evidence which we have just now brought 
forward, our Appendices on the Trinity fellowship and scholai*- 
ship elections, and the S.John's 'May' examinations, Avill supply 
some information (supplementary to what has been already 
printed at the beginning of this compilation) about the measure 
of study pursued at Cambridge in the last century, especially in 
individual colleges. 

Even now we have no regular admission examination pre- 
vious to matriculation except at Trinity and Trinity-hall; we 
learn* that there were such examinations at Cambridge about 
1787, but they were not universal nor efficient: such a system 
is indeed established generally in Oxford, but the Quarterly 
Reviewer Tiailed it as a comparatively recent innovation at some 
colleges {e.g. Oriel and Balliol) in 1827 (p. 259.) The same 
writer speaks also of terminal examinations, the Oxford 'collec- 
tions V in the colleges of both universities, 

^ Considerations on the Oaths re- and so the whole work was clone. We 

qnired by the Univ. of Canihridge, &c., go to Lecturs every other clay hi 

&c. by a Member of the Senate, 1788. Logics, and what we hear one day we 

p. 9. Abraham de la Pry me thus de- give an account of the next. Besides, 

scribes his admissioia a century earlier we go to his [our tutor's] chambers 

in May, 1690. every night and hears the Sophs and 

'I was admitted member of St John's Junior Sophs dispute, and then some 

College the day following. First I was one is called out to conster a chapt in 

examined by my Tutor, then by the the New Testament which after it is 

Senior Dean, then by the Junior Dean, ended then we go to prayers, and then 

and then by the Master [Dr Gower]; to our respective chambers.' Surtees 

who all made me but construe a verse Soc. (1870) liv. p, 19. 
or two apiece in the Greek Testament, ^ CoUections. An examination ivt 

except the Master, who asked me both the end of term on the subjects of 

in that and in Plautus and Horace college lectures, &e, Cp. the Wyke- 

too. Then I went to the Eegisterer hamical term ' gatherings.' 
to be registered member of the College, 



THE TUTORIAL SYSTEM. 



259 



The system of tuition uuderweut some modifications, 
I suppose it was within fifty years of the establishment of 
our Elizabethan academical constitution (1570 — 1620) that the 
college tutors^ supplanted the university teachers and professors, 
and undertook their work^: so much so that enrolment under a 
tutor as sponsor was required. However, it was not until 1630 
that each«student was obliged to be under a tutor of his own 
college (the Laudian system). As 'pupil-mongers' the college- 
tutors took classes more or less formal; — in fact something 
between our modern college-lectures and private tuition. When 
the age of admission became later, and students and tutors no 
longer 'chummed' together in the same rooms, the parental 
relationship in which the tutor stood to his pupil was lost (it 
had died out probably before the accession of George II.), and 
only one or two tutors (such as Paley and J. Law at Christ's) 
made any attempt to revive it^. In days when non-residence* 
of fellows was unusual, and the senior tutor's lectures became 
obsolete, and when the importation of fresh mathematical lore 
made the contest of the tripos dependent on less obvious 



^ The earliest tutor's accoitnts which 
I know are those of several pupils of 
Whitgift (1570—76) when he was 
Master of Trinity. See British Mag. 
xxxii. 361, 508, 650. from MSS. in 
Lambeth library. 

- That is, the formal lectures which 
are universal in our larger colleges. 
In colleges where there are but two or 
three men engaged upon one subject, 
<)r a few men so slow or so backward 
as not to be able to profit by the inter- 
collegiate or other lectures, the tutors 
iind it desirable to adopt something 
very like the older system in addition 
to the now more ordinary formal lec- 
tures for those who can use them. 

3 The tutorship at Christ's was held 
about the middle of the century by 
Dr Ant. Shepherd (B. A. 1743, Plumian 
Prof. 1760-96. Cp. p. 238). After the 
eminent W. Palexj (senior wrangler, 
1763) and J. Law (2"'* wrangler and 
senior medalist, 1766 ; Bp. of Elphin) 



had undertaken respectively the mo- 
ral philosophy and divinity, and the 
mathematical and natural philosophy 
lectures for some time, they demanded 
to be taken into partnership. Paley 
continued his work till 1776, but Law 
went out of residence in 1774, and was 
succeeded by T. Parkinson (senior 
wrangler, 1769 ; archdeacon of Leices- 
ter) the writer of a treatise on me- 
chanics (4to. Camb. 1785) who was 
H. Gunning's tutor. The lectures in 
classics, logic and moral philosophy, 
Grotius, &c., were taken by J. B. 
Searle, the writer on metres, who was 
2"'^ medallist and 7"^ wrangler in 1774. 
■* Leave of non -residence was granted 
in the 17'^ centm-y only under very 
exceptional circumstances. See par- 
ticulars concerning Bo. Mason of S. 
John's (1624-7), Mayor's Baker, 491 ?. 
11, 494 1. 30. It would be interesting 
to know when the present relaxation 
of the rule of residence began. 

17—2 



260 UNIVERSITY .STUDIES. 

methods of preparation, the private tutor rose into correspond- 
ing importance. In 1782 and 1795 we find newly-admitted 
bachelors of arts taking one or two pvipils even before they 
were elected fellows, from which body alone the regular college- 
tutors were taken. Watson himself^ took pupils when he was 
only a junior soph in 175G. 

Professor G. Pryme sa.ys^ that in 1800 he and many others 
found the regular college-lectures in term-time sufficient in- 
struction without private 'coaching,' He was sixth wrangler in 
1803. 

Bp. Watson, who prided himself on his liberality, puts forth 
a general charge of unfairness in examining against 'the 
Johnians,^ instancing the result of his own tripos (1759) as a 
case in point. W. Abbot the moderator had, he affirms, placed 
Millington Massey^ of his own college, and one of his private 
pupils, as senior wrangler, 'in direct opposition to the general 
sense of the examiners in the Senate-House,' who declared in 
Watson's favour. I doubt whether the professor was correct in 
styling Abbot 'the leading moderator*.' However, he says that 
the case was notorious, and that old Dr Smith, the Master of 
Trinity, sent for him, and told him 'not to be discouraged, for 
that when the Johm'ans had the disposal of the honours, the 
second wrangler was always looked upon as the first.' I am 
afraid we must admit that a Trinity moderator (Lax in 1791) 
was similarly charged by a Caius man. 

Our Cambridge examination system, with its accurate and 
absolute arrangement of honour-men in the class-list, a system 
devised or adopted by the sagacious masters of continental 



^ Anecdotes, p. 16. — J. Evelyn had J. Willey, M.A. Chr. ) ^ 

' / Proctors 

at BalUol in 1637 a private tutor who T. Metcalf, M.A. Joh. ) 

had not then heen elected fellow. Adam Wall, M.A. Ch. ) 

2 Eeminisc. p. 48. W. Abbot, M.A. Joh. ) * 

3 Millington Massey was of Man- D^ W. Stevenson, Joh. '\ V.C. and 
Chester School. He was afterwards S. Berdmore, Jos. I proctors' 
chaplain to visct. Weymouth, rect. of Nic. Browne, Chr. | Honorary 
Corsley Wilts (CflTH^. Chron. 21 Mny, J. Ha wes,t7es. (medallist) J 'optimes.' 
1768) and died 26 Dec. 1807 (Hoare's M. Massey, Joh. (senior wrangler). 
Modern Wilts, iii. (1) 18.) Ei. Watson, Trin. 

* The tripos for the year l7r)9. P. Forster, Jes. 

Lvufurd Caryl, D.D. Jes. V.C. cVc. &c. 



PRIVATE TUTORS. 2C1 

education*, is of necesssity liable to suspicion of unfairness, 
but it is gratifying to know that such a charge has been 
very rarely brought against its decisions. Watson was of 
opinion that a plan which he introduced in 1763, whereby 
the preliminary 'classes' (pp. 45 — 53) under examination 
were composed no longer of all the men of one college, but of 
groups of men whose proficiency had been ascertained to be 
approximately equal, tended to do away with an element of 
inequality^ 

Such instances of partiality as that to which he referred 
were particularly attacked by a grace of 21 June, 1777, which 
prohibited any examiner from having as private pupil any one 
who was within a year of his tripos. However there seems to 
have been occasion soon afterwards (when the Smith's prizeman 
T. Catten, or Cattou, afterwards tutor of S. John's, who was 
expected to be senior wrangler, was put below two others) for a 
more stringent law (25 Jan. 1781), incapacitating from his 
degree any student' who should read with any private tutor as 
a senior soph or questionist, indeed within two years of his 
degree-time; but no security was demanded ^ By graces of 
9 April 1807, 3 July 1815, and 19 May 1824, the prescribed 
period was reduced from two years to a year and a half, then to 
one year, and finally to six months; and so I suppose it still 
stands in the ordinance-book. 

^ Tlie university of Louvain {found- to the number twelve in each year, 

ed in 1425) which presents a singular (see above, p. 49,) icas strictly true of 

instance of our English collegiate sys- the Louvain second class. 

tern among foreign universities, and ^ Anecdotes of 'Ri.V^atson {1818), 1.29. 

which was said to have been recently ^ Dr Webb's collection contains a 

under the influence of the Jesuits, for printed copy of a grace to abolish 

whose church Leopold William laid private tutors for any except pension- 

the first stone in 1650, possessed a aril maiores (fellow-commoners) and 

complete tripos system at least as early noblemen ; and, in favour of the 

as 1627 (Vernulaeiis, ii. 6. ap. Sir W. ' coaches ' — Queries addressed to Every 

Hamilton's Discussions, Appendix, iii. Impartial Member of the Senate, 24 

B). There they strictly prescribed Jan. 1781 (4to pp. 3). Also The Tri- 

even the quota to be furnished by umph of Dulness, a Poem : occasioned 

each college to the first and second by a late grace. ..1781. (4to. pp. 15.) 

class. It is curious to observe that •* Whewell, University Education 

Jebb's curious statement that the (1837), p. 75. Of a Liberal Education 

Cambridge senior optimes were limited (1815), §§ 269 — 275. 



202 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

The office of college-tutor* being often monopolized by a senior 
fellow (for few juniors can have had the spirit which enabled 
Paley to insist on being taken into partnership), and residence 
being the lule, there was some temptation for newly-elected 
fellows to indulge in idleness after the severe tax which the 
tripos is said to have laid upon them, and then to take one or 
two private j^ujiils, instead of pursuing their own studies, as the 
constitution of the university required. 

I have said that the establishment of tutors on the part of 
the colleges tended to make the lirofessorsliips on the part of 
the university superfluous so far as lecturing went. 

At the end of the last century, I believe not more than one 
in three of tlie Oxford Professors gave lectures ; several of them 
are not reported to have written or studied in their chairs. 
Some particulars on these points I have given in another place^. 

At the same period nearly one half of the Cambridge pro- 
fessors gave lectures; of the rest, Person, Watson, Hailstone, 
Lax, and (perhaps) Milner', were doing useful work. One inter- 
esting particular has been pointed out, i. e. that out of the thirty- 
three professorships now enumerated in our Cambridge Calen- 
dars no less than twelve* (or fourteen) owe their origin to the 

1 The TUTORIAL FEES per qnarter appear to have varied thus 

in the years 1570-76 1721-67 1767-1802 1802 1877. 

s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 

Nobleman 13.4 6.0.0 8. 0.0 7.10.0 10. 0.0 

Pensioner |- "^^^^Jo^ 10. 3.0.0 4.0.0 3.15.0 7.10.0 

( •? minor 6.8 1.10.0 2.0.0 1.17.6 4.10.0 

Sizar ? ? 15.0 ( . 15 . 18.9 1.10.0 

( aft. 1?. 
The statistics for the period 1697-1721, I have not been yet able to discover. 

2 University Social Life in the xviii'^^ 1749. Norrisian, Divinity, 1777. Jack- 
Cent. 83 — 87. souian, Natural and Experimental 

3 Frend and Reginald Bligh severally Philosophy, 1783. Downing, Laws, 
charged Milner in print with ineffici- (1788) 1800. Downing, Medicine, 1800. 
eucy; but either of them had a per- To these may be added Sadlerian, 
sonal griidge against him. Mathematics, 1710, and Hulsean Di- 

4 Chemistry, 1702. PlumianAstron. vinity (Christian Advocate), 1789, both 
and Exper. Philos., 1704. Anatomy, re-modelled in 1860. "Whitehall Preach- 
1707. Eoyal, Modern History, 1724. er, 1724.— The Battle Scholarships 
Ld. Almoner's Arabic, 1724. Botany, were founded in 1746, Seatonian 
1724. Woodwardian, Geology, 1727, Prize, 1749. Chancellors' Medals, 1751. 
Lowudean, Astronomy and Geometry, Members' Prizes, 1752. Worts' Tra- 



PROFESSORSHIPS. 263 

eigliteenth century, while Oxford was endowed with only seven ^ 
in that period, as compared with eight founded in the seven- 
teenth century when Cambridge gained only four. Perhaps the 
donations to the Bodleian in the last century made up this 
inequality to Oxford, though we must not forget the royal 
present of books to the Avhiggish university. However, Cam- 
bridge did not owe her professorships to her politics: at least 
she received no more from the Crown than did her tory sister. 
Indeed lord Macclesfield proposed by his scheme in 1718 (see 
Univ. Life, pp. 5G8, 5G9) to bribe students from disaffection in 
both universities by government favours. How far this scheme 
of the lord chancellor's was carried into effect I cannot say. 
Perhaps his representations may have suggested the establish- 
ment of the Modern History and Languages professorships in 
1724^ 

To what extent the Universities were affected by the pri- 
vileges or the disabilities which characterized the age, it is no 
easy task to estimate. 

Of the territorial assignment of endowments in the way of 
county fellowships, &c., we shall have occasion to speak else- 
where ^. The paucity of lay-fellowships, so far as it was a 
disadvantage to the university and the church, produced such 
results indirectly rather than immediately. This matter will 
fall more naturally under the head of religious life. However, 

veiling Bachelorships, 1766, Smith's lor's Prizes, 1768. Bampton Lecturer, 

Prizes, 1768. Sir W. Browne's Medals, 1780. 

and Scholarship, and Hulsean Prize, 2 jt jg interesting to find that two 

1774. Non-isian Prize, 1780. Mr Potts of his suggestions (1718) anticipated 

enumerates ahout seventy benefactors the princii^les of modern changes (1860) 

to the colleges, some of whom founded in the most ancient foundation of 

more than one exhibition, prize, Ac, Peterhouse : — -the limited tenui-es of 

in the last century. fellowships (10 years for laymen, and 

1 At Oxford: — Birkhead, Poetry, 20 for clerical fellows, compulsory ac- 

1708. Royal, Modern History, 1724. cording to his scheme, which, however, 

Eawlinson, Anglo-Saxon and Lee's provided strict rules against non-resi- 

Anatomy, cir. 1750. Vinerian Laws, dence) and the life-long tenure for the 

1755. Litchfield, Clinical, 1772. Lord tutors after 15 years' service. The 

Almoner's Arabic, 1775. We might rotation of college offices, which is now 

add, the modifications in tlie Oxford practically a rule, was also one of his 

Botany Professorship in 1728 and 1793. devices. 

Eadcliffe's Travelling Fellows, 1715. ^ Appendix V. 
■Whitehall Preacher, 1724. Chancel- 



264 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

it must be confessed that Cambridge and Trinity college came 
near to lose Porson, ostensibly at least through scarcity of lay- 
endowment \ 

The condition of celibacy, which is even now with a few 
exceptions required in fellows, found some assailants in 1765 — 6, 
1783, and 1793 — 8^; but it is not unlikely that its abolition at 
such a period would have had disastrous effects: at least, to 
judge from Gunning's picture of society in Cambridge, many of 
the dons would, in all probability, have fallen an easy prey to 
undesirable matrimonial connexions to an extent hardly to be 
anticipated in the present day. The abiding part of the society 
in each college being clergymen, it was to be expected that 
the education there should be either theological, or at least not 
such as should train students and their teachers for any pro- 
fession rather than for Theology. To this perhaps we may 
attribute the smalln^s of the effect produced by the Universi- 
ties upon the professions of Law and Physic, and upon the 
studies of those professions. (See above, Chapters xr. and xiv.) 

It was observed (p. 173) there were 'phy sick-fellows' in one 
of the colleges. We may add that at S. John's college, Cam- 
bridge, there were two law and two medical fellowships, not 
indeed yet quite extinct. In 1627, K. Charles issued a mandate 
to the college to exempt from the necessity of proceeding to holy 
orders John Thompson, M.A., who had applied himself to the 
study of civil law^ and was employed in the King's service, being 
M.P, for Cambridge ; and in 1635 two fellowships were assigned 
to law by royal letters ^ K. Charles II. likewise continued his 
fellowship for an M.D., Henry Paman, while he travelled in 
1662^ 



1 H. F. Cary of Cli. Ch., the trans- learned Fellow of College; and 

lator of Dante, tried unsuccessfully found near the Senate House. March 

for a lay-fellowship at Oriel in 1794, 21, 1798.' pp. 8. In it ' Toleration of 

Memoir by his son, i. 53, 61. Marriage,' the pamphlet by C. Farish 

2 University Life, 353 — 7. To the (Qii-)» brother of the professor, is 
bibliography of this subject there given ridiculed. 

we may add the title of the following ^ The act of Hen. VIII. allowed 

pamphlet, of which there is a copy in Ecclesiastical jurisdiction to D.C.L.s 

Peterhouse library [e. 10. 23 (8)], ' A in spite of marriage. 

Fragment on Matrimoiu/: Supposed to * Mayor's Baker, 293 n. ; 493, I. 30. 

have fallen out of the pocket of a * Ibid. 542, I. 40. 



LAW AND PHYSICK (ADDITIONAL). 265 

We read occasionally in earlier time of Cambridge doctors of 
Civil Law\ but our university still keeps up a nominal recog- 
nition of Canon Law by dubbing all and every one of her legal 
graduates bachelor, or doctor, of Latvs (LL.B., LL.D.). Oxford, 
however, has not kept up even this semblance, for she knows 
only the degree in Civil Law (D. C. L.); nevertheless when one 
of her doctors of Civil Law becomes an Ecclesiastical Judge he 
adopts almost always (as Dr W. G. F. Phillimore informs me) in 
legal documents the Cambridge style of doctors of Laws. 

Chichele's foundation for canonists at All Sotds has, under 
the University Commissioners, been applied to fellowships for 
proficiency in Law and Modern History. 

But we are warned not to wander in either direction beyond 
the limits of the eighteenth century. Suffice it therefore to say 
that we hope if Mr Mullinger continues his early history of the 
University, he will give us some account of the influence which 
the clergy and the universities have exercised upon the practice 
and the study of laws. Sir Robert Phillimore has already given 
a brief historical outline (which might be perused with much 
profit at the present time when the question of the history of 
ecclesiastical and lay courts is so important) in the Preface to 
the 1st volume of his Commentaries upon International Law 
(1854) pp. xix. — xxxvi". 

^ e.g. the primary representatives in Sir Ja. Eyre, Commoner of Wintou 

parliament of the university, at the and Merton (M.A. 1759). 

beginning of the reign of James I. Jer. Bentham, Queen's (B.A, 1764, aged 

Cooper's Annals, ii. 3. 16), attended Sir W. Blackstone'a 

" The list of authorities there given lectures. 

and the pages referred to in the Sir Sovdden Lawrence, Job., 'legista,' 

text suggest several of the following or Law fellow, B.A. 1771, son of the 

names of some judges, advocates, eminent Oxford anatomical reader, 

writers on international or ecclesiasti- H. Addington, Vis'. Sidmouth, (Com- 

cal law, &c., who though educated at moner of Winton and B.N.C., univ. 

one or other of our universities, have prize essay. 1779). 

not been commemorated either in Sir Job. Littledale, Job. (B.A. 1787). 

chapter xi, or on p. 134 among the Sir Alex. Croke, Oriel (B.C.L. 1787). 

canonists, &c. Sir N. C. Tindal, Trin. (B.A. 1799). 

Sir G. Hay. Joh. (B.C.L. 1737). Sir Lane. Shadwell, Job. (B.A. 1800). 

D' J. Bettesworth, Ch. Ch. (B.C.L. Some among these (like others men- 

1744). tioned in ch. xi.) took high places in 

D"' G. Harris Oriel (B.C.L. 1745) trans- the Cambridge tripos and were fellows 

lated Justinian's Institutes. of their Colleges, as may be seen from 



266 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

When professor Mayor's 'Cambridge in the Reign of Queen 
■Anne' is in the hands of the public the name of John Marshall 
of Christ College will, I presume, be better known among Indian 
scholars. Although he was in advance of his age* we must be 
content for the present to relegate him to the seventeenth 
century, when he travelled, until he is formally introduced in 
the company of Uffenbach with proper dignity by the professor 
himself. 

The discoverer and editor of the Missing Fragment of the 
latin translation of the ivth book of Ezra has kindly sent me a 
memorandum of the following testimony of Ewald in praise of 
our Cambridge professor, Ockley's version^ of the Arabic trans- 
lation of that book barely mentioned above. 

'Es freut anerkenncu zu konnen, dass Ockley, welcher den 
faclikennern audi als iibersetzer der Wagidiiischen geschichte 
der eroberung Syriens bekannt ist, hier eine im ganzen nicht 
bios lesbare sondern audi zuverlassige iibersetzung gegeben hat. 
Zwar irrt er einige mahl ziemlich stark: fiir seine zeit aber, 
muss man sagen, war er nach diesem zeugnisse ein ausgezeich- 
neter kenner des arabischen. Auch nierkt man leicht, dass er 
hier iiberall mit Hebe arbeitete.' 

It appears that the recovered fragment had been seen in 
a Complutensian MS. by John Palmer (Joh.), who held the 
Adams professorship of Arabic (1804 — 19), and afterwards aug- 
mented its endowment by his bequest. His journal has been 
recently brought to light, and its contents have been described 
in the Journal of Philology. 

Mr Bensly, to whose unsparing kindness I am indebted for 
the following information also, has shewn me that there is much 
interesting matter to be collected relative to Cambridge and 

•the Univ. Calendar, ■wbicli will also tioned — W. Murray Ld. Mansfield 

testify to the early honours of many of (born 1705) of Ch. Ch., J. Freeman 

our judges at the commencement of Mitford Ld. Eedesdale (born 1748) of 

the 19"" century. A complete list of Netv Coll., and Ro. Plumer Ward (born 

our 18"* century imiversity jurists 1765) of Cli. Ch. 

would probably contain many eminent ^ See above pp. 156, 162, 163 n. 

names here omitted. ^ Printed in the Appendix to vol. iv. 

Among those who did not- stay at of Winston's Primitive Christianity 

Oxford long enough to take a degree Revived. Loud. 1711. . 
(see above, p. 144 n.) might be men- 



ORIENTALISTS (ADDITIONAL). 2G7 

Oxford oriental studies in the period preceding that with which 
we are specially concerned. The following remarks, however, 
relate more closely to the 18th century \ 

Dr Humphrey Prideaux asserted" that he had the offer of 
the hebrew professorship vacated by Pococke, and ultimately 
filled, as we have seen (p. 168), by D"" Hyde, but that he refused it 
because he 'nauseated' at once the study of hebrew and residence 
in Christ Church, which would have been his abode, as it had 
been in the days when he published the Marmora Oxoniensia. 

Mention ou^ht to have been made above of Jean Gamier, a 
Parisian orientalist who renounced his orders on account of the 
obligation to celibacy, and declared himself a protestant. 'His 
principal works' (says AP Thompson Cooper) 'are an edition of 
Joseph Ben Gorion's History of the Jews,' with a Latin translation 
[4to Oxon. 1706]; an edition of Abulfeda's "Life of Mohammed," 
in Arabic and Latin [fol. Oxon. 1723]; and Vindiciae Kircheri- 
anae, sen defensio Concordantiarum Graecarum Conradi Kir- 
cheri, adv. Abr. Trommii animadversiones." [1718.]' Gagnier 
received the degree of M.A. at Cambridge per litteras regias in 
1703, and afterwards settled at Oxford^. He died 2 March, 1740. 
The work done by the oriental professors as university officers 
was not great: they may have been discouraged, as Castell was 
in the previous century, by some decline in the interest shewn 
by students in their special study, till (as we have seen) they 
lost the habit of lecturing, and satisfied their consciences, or the 
requirements of the age, by contributing their copy of verses to 
the collection of liictus et gratidationes* and the like, on those 
public occasions which were found for them indeed with toler- 

^ W. Betlwell made vast collections p. 150. 
for an arable lexicon, wliicli are now ^ Among the Graduati Oxonienses 
among the MSS. in the University is 'Gagnier (John) Wadli. B.A. Oct. 
Library. These materials Castell used 24, 1740.— MA. July 2, 1743;' who 
for the arable portion of his polyglott was, I suppose, son of the above-men- 
lexicon. See H. J. Todd's Memorial tioned orientalist. 
of Brian Walton, i. 106. Pattison's * One of these collections, that on 
Is. Casaubon, p. 329. Q. Anne's accession in 1702, has been 

For a notice of the arabic taylor, already noticed pp. 164, 165 ; and a 

H. Wild, who came from Norwich to list of such collections of verses, none 

Oxford, see Macray's Annals of the of them of course exclusively oriental, 

Bodleian, pj). 141, 142. may be found in my University Life, 

2 Letters to Ellis, Camd. Soc. (1873), pp. 609—10. Mr Bensly has kindly 



268 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

able regularity. At least one of them went so far as to give up 
for a time even the pretence of residence, and to take pupils in 
Edinburgh \ 

taken the trouble to note tlie names of does not speak very highly of the corn- 
oriental versifiers in several more of position, 
these sets at different periods. He 

anno. 1697. A hebrew poem, auctore T. Bennet A.M. coll. Joh. Soc. 
1700. hebrew P. Allix, coll. Eegin. alumno. 

^^^^^"^l Simon Ockley, A.B. Coll. Begin. 

arable ) 

hebrew Greg. Clarke, Aul. Cath. alumno. 

1715. hebrew \ 

(gi-eek andl Phil. Bouquet, S.T. et ling. S. Prof. 

latin) j 

hebrew Jo. Wake, Coll. Jes. alumno. 

1751. arable Leon. Chappelow. 

hebrew Th. Harrison, A.M., Coll. Trin. Soc, 

Ling. S. P. 

hebrew Fleetwood Churchill, Aulae Clar. alumno. 

hebrew Bob. Hankinson, Coll. Chr. Soc. 

arable Bi. Forester, A.M., Aul. Pemb. 

hebrew B. Sutton, Trin. Coll. 

hebrew Th. Evans, A.B., Coll. Jes. 

1760. arable L. Chappelow, Ling Arab. P. 

hebrew Gull. Disney, Ling. Hebr. P. 

hebrew S. Hallifax, Aul. Trin. Soc. 

hebrew Ja. Sheeles, A.B., Coll. SS, Trin. 

1761. arabic L. Chappelow. 

hebrew Gull. Disney, Ling. Hebr. Prof. Beg. 

hebrew H. FUtcroft, C. C. C. Soc. Comm. 

arabic Jo. Wilson, Coll. Trin. alumno. 

1762. arabic L. Chappelow, Ling. Arab. Prof. 

hebrew Guil. Disney, Ling. Hebr. P. Beg. 

hebrew J. Cowper, A.M., C.C.C. 

hebrew H. Flitcroft, A.M., C.C.C. 

hebrew Ja. Eaton, Coll. Div. Pet. alumno. 

arabic J. Wilson, A.B., Coll. Trin. 

1763. arabic L. Chapellow, Ling. Ar. Prof. 

hebrew Guil. Disney, Ling. Hebr. Prof. 

arabic S. Hallifax, Aul. Trin. Soc. 

hebrew T. Bennett, Coll. Trin, 

' His advertisement (on the fly-leaf Begins Hebrew Professor, at Cam- 

of The British Indian Monitor, vol. i, bridge, continues to receive into his 

1806) is thus expressed, house a limited Number of Pupils, 

'Education. who may require a complete Private 

The Bev. Henry Lloyd, D.D. former- Education, or to be prepared, either 

ly a Fellow of Trinity College, and now for an English Public School or Uui- 



CONCLUSION, 2G9 

It will be seen that this statement, with which this con- 
cluding chapter must now be brought to an end, touches ujjon 
a blot in Cambridge history. 

Before he began to search the records themselves, the writer, 
trusting to vague report, expected to find those records disfigured 
with very many blots of this kind. 

He rejoices to say that he now believes that the annals of 
Cambridge study in the eighteenth century (like some ancient 
manuscript more spoken of than read) on closer inspection shew 
more fair pages and reveal more honest work than he at least 
had hoped to find. 

As for the sister university : it is difficult even at Sparta not 
to praise the Athenians. But modern Oxford needs no praise 
from the writer; while he has already said how dim he thinks 
her glory had become a century ago. It may be that those who 
have a deeper knowledge of Oxford history and records will find 
grounds for modifying his belief in the unfavourable accounts 
of Oxford which have been quoted in this book. Some of them 
no doubt were penned by enemies of Athens. Possibly the 
writer himself, if he could have accepted the invitations of 
hospitality which were not wanting, would have found some 
records of late eighteenth century activity at Oxford which 
escaped him when he last had leisure to search her treasure- 
houses. 

As to his own work, he would be well pleased if, of the 
subjects so imperfectly and unskilfully treated in the several 
chapters of the present book, each one were properly handled in 
a monograph by one who had given his attention to that special 



versity, the East India College at No. 1. South Side, George Street. 

Hertford, or the Seminaries in Edin- Edinburgh.' 

burgh. With a view to facilitate the D' Henry Lloyd fellow of Trinity, 

progress of Oriental Literature in his 10* wrangler in 1785, was Ling. Heb. 

native City, and render himself essen- Prof. Eeg. 1795 — 1831. He proposed 

tially useful to those of his young to translate Eichhorn's Introduction 

countrymen who may have, or expect to the Old Testament. See Classical 

appointments to India, D"" Borthwick Journal, iii. 243. Life of Geddes, pp. 

Gilchrist, formerly Professor iu the 545, 546 {Geddes to Eichhorn). Sir 

College of Eort William, &c. &c., has W. Hamilton's Discussions (ed. 1. 

offered his occasional Assistance, in 1852) p. 508. 
this Branch of Instiuction. 



270 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

branch of science or literature. Each monograph tlien might 
shew what advances have been made since the commencement 
of the nineteenth century, and we should see how in the places 
where a century ago were blots and blanks (as in the instance 
of Cambridge oriental studies cited above), the vellum is clear, 
the letters now painfully and severely traced are beginning to 
follow one another, and by the blessing of the Divine Illuminator 
whose is 'the silver and the gold,' the glory will at last crown 
the work of the faithful hearts and hands labouring in our 
Colleges and Universities. 

And to Cambridge men this page would say 

SpARTAM . NACTVS . ES 
HANC . EXORNA. 



APPENDICES. 

I. Fraevaricatio M''' Duport, Trin. coll. Socii. 1G31. Notes 
of a Musick Speech, Terrae Films and Philosopher's 
speech Oxon. 1G15. 

II. Letters, &c. from Cambridge Undergradiiates [J. Strype,] 
W. Reneu (Jes.), T. Goodwin (Trin.), J. Hinckesmau 
(Qu.), T. Hinckesman (Triu.), and W. Gooch (Caius). 
_170|— 91. 

III. A Student's Guide by Dan Waterland (Magd.) 1706—40. 

IV. 'EyKVKXoTratSeta. A Scheme of Study by Ro. Green (Clare) 

1707. 

Y. Examinations foi* Fellowships and Scholarships at Trinity 
College, Cambridge. Zouch's scheme. The Annual 
May Examination, &c. 

VI. Annual Examinations at S. John's College, Cambridge, 
1765 — 75. Old examination pap>er fi-om Caius Coll, 
Library. 

VII. Proctor's Honorary Senior Optimes and Aegrotat Degrees. 
1750—97. 
Junior Proctor's Memoranda. 1752. 
Old University Calendars 1796, &c. 

VIII. Specimens of the Schools ylr^?(wie?zfe. 1772 — 92. 

IX. Chronological Memoranda relating to the University 

Press, 

List of Classical editions and Publications, 1701 — 1800, 



APPENDIX I. 



Relliquiae Comitiales 

Duport 1631 ; Sliefheard 
& Raleigh 1615. 



RELLIQUIAE COMITIALES. 

SaEC. XVII. 

1. Duport's praevakicatoe's speech. Camb 1G31. 

2 — 4. Notes of Shepheard's musick-speech, the terkae-hlius, andEaleigh'a 

philosopher's speech, O.TOM. 1615. 

When I was hunting up the antiquities of the Cambridge comitla, 
and especially particulars relating to the B.A. disputant 'Mr Tripos' 
and the M.A. Fraevaricator or Varier, which are jirinted in my 
University Life, pp. 207 — 307, I mentioned, on dean Peacock's 
authority, what he called 'a beautiful specimen' of a praevaricator's 
speech by Dr James Duport. 

1 felt no doubt that it was a well-known MS., but to my surprise 
on enquiry no tidings of its habitat could I find, until after a lapse 
of two years my eye was attracted by a record of it in the Donation- 
book in the library of Qonville and Cains. Through the kindness of 
the ]iast and the present libi-arians, E. J. Gross, Esq. and the Rev. 
H. B. Swete, I am able to print the production; but in what sense 
the foruior dean of Ely called it a beautiful specimen the reaxler (if 
there be one sufficiently gentle and patient) will judge. 

It is certainly curious as the somewhat juvenile production (as 
M.A. of the first year) of one who was, as I have elsevvliere described 
him, 'Greek professor (1639 — 54), vice-master of Trinity (IGS.")), 
prebendary of Langford Ecdesia in Lincoln Cathedral, archdeacon of 
Stow and dean of Peterborough. His earliest important publicatiiai 
was an epitaphium on the death of Bacon, and his last act at Trinity 
"was to take part in the election of Newton to a scholarship in 16C-4; 
and almost his last deed was in 1679 to send Barrow a subscription of 
.£200 for the building of Trinity library. While he Avas an mider- 
graduate in 1622 — 6 he wrote several carniina comitialia, wliich we 
call usually "tripos verses."' He was also a royal chaplain, a popular 
tixtor of Trinity, and, in 1668 — 79, master of Magdalene. His fathei-, 
Dr John Duport, had been master of Jesus college (1590 — 1618), 
where James Dixport was born in 1606. 

The 'Musae Subsecivae seio Poefica Stromata auctore J. D.' were 
priuted in 1676. Many of them have a comitial character. 

The entire composition may be compared with the speech of 
Darby of Jesus (thirty years later), which has been pi'inted from the 
Hunter ms. (44.9) by the Surtees Society, Hutton Correspondence, 
prefice x — xvi, and with the more juvenile /)ro/?mo in feriis aestivis 
(1628) in Milton's Prose Works. 

W. 18 



274 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Caius Cloll. Library M.S. G27 ( = 250, red.) 

PRAEVARICATIO M"^^ DUPORT Trin. Coll. Socij. Anno 
Dom. 1631. 

Quaestio sic se habet. 

Aurum potest produci per artem Cliymicam. 

Salve Dignissime Doctissimeque — Quern si vel nominare audeam 
suspensus sim : Salvete et vos Procuratores ambo. Tii im})riinis 
Senior Procurator qiii me creasti antequam esses Pater. Tu etiaiii 
qui €t erepou sedes, siimil et Magistri Eegentes et non-Eegentes et vos 
qui propter gravitatem videiniui Patres, et vos qui propter levita- 
tem estis : necnon et vos Viri Oxonienses, qui Bicipitis Parnassi 
culmen habitatis alterum, alterunique hoc jam praegnans specta- 
tum venistis, et Jovis instar gravidum Minerva caput. Parturit 
hodie mous noster, parturiet modb vester. Parturiuiit montes en 
])rodit ridiculus mus. Ergo quid mihi vobisciiml Ego non sum 
vester Praevaricator, quia non sum gigas (re) Terrae-Filius'. Heu 
habuistis virum Terrae-Filium Gigantem scilicet virum statura emi- 
nenti at secuudus Praevaricator inter iios (si id nescitis) est sui 
Anni ffilius natu minimus. Corpulentus ille plura secum adduxit 
corpora, ego unum tantummodo, idque perexiguum". Jamque ad 
vos descendo Fluctuans et inconstans Academicorum vidgus, quorum 
tautum vertices mii)i apparent. Quidni ego vos dicam capita Aca- 
demiae? Video equidem vestrum omnia ora atque oculos in me esse 
conversos. Liceat mihi celsitudinem etiam vestram salutare, qui nos 
omnes despicitis qui tarn attenti hue mihi adestis et veluti oculis ac 
aiiribiis suspensi inter furaos ab ore meo pendentes. Liceat milii vobis 
valedicere antequam scala nostrae orationis convertatvir. Ego humil- 
limus vester Praevaricator vobis aliquot gradibus superior jubeo vos 
male audire. Foeminas utcunque heri in primo loco j)0sitas ego 
tamen posthabeo quippe cum nihil fere audiunt nee intelligunt 
tantum vident id manticae quod a tergo est. et cert^ opus est vestra 
patientia quae tam diu sedetis et nihil intelligitis. 

Aures vestrae non sunt vobis usui, qiiaeso eas mihi accommodate : 
ego aurum ex illis extraham. Ab eis enim subjectum nostrae quaes- 
tionis viz.: Aurum dependet; ex iis igitur aurum potest produci. 
Quid plura? Corona undique Spectatissima, Spectatissimaeque, valere 
plurimum jubet Hodiernus Praevaricator qui quantus est totus totus 
est vester; sed non vacat diutius salutationilms immorari. Causi- 
dicus sum non Aulicus, nam pro Auro causam ago. Hesternus 

1 One of the jests of Tom Brown, following extract from Pepys' Diaiy 

the u-reguLir CVf. (7i. wit (cir. 1(5K0), was (8 Feb. 1062 — 3) notices this personal 

an argument in favonr of the greater pecnliarity to which Dnport himself so 

antiquity of Oxford as compared with goodhnraonredly alludes. 'I walked 

Cambridge on the ground that Adam to White Hall to chappell where there 

was terrae jilius before he became a preached little Dr Duport of Cambridge 

praevarieator. ...the most flat dead sermon both for 

3 Barrow frequently alludes to the matter and manner of delivery that 

short stature of Duport his preceptor ever I heard, and very long bej-oud his 

and predecessor in the greek professor's hour, which made it worse.' 
chair. irorA-s (Napier), ix. 37, 141. The 



DYPORTI PEAEVARICATIO. 1G31. 275 

Prae\'aricatoi' ad compotationem vos invitavit, nee minim cum fuit 
Viiiitor at cibum vobis non apposiiit, quare non mirum si adhuc ijise 
esuriat, uti dixit, cum in Corpore Academico nondnm sit completus 
Venter (i.) comjiletus Magister Artis', Vinum vobis non dedit, 
fortasse quia non venistis cum pavata pecuniu. Convivium vobis 
paravit, sed Academici vix solvendo esse solent. Ut igitur fidem 
cum illo servetis, aurum apporto quod pro symbolis detis, nam 
si desit vobis pecunia Aurum potest produci per Artem Chymicam. 
Bonum meliercule omen in ipso limine Qiiaestiouis aurum reperio. 
Cum igitur aurum viltro se tractandum offerat, quis nisi mentis iiiops 
oblatum respuiti Sic itaque aggredior. Pulcherrima Domina, amor 
et deliciae humani generis, splendor tui vultus perstringit oculorum 
meorum aciem. At quid est obsecro quod tam subito palles 1 La- 
boras eo morbo qui dictur JVoli me tangere, et recte mones, nam 
excellens sensibile corrumpit sensum^ Ego vero Auditores (fatebor 
enim) jamdiu Auri amore captus carmen hoc encomiasticum de eo 
scripsi, quod, si placet, recitabo. 

Si quid est quod nos amamus, 
Illud Aurum appellamus : 
A urea aetas aiireum vellus 
Et in vere Aurea Tellus. 
lutonsus fflavus est Apollo 
Quoniam aureum habet Polio, 
Nam ut Crinis est tonsui'a 
Sic et Auri est caesura. 
Sed haec magis crimiualis, 
Licet utraque Capitalist 
Est et Pegi Aureus stultus 
Et nonnullis aizreus vultus. 
Si agit aureus fluit sermo 
Ut Caiisidici in Termo. 
En et Patri Aureus ^^ileiis* 
Et ad dexti-am aureus filius. 
Aureus Annulus est Doctori' 
Xpvaovv (TTOjxa Professori. 
Habet Papa aureas Bullas 
Quae nunc liabent vires nullas. 
Legendam auream Papistae 
Qui obtrudunt sunt sopliistae. 

^ Alluding to the introduction to ■* '/?t Vcsperils Comitioriim... The 

Persius' Satires. V. C, not being a Father is in his 

2 Mr H. Jackson refers us to Aris- Scarlet Gown, his Cap being garnished 

totle, — TiHv a'i.adr)Twv at inrepl3o\al <pdei- u-ith gold Lace ; bat if he be a Father, 

povaL TO. aia-driTTJpLa. De Anima ii. 12. then he goeth in his Cope; and so do 

TTacTos iMiv Kal aiadrjTov virep^oXT] dfaipei the other Fathers with their Cops gar- 

TO aladrjT-npiov. Ibid. ill. 13. vixhed.' Bedel Buck's Book, (1665). 

' Cp. 'It is no English Treason to ^ The Ring among the insignia doc- 
cut French Crownes, and to morrow toralia is explained by Bentley in the 
the King himself e will be a Clipper.' speech printed before his Terence, as 
Tlie Life of Henry the Fifth, Act iii. the emblem of liberty. 

18-2 



276 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Nam verba baec snnt dividenda 
Aurea est, sed non Legend a. 
Quidam Asinns est Aureus 
Qnalem piiixit Apiilejus. 
Et si liabeat metallum 
Aureum dixero Caballum. 
Demostheni, si caiisa fugit, 
Aureus bos in lingua' mugit. 
Aureus uitor est in stellis, 
Aurei baculi sunt Bedellis. 
Si qua divite fluit vena 
Ilia Aurea est Camoena. 
Aurea mala ex Hispania 
JSlissa capimus; 6 Insauia, 
E)(Opwv a8(Dpa 8wpa KaXd, 
Aurea suut, sed tamen mala. 
Et si qua videtur Bella, 
lUa Aurea est Puella. 
Si quid est quod nos air.amus 
lUud Aux-eum appellamus. 

At quid ego infelix procus versibus liisce amatoiijs au)um emollire 
milii conciliare satago ? Nunquam nunquam recte illi persuadei-e 
potero ut meciim una, sit et permaneat. Ciim igitur Academici 
aurum tarn durum sit, ut neqiieat flecti, ad vos accedo. Aequissimi 
Judices niodo causae meae faveatis, hem vobis aurum. Si quid est 
apud me auri Judices, quod sentio quam sit exiguum,quaeso obtestorque 
vos, ut id potius Crumenae meae quam magnitudini vestrorum bene- 
Hciorum tribuendum putetis. Anmm j^otest produci, &c. Primus 
terminus quaestionis est satis conspicuus. Aurum tamen sumitur 
multis modis. Et pi-imo aurum sumitur vel directe vel indirecte. 
2" sumitur vel large vel sti'ict^; Aurum stricte vel praecise sumitur a 
Fiatre oppidano; Aurum large sumitur a larga conscientia. Nam ut 
forma exteuditur ad extensionem materiae, ita aurum extenditur 
ad extentiionem conscientiae ; Sed qui sic extendit aurum ad ex- 
tensionem Conscieutiae, dignus est qui extendat collum ad exten- 
sionem Caruificis, 3° Aurum sumitur vel intlusive vel exclu- 
sive, exempli gratia respectu Crumenae Senioris Fratris aurum 
svmiitur iuchisive, res2jectu meae, exclusive. 4° Aurum sumitur vel 
spontanee, vel invite, spontanee ab omnibus, invite, a nemiiie. 5„ 
Aiirum sumitur vel pro voce ut ab Acadeniicis, vel pro re ut ab 
oppidanis. Cum siimitur j)ro voce est vox ad placitum vel potius pro 
placito. 6° Aurum sumitur vel absolute et sine respectu vel respec- 
tive et conditionaliter. Aurum couditionaliter simiitur vel a priori 
vel a Posteriori. 7° Aurum sumitur vel aequaliter vel inaequaliter, 
Aurum aequaliter sumitur inter Procui'atores. Aurum inaequaliter 

^ Cf. ^ovs iirl y\oiffar]. Aesch. Apavi. a reference to the tale of Plutarch and 

36. Dnport may have noticed on the Gellius concerning Demosthenes' in- 

Rame page [Adagia 520 b. 1617) in disposition from ap-yvpA'yxV- 
which Erasmus treats of IjQS in hiigua 



APPENDIX I. 277 

suinitur inter Fratres, et (quod minim est) inter etiam socios. 8" 
Aurmu sumitur vel in Croeso, vel in Crasso, vel in Grosso. Auruin 
in Croeso est aurum Foeneratoris, in Crasso Aurum diuitis, in Grosso 
aiirum notarii Causidicalis. 9" Aurum sumitur vel simpliciter, et 
tunc est grave, vel non simpliciter, sive additaniento aliquo, et turn 
est leve. Aurum sumitur multis praeterea vijs et modis, quos ego 
lubens ignoro : — et tantum de varia Acceptione Auri. 

Sequitur ejus Definitio. 

Auruna est intestina pestis latens in venis et visceribns Terrae. 
Vel quoi;iara nonnulli ciim Aurum tractent sibi videntur Caelum 
digito taugere, Aurum potest definiri ut Caelum, Quod est corpus 
solidum, rotundvim, lucidum, et per orbem mobile. Sed quotuplex 
est Aurum? Hem vos Socij, Bona Nova', hodie futura est Auri 
divisio: Nam aurum sumptum in communi est dividendum, et 
primum non incommode me futurum existimo, si distinguam de 
Auro jnxta tritum illud Hebraeorum proverbium" in loculo, in poculo, 
ilk oculo. Aurum in loculo est corpus squalidum, rubiginosum, senile 
et sicciim, quod facile suis terrainis continetur. Aurum in poculo 
est aurum potabile, seu corpus humidum, quod dlificulte suis termi- 
nis continetui-. Vel aurum in poculo, sevi poculum aureum est corpus 
solidum, seu succi ])lenum ; Aurum in oculo est dives facies aut 
vultus pretiosus. Et hoc Aurum Aristoteles libro millesimo Me- 
teoromineralium, capite proximo post ultimum sic describit. Est 
metcoron ignitum ex multitudine vaporum e ventriculo in cerebrum 
ascendentium ortum, et ad mediam faciei regionera erectum, ibique 
Iiaerens mediocriter rutilaus et scintillans. Idem in libro centesimo 
physiognomonicometallicorum, capite immediate praecedente primum, 
ait, quod hoc Aurum facile producitur per artem potandi. 2° etiam 
Aurum non distribuitur cuiquesecundvim Intellectum, utpatet ex ejus 
definitionibus in Collegio factis. potest tamen ita dividi, ut Intellect 
tus in Aurum in actu, in Aurum in habitu, in Aurum in potentia. 
Aurum in actu fit recipiendo Imagines impressas in manixm per vim 
apprehensionum. Aurum in habitu est aurum melioris, vel cum quis 
ex imagiaibus prius receptis comparavit sibi habitum auri. Aurum 
in potentia est Aurum Academicum, vel cum quis habet naturalem 
propensitatem ad recipiendum Aurum, illud tamen actu non x'ecipit 
ob aliquod impedimentum, puta oppidanus quispiam qui profecto 
habet naturalem inclinationem ad aurum meum recipiendum, cubicu- 
luni meum adveiiit, fores clausas inveuit, et sic discedit, ille jam 
j)ropter indispositionem medij, aurum a me actu non recipit habet 
tamen illud in Potentia. 

1 'Bona nova'' — one of the mysteri- Chaldaicum TdlmmUcum et Rahb. col. 
ous formulae uttered by one of the 1032 s. v. D^D — Apud Talmudicos 
bedells at the ancient ceremony of 'the 1D13!1 1D''32 "0''3 mX D''13T Hk^'b^'D 
order of the questiouists '— i. q. ' Good 1DyD3 in tribus rebus homo cognoscitur, 
news r See Univ. Society, p. 209. In loculo sua, in poculo suo, et in ira 

2 Here there are some hebrew letters sua, Erubhin fol. G5. col. 2. Duport 
■which are incorrectly written iu the happily imitates the triple assonance 
MS. Dr Schiller- Szinessy has kindly of the original b^.kiso, bekoso, beka'so 
pointed out the Talmudic reference, (purse, cup, temper), though oculo is 
whicli is also (luoted in Buxtoii Lexicon uot a perfect representative of the last. 



278 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Hoc Aiirum in potentia insignes habet virtutes et operationes 
quas receiisere possum sed festino. Aurum igitur 3° est vel probatum 
vel non probatum. Aurum Medici probatum est ; Aurum Causidici 
non est probatum, quia adhuc sub judice lis est, Porrb Aurum non 
probatum multas habet species, quarura hae sunt praecipuae 

Quod sumitur pro voce danda 
Aut pro Lege abroganda 
Aut pro causa adjuvanda 
Aut pro poena, declinanda 
Aurum est sed non probatum. 
Quod corrumpit Judicem, 
Et quod ditat pellicem 
Quod creat Pontificem 
Et ducit ad Carnificem, 
Aurum est sed non pi-obatum. 
Quod Laicos facit Cardinales 
Clericosque temporales 
Quo lionores sunt venales 
Etsi sint sacerdotales 
Aurum est sed non probatum. 

Sed ut Auri natura clarius elucescat, sciendum est quod Sol et 
Terra multos genuerunt filios, inter quos metalla licet nomine sunt 
fxerd aXXa revera tamen non sunt postponenda. Inter metalla Aurum 
est Terrae filius piimogenitus, male fit' omui conversioni simplici, 
nam ex quo Aurum liabuit primogenituram, iiide primogenitura 
habuit Aurum, quod me niiserum docuit experientia. At quod dixi, 
num Aurum est Terrae filius 1 statim erit praevaricator^, et num 
aliquando causam prodit 1 videant Causidici, nos ignoramus, ut ut 
Aurum est omnium metallorum facile princeps. 

Ergo Crates stulte fecit 
Aurum in mare qui projecit 
Rectfe Croesus qui Solonem 
Admisit tanquam morionem 
Ob insanum dictum ejus, 
Aurum ferro esse pejus. 
Ego Aurum longe mallem 
Quam tam sordidum metallum. 
Sapiens Midas vesci auro 
Mallet quam praepingui tauro 
Mallet fame cruciari 
Quam non Auro saturari. 
O quam egregius Alcliymista 
Quam arte Celebris in ista 
Quam ad unguem banc callebat 
Aurum tactu quod cudebat 
O si Aures tetigisset 

1 ? sit. 

2 'Terrae filius... praevaricator.' Cp. the jest cited on p. 27-1 n. 



APPENDIX I. 279 

Illasque in Auvum convertisset 
Aureus Abuius tunc fuisset 
Et gloriari })otuisset 
8icut audit Eex Gallovuiu 
Midas Ilex est Asinorum 
Sic si mens me male fallis 
Auruin Rex est in metallis. 

Sed Aurum est bonum sui difFusivum praesertiin inter nos Aca- 
deniicos, et angustis his mendicantium Fratrum rythmis includi 
gravatur, 

Qualitates in Auro praedominantes sunt splendor et gravitas, ciira. 
enim sit solis et Terrae iilius ab utriusque natura participat, a sole 
splendorem mutuatur a Terra gravitatem. Quidni ego banc coro- 
nani Auream dixerol Splendidissima siquidem est et gravissima 
fibeminarum conventus non est corona vere Aurea, sed fucata, nam 
splendida est sed tamen levis. Siibjectum Auri est du}>lex; sub- 
jectum capax et subjectum tenax. Subjectum capax, \xt Procurator 
Causidicus. Subjectum tenax ut avarus. De Avaritia liaec obser- 
ventur. 1" Avaritia est virtus Cardinalis, et Avarus qui Aurum 
colit est Papista qui abhinc Cruces' inde adorat Imagines. 2° Avaritia 
esb omnium malorum materia prima, quia ejus appetitus numquam 
satiatur. 3" Avaritia Graece non dicitur cl>iXoxpv(jia sed <^tXapyvpta, 
quia eo tolei*abilius est Aurum, quam Argentum ; quo magis meretur 
veniam qui vino inclinatur quam qui cerevisia. Motus Auri, ut est 
omnis corporis gravis, duplex est, vel naturalis a superiori ad inferio- 
rem. et tendit ad perfectionem. Yel violentus^ et contra naturam ab 
ijaferiori ad superiorem, et tendit ad corruptionem, ut Academijs qui- 
busdam transmarinis (non dico nostris) motus Auri a Discipulo 
Collegij ad Magistrum. Sed videtur Aurum ut et Angeli moveri 
in instanti, qui nullam invenit resisteutiam ; Nam Aui-o omnia 
cedunt. Sed respondeo revocando Aurum ad Lydium Lapidem Phy- 
losophicum, quia successio motus non tantum provenit a resistentia 
medij ; Nam quod Aurum non usque adeo in instanti movetur ad 
mauum Causidici, ratio est ob intercapedinem terminorum. Sed quis 
locus Auri? Aurum vbi es? De Auri loco seu vbi, sunt hi 
Canoues. Aurum meum nescio ubi est. Senior Frater plerumque 
habet Aurum ad vnguem. Aulicus Phan tastes ]>lus habet Auri ad 
calcem qiwm ad manum. Aurum Aulici non est in suo loco, quia 
gravitat, nam a Crumena decidit ad calcaria. Inter Nobiles et 
Generosos tam Aulicos quam Academicos, mos nuper obtinuit nee 
cultrum in vagina gestare, nee Aurum in Crumena. Judex ciim suo 
Auro est in loco Definitive. Aurum signatum est in loco cum titulo 
Regis circumscriptive. Aurum nunquam est in Crvimena mea repletiv^. 

Quaeritur hie a Chymicis an Aurum possit nutrire hominem ] 
puto, quia primb adraittit concoctionem. 2" Quod possit in succum 
et sanguinem converti illud potest nutrire. Aurum potest in succum 

^ Cniccs. on the reverse of the coin. Cudworth Int. Syst. Praef. ad mit. 
So the coin itself. See p. 204 /;. Aristot. Eth. Nic. i. v. 7. 

'^ For uioleutus = nou-uatural cf. 



280 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

et sanguiuem una converti go': 3" Aurum est nutritivum quia est 
somnificuni, exempli gi'atia, exliibeat aliquis petitionem ad Senatum 
alicujus Vrbis aut Academiae, auiuuique eis poi-rigat pro suppositorin, 
et statim annuent graviora capita. Praeterea Judex qui alioqui 
etiam dorraire solet super Tribunal, sumat inediocrem quantitatem 
Auri et facile connivebit. Vnus adliuc scrupulus de Auro restat. 
(viz.) Cur apud Homerum Apollinis sacerdos Xpuo-?;? dicitur, vates 
KdXxo-'il Quid aeri cum vate, quid auro cum Sacerdote'? Ego certe 
dicere nolo, vos dicite Pontifices in sacris^quid facit Aurul Piofecto 
facit sacerdotem. Sed num Homerus hoc vidit 1 Sed ego nimis 
prodigus sum et vos de Auro meo plus satis accepistis et faeminarum 
aures jam antea Auro sunt oueratae. Post Aurum sequitur 'Potest' 
sive Potestas sequitur Aurum, immo Aurum quid non potest 1 Potest 
est duplex, aut potest hoc, aut potest nihil ; verbi gratia, si quis 
quaerat quid potest hominem ad sacerdotiiim promovere '] dico Aurum 
potest hoc. At Virtus sine Auro potest nihil. Aurum potest, ex. 
gr. quid si Aequitas causae vincere nequit in Judicio] Aurum 
potest. Quid si Virtus nequit hominem ad honorem evehere'? Aurum 
potest. Qiud si Docti-ina nequit Soeium, aut Discipulum CoUegij 
eflficere ? Aurum potest. Tantum potest Aurum, et tantum de 
'potest.'- Jam ad productionem producendus est sermo. Auriim 
liotest produci, sed quaedam limitationes adhibendae sunt. Nam 

Ex Avarorum loculis In caeteris casibus quaestio tenet 

Ex Praevaricatoris joculis Aurum produci iJotost. 

Et ex pleuis poculis, t^ t, i ■ c^■ 

I, ^ f . ' Ex eciieroso ratris iilio 

Aurum produci non potest. -c j x n * • i 

^ ^ Ex quadrato Patris pueo 

Ex mendaci sfl,eculo Ex oblougo Bedelli Bacillo 

Ex meo subligaculo Aurum potest produci. 

Ex nostra cista communi 

Aurum iiroduci non potest. 

Circa modum producendi Aurum quaerittir an Auri productio sit 
cum motu Vel sine motu. Respondeo. Aurum non I'e-sidentium 
producitur per quiet«m sine motu, quia nullus niotus est discon- 
tinuus. Aurum Judicis produci tur per motum circularem. Aurum 
Causidici vel producitur per motum directum a termino ad terminum, 
vel per motum obliquum, sen indirectum et sine termino. Aurum 
Tabernarij pi'oducitur, vel per motum irregularem quorundam Plane- 
taruni errantium ab uno signo ad Aliud; vel per motum circularem. 
Capitis sub mitra. Cum autem sex sunt species motus, sc : Generatio 
et Corruptio, &c.^ Auri productio fit per omnes has sex species. 
Aurum meretricium, seu Anrum Laidis, producitur per Genei-a- 
tioneni; sed hoc Aurum est spuiium et adulterium. Aurum Ma- 
gistratuum producitur per corru])tionem. Aurum Foeneratoris pro- 
ducitur per augmentationem, sed hoc meJi non interest. Aurum 
Tonsoris pi'oducitur per incrementum capillorum, aut jDotius per exci'e- 
mentum. Auram Mancipij producitur per diminutionem lerculi. 
Aurum etiam producitur per diminutionem et eclipsin. Praevaricator 
non producit sibi aurum per praevaricationem. Denique Aurum 

^ [)f> : — , Ergo ualet consequentia. ing is sancto. (al. sacro, al. aanctis). 

* Persius ii. 68, 6'J : where the read- ^ Aristot. Cater), c. 11 ad iitit. 



APPENDIX I. 281 

Tabellarij producitur per motum lationis. Oritur hie Controversia 
inter Chymicos, an Aurum potest produci a nihilo 1 puto, nam qui 
potest nihil in Aurum convertere, ille potest Aiiriim ex nihilo pro- 
ducere, sed aliquis potest nihil in Anrum convertere. Major patet, 
minor probatur. Qui Aurnm suum jam in nihil convertit, ille 
potest nihil in Aurum convertere, sed aliquis Aurum suum jam in 
nihil convertit ; et hoc liquido constat. Deinde Malum est nihil et 
Aurum est bonum, sed aliquis potest bonum ex malo producere, ut 
Causidicus ex malo consilio potest bonum Aurum producere, idque per 
conversionem, niutando scil : tinitos in infinitos. Sed objiciat ali- 
quis. Quomodo ex malis caiisis bonum eflectum, vid : Aurum, potest 
pi'oduci 1 Respondeo, hoc fit per Artem Chymicam, aut enim est 
fallacia nou causae pro causii,, Aut Cliens supponit quod non est 
supponendum. 

Quanquam vero Aurum potest fieri ex nihilo, tamen non potest 
produci in instanti. Si quis ad Sacerdotium cito pervenire nequit ne 
miremini : Aurum non potest produci in instanti. Si hoc Anno 
laboremus penuria Doctorum ; ne miremini ; Aurum non potest 
produci in Instanti. Dicet Advei"sarius Aurum hodie producitur 
per Creationem, et Creatio est productio momentanea, et fit in 
instanti. sed haec ratio nullius est momenti. Nam etsi pater 
Great, tamen ffilius aliquid praesupponit. Deinde Aurum non pro- 
ducitur in Instanti, quia gradatim et successive acquiritur. Nam 
Pater acquii-it Aurum per gradus, senior ffrater per successionem, 
Hactenus de Auri pi-oductione. Productionem Auri sequitur 'Per' 
sive unusquisque persequitur Auri productionem. Aurmn potest jjto- 
duci Per ' Per ' est duplex, per fas, per nefas. Aurum utroque modo 
producitur. Per iterum est triplex. Per se, per Alium, per 
Accidens. Vt in Academijs quibusdam exoticis, ignavum quoddam 
pecus, quod fucus dicitur, degunt in Collegijs ; qui fructum et pro- 
ventum societatum capiunt per se, concionantur, reliquisque exercitijs 
funguntur per alium, student per Accidens. Ignavi praelectores 
Academiae legunt nee per se, nee per alium, si quando legunt, legunt 
per Accidens. sed nimiiim fortas^e de Per, seu patris Per nimium. 

Aurum potest produci per, sed per quid ? Non cuivis contingit 
adire Coiinthum, nee cuivis est Aurum fecere. Immo hoc Artis 
opus, non Virtutis. Aurum potest produci per Artem. Et primum 
hoc supponimus pro fundamento Aurum necessario esse habendum. 
Ergo aut per Artem, aut per Naturam, sed Aurum nou est a 
Natura, quia quod est a Natura, non est in nostra potestate sed 
Aurum est in nostra potestate. Quod sumitiir in electione est in 
nostra potestate, sed Aurum frequenter sumitur in Electione. go'. 
Deinde nullus Habitus est a Natura, sed Aurum est habitus quia 
acquiritur lougo studio et industria et est diiBculter et aegre mobile a 
subjecto. Aurum saltern acquiritur. Aurum est habitus in procu- 
ratore, quia augetur, et intenditur per additionem gradus ad gradum. 
Sed hie Cautione opus est, nam si actus intenditur a Magistro, iste 
Iliibitus Procuratoris diminuitur. 

1 i.e. Ergo the Kyllogism is proved. 



282 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Quid si dicamxis Aurum non esse ipsnui habitum sed disposi- 
tionem, hoc est gradum ad habitum, vel dispositioueju ad gradum 
sine qua nemo aut habitum ant gradum sumat. Nam ut agens per 
naturam, non inducit ad formam in materiam, nisi dispositam, ita 
agens per Artem, Bedellus soil., non imponit habitum aliouj, nisi per 
aurum priiis recte disposito et praeparato. 

2". Generaliter sic arguo, quod producitur per apprehensionem 
sim[)licem, per compositionem et Divisionem, per propositionem, aut 
per discursum, producitur per operationem Intellectus, et ex Conse- 
quenti per Artem sed Aurum ita producitur go' e.g. Aurum Phar- 
macopolae producitur per apprehensiouein simplicium. Aurum quo- 
rundam Olticiariorum Academiae producitur per Compositionem. 
Aurum Sociorum producitur per Divisionem. Vt voluntas sequitur 
dictamen intellectus, ita Seniores Collegij (ut par est) sequuntur 
dictamen Magistri. Intellectus proponit voluntati huiic vel ilium 
eligendura, et per banc propositionem Aurum saepe |)roducitur : 
Denique Aurum Dunkerkorum" producitur per discursum, discuriendo 
ab uno cubiculo ad aliud. 

3°. Aurum producitur vel per Artem, vel per Scientiam. Non 
per Scientiam, nam facile producitur sine Scientia vt Medicus, si 
habet Praxin, potest producere Aurum sine Scientia. ^Vgo relin- 
quitur quod Aurum producitur per Artem. Propterek vt Artes 
ti'actantur methodo Anal3^tica, sic Aurum, et quandocunqiie ego num- 
muni produco ex Crumena mea — si forte quis Aureus^ exit, quando 
haec rara avis est — si quis tamen Aureus exit, statim vtor methodo 
Analytica, resolvo Aurum in solidos, et solidos in denarios. Sed 
hoc est contra regulam Chymicorum, qui dicunt Aurum fieri ex 
argento vivo, non contra ai'gentvim ex Auro. Pesp. Ai-gumentum 
meum non est vivum, imb fere mortuum est, nam diu fuit consump- 
tione. Jam Artes per quas Aurum producitur sunt vel manuales 
vel mentales. Artes manuales sunt mechanicae, nam Aurum 
acquiritur ttovti TpoTrw kol fx.e-^avrj (nic) praecipue vero sunt duae 
furandi et ludendi in quibus Aurum producitur dexteritate quadam 
ex materia viscosji, et vnctuosa, contemperata cum Argento vivo, seu 
Mercui'io, et hoc propria est Aurum facere. Ai-tes mentales sunt 
multae, ut adulandi, mentiendi, fallendi, pejerandi, simulandi, dissimu- 
landi, aequivocandi, etc. In his Artibus Aurum producitur virtute 
lapidis Phylosophici, per reservationem specierum in Intellectu, seu 
per verbum mentis, seu (ut loquitur Faber in libro ttc/jI ;[(puo-o7roti7TiKo{)) 
per mentalem reservationem, seu per commutationem quandam Geo- 
metricae proportion] s, qua verba damns pro Auro. Fidicines, et 
notarii Aurum producunt per Artes instrumentales ; Aurum non 
producitur per Artes liberales, quia clientes hodie non accipiunt 
Aurum, sed dant, et Patroni non dant Aurum sed accipiunt. Quales 
demum sunt ipsi Patroni, hi tamen sunt quos hodie pascunt homines. 
Gaudeo si quid tibi feci aut facio quod placeat, et id gratum fuisse 

^ Ergo, the syllogism is pro veil. 
* Dunkirk privateers. See Nares. 
3 A parody on Persius i. 45, iG. 



APPENDIX I. 283 

adversiim te Labeo gratiam, vfc Socivis in Collegio, dicerem vt Socia' in 
Comoedia Sinionj. Aurum itaqne per multas Artes prodvicitur, sed 
doti.ssimum per Artem Chymicam. Martiuljs^ in laudem bujiis Artis 
nullibi sic cecinit. 

Barbaras aurifluas sileat Pactolus arenas 

Ostentet flaviim Gens nee Ibera Tagnm. 
Nee Floi'ae teniplo molles laudentur bonores, 

Dissimulet quaestum vrbs cornibus ipsa frequens. 
Acre nee vacuo totidem pendentia signa 

Laudibus immodicjs avis'^ ad astra ferat. 
Nee nimiiim jactet currus Hobsonus avitos 

Vnde tot extraxit fulva talenta senex*, 
Nempe omnis Cbymicae eedat labor Aurificinae ; 

Vuum pro cunctis fanxa loquatur opus. 

Lapis Phylosopbicus est bujus Artis materia prima, et certe 
eas tantiim in potentia ; hunc tamen vt inveniant Alcbymistae 
nullum non movent lapidem, Sed non ex quovis ligno fit Mercu- 
rius, nee ex quovis lapide fit Pbylosopbus, ut loquuntur Cbymici, 
Vbi igitur reperitur 1 Kesp : effoditur ex Aureis montibus in 
Eutopia ; sed quia ejus figura nee longa, lata, nee profunda, nee 
quadrata nee rotunda, sed quadrangulo-circularis, aut quadratura 
circulo aequalis. Ex boc lapide pbylosopbico Aurum producitur 
vel per Conversionera vel per Extractionem : per Conversionem sic 
sutor producit aurum per conversionem vestimentorum. Bedelli per 
Conversionem capuciorum. Per extractionem sic (ni fallor) Al- 
chymista aliquis ex Patiis pileo Aurum extraxit, heri enim fuit 
Aureus. Sic duo litigantes sunt duo lapides Pbylosopbici, ex 
quorum mutuo afiiictu efc collisione Causidicus Aurum exti-ahit per 
Artem Chymicam. Videntur autem bi lapides non esse pbyloso- 
phyci quia non quiescunt in propiiis locis, sed sursum feruntur ad 
Londinum contra natui'am. Sed respondeo, ascendunt ne daretur 
vacuum in aula Westmonasteriensi. Johannes de lapide scripsit, 
sed nihil de Lapide philosophico. Et Chymici cum tot ubique 
videant lapides non possunt invenire philosophicum. Ego tot 
invenio Philosophos ut vix possim videre lapides prae lapidibus. 
Nam omnes sumus lapides et cum Paedagogis loquor ex poeta. 
Genus durum sumus et documenta damus. Magistratus seu Priores 
vii'i sunt Magnetes. Sed magnetes nostri aurum attraliunt non 
ferrum. Quaedam ex fibemiuis sunt adamantes. Eidus Amicus 

^ Sosia. The quotation is from ^ Hobson had died on the 1st of 

Terence Andrla, i. 1. 1-4, 15 (=41,42). January last past (1630—31), and had 

2 This is however a parody of the been bm-ied by Fuller in S. Benet's 

opening of his Spectacula. chancel notwithstanding the plague. 

s Professor Mayor suggests that The rhymes under one of his por- 

Rome proper name (as in Martial) is traits, no less than his benefactions 

here intended — such as Davis or to Cambridge, bear testimouy to his 

Clauius. thrift. 



284) UNIVERSITY STL'DIES. 

Achates. Quid quot in hoc fluctuant pelago, tot capita veluti saxa 
video, et scopulos prominentes 1 Quaedam acutae sunt Chax-ybdes, 
quaedam obtusae Syllae. Video et maimora (ni fallor) budautia, et 
si fi-onte ulla tides, sunt inter vos lapides pretiosi, smaragdi et 
carbunculi. Sed quid video lapides in sublimi peudeutes? Ni fallor, 
uon sunt philosopliici, ni forte ascendant ad bonnm naturae com- 
munis, scil : ut prospiciant Vnivei'sitati. Supponamus iam hosce 
lapides cadere (cadere enim possunt nisi aliquid supponeretur) 
contendo ego, quod etiam si daretur vacuum, motus eorum taraen 
asset in tempore, quia per aliquot horarum spatium moverentur. 
Praevaricator vester videtur esse lapis philosopliicus, nam si vllus 
sit lapis Philosophicus, profecto ilie lapidus est, imb lapillulus et fere 
null us. 

Vos etiam lapides qui in centro estis videmiui Philosopliici tarn 
quia estis in proprio loco naturali, tarn quia id etiam sedulo cavetis 
a quo maxime abliorret philosophia (viz :) ne quis locus sit vacuus. 
Videmur inquam ego et vos lapides esse philosophici, sed non sumvis, 
nam a vobis ne quid gry' quideni Auri extrahi potest, imo nee per 
Artem Chymicam. Vos graviora capita lapides vere philosophici 
cavete Vubis, aderit mox Alchymista, qui si vos videat, probe 
contusos et contritos dabit, vt quintessentiam a vobis extrahat. 
Sed durum est haec dicere. Nam quid hoc est nisi lapides loqui ? 
Satis ergo de lapide Philosophico. Videainus jam quaenam genera 
homiuum optime hanc artem callent. Papa qui ex peccatis venia- 
libus, seu potius venalibus aurum extrahit, optimus est Chymicus. 
Promus CoUegialis, qui ex panum exustulis" aurum potest extrahere, 
et ex doliorum faecibus suum aurum expromere, novas homo est, 
sed vetus Chymicus. Ignis ille fatuus Causidicus bene lectus est 
in Arte Chymica, qui Aurum de crumena extrahit, et tamen causa 
non patet. Qui Aurum adulterinum cudit est malus Chymicus, 
quoniam est suae fortunae faber. Nam qui sic Aureas fingit cruces'\ 
ligneam habebit pro mercede, et qui oblique lineam secat crumenae 
prope nodum altorutrum in via ecliptica vt Aurum extrahat virtute 
Chymica, peudebit in linea recta cum nodo sub ca})ite virtute carni- 
ticis. Qui coram mendico manum in crumena imponit, et nihil 
extrahit est malus Chymicus. Oppidani per miram quandam Artem 
Chymicam Aurum ex suis cornibus producunt. Nam bos Oppidanus 
non pacatur, nisi Aurum iu ejus cornua fundatur. Vespasianus"* 
et Virgil ius * # # fuerunt optimi Chymici. 

Liceat mihi par ex Chymicorum epigrammate proponere. 

1 ou5k ypv. Aristoph. Plutus 17. Jmt. Not a peny, not a peny: you 

* exustulis (sic) probably an error are too iinpatieut to beare crosses. 

for frustulis or crustulis. Cp. Earle's The second Part of King Henry 

character of 'An old CoUedge Butler,' the Fourth. Act i. Sc. iii. 

Microcosmographie (1628). Clo. For my part, Ihad rather beare 

* ' Crosses' were coins marked some- with you, then beare you : yet I should 
thhig like the reverse of our florin (cp. beare no crosse if I did beare you, for 
kreuzcr). So Shakespere I think you have no money in your 

Fal. Will yom' Lordship lend mee purse. As you like it. Act ii. Sc. iv. 
a thousand iiound, to furnish me forth? ■* Sueton. Vcsp. 23. 



APPENDIX I. 2S5 

Xpvtrov ai'ijp evpMV cAtTTf l3po)(nv, avrap o )(^pva6v 
ov XtTTCv ouk' eupwi/ ry(//€i', oi^ tvpe, [ipoyov. 

Quod sic transfero, ' 

Keperiens Aurnm,t reliuqnit laqneum ille aperto" 
Aui'um qui aniisit se perimit laqueo. 

Circa banc Chyniicam niulti sunt scrupuli, 1° quando ille laquoum 
suum in aurum mutaiiit. Ilespon: fuit conversio per Accidens;. 
2° Quando alter Aurum suum iu laqueum mutavit. Resp. fuit 
conversio simplex. 3° Quaeritur an js qui Aurum amisit, potuit 
se suspendere proj^ter negligentiara, liic est nodus difficultatis. Resp. 
Tamen si laqueum stricte sumas, potuit; aliter non. Deinde iu- 
ventio fuit in tensione, sed applicatio laquei fuit in executione. 

Vsus Artis Cliymici probatur lijs experimentis. 

Primo. Sumat aliquis grana meritorum, 10 uncias Absolu- 
tion\im, et sex pondera Indulgentiarum, vna cum faseiculo reliquia- 
rum, vnguento, sale, et saliva bene contempei-atis, haec omnia 
ponantur in pileum Cardinalis, et simul concoquantur in Aqua 
lustrali super ignem purgatorij, qui exufiletur ab incendiai'ijs Jesuitis 
spiritu seditionis, et sic ebulliant donee ad nibilum redigantur, et 
extrahetur Aurum optimum per Artem Chymicam. 

Secundo. Sumat Causidicus septem scrupulos Controversiae 
12 gi'ana ignorantiae, et sex uncias fraudis, et Mercurij, cum pari 
quantitate plumbei cerebri, et perfrictae frontis et pert'ractae con- 
scientiae, vna cum aliquot subpaenis, Demurris, et Returuis ; liae 
omnia in pera vulgo dicta Buckramia bene vncta simul conco- 
quantur super Ignem contentionis, ex spinis Quaestionura legalium 
compactiim, et sic ebulliant a mense Michaelis ad Octavas Hylarij 
et extrahetur Aurum optimum per Artem Chymicam. 

Tertio. Sumat Calendariographus, seu trivialis Astrologus 10 
pondera mendaciorum cum totidem scrupulis dubiorum, et duobus 
fragmentis eclipsium, et aliquot sectionibus et minutis motus diurni, 
tum frustum zodiaci amputetur falce saturnica, particula Aurei 
circuli et aequatoris, haec omnia colligat zona virginis, simul con- 
coquantur in sinistro cornu Arietis, super fascem Lunaris hominis 
ascensum et sic ebulliant a soLstitio byemali ad aequinoctium vernum 
et extrahatur Aurum optimum per Ai-tem Chymicam. Aurum 
inquam couflabitur ex ventis ; idque cito, quia ex tempore, et 
opportune, quia tempestate. 

Quarto. Sumat Foenerator 20 libras Avaritiae cum totidem 
minis extortionis, Aequali pondere oppressiouis quae Argento vivo, 
sulphure, et Plutone (mercurio dicercm) proportionaliter temperata 
commolautur ad pulverem, vna cum aliqua portione novi haeredis, 
haec omnia simul concoquantur in vetere Marsupio in lachrymis 
viduae, sine igne, ut parcatur sumptui, et sic decoquantur a centum 

1 for ovx-.-v^ev &c. Let us hope epigram is in ^?ii7io7. P((^ ix. 44. Cf. 

that the copyist and not the future Anson. Epigr. 22. 

Greek professor was responsible for ^ Unqint...reperto. 
the cacography and accentuation. The 



286 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

.ad decern, donee ffoeneratori aliqnid inde ultra Princijiale ebulliat, 
liaeres A*erb totum decoxerit. Vuum praetei'ea est observauduin. 
Ingeminet fFoenerator hoc verbuiu hebraicuni a Judaeis olim hujus 
Artis Magisti-is nsurpatinii 3n 3n (i) Da, Da. et tunc extvaheretur 
Aurum optimiiui pei' Avteni Chymicam. 

Quinto. Sumat Philosoplius lapidem suum, et qnadi-atiiram 
circiili, cum duobus nncijs Ideae Platouicae, item aliquot scrupulos 
Quidditatum, cum uullo pondere Argumentorum, item duos asses 
fX€T€ix\l/vx^cr€w? Pythagoricae, et 9 atomos Democriti Spliaerarum 
hai'uiouia bene temjjeratos, Evellat praeterea 12 crines in sua barba, 
eosque inter caetera iiigredientia (velut coquus quidam) artificiose 
peimisceat, liaec omnia simul ponantur in vacuum et contundantur 
in infinitum, donee resolvantur in matei'iam primam, tunc Anaxa- 
gorae inpendat aquam, ex nigra nive genitam et in ea concoquantur 
super Tgnem fatinim qui exutiiatur foUe Curiositatis et sic ebulliant 
vsque ad Annum Platonicum et extralietur Aurum optimum per 
Artem Chymicam. 

Ergo Philosoplius facit aurum ; sed iium Aurum facit pliiloso- 
phura ; dubito, dico tamen. Aurum in poteutia aliquando facit 
Philosoplium in actu. 

Dico 2" : Aurum in habitu non facit Philosoplium, quod sic 
probo. Aurum est Senior Frater inter metalla, vt jam dictum est, 
et vlterius etiam probari potest, quia aetas aurea fuit prima. Aurum 
inquani in habitu est senior frater, et Senior Frater nunquam facit 
philosoplium, et ratio est quia liaeres possideat Terram tenura, 
Libera, Philosoplius vero tenet in cajiite. 

Nil obstat tamen quin Senior frater aliquando sit Alchymista, 
nam (ut inqiiit ille) in satyra quidam Prodigus haeres est 0])tiinus 
Chymicus, Terram qui vertit in Aurum. Quod si Veritas Quae- 
stionis adhuc in dubio est, statim probabitur experientia. Si quidem 
Philoso})lius Aurum soliduui et grave producit per Artem suam 
(meum quantumvis leve ne respuatis) et fruatur ille per me licet 
auro sue, si niodo aliquid per artem suam hodie possit producere, 
non equidem invidebo, miror magis '. Certe Praevaricator vaster 
est imperitus Chymicus, et credibile est emendari tempora, cum per 
lianc praevaricandi artem Aurum non producitur, sat (mihi fuerit) 
si aurum in fronte vesti-a (id est) serenitatem produxero. Aurum 
meum Intentionale est non reale. Et hoc aurum aequaliter inter 
vos divido. Junior socius, si modo sit bonus socius, et si capax sit, 
erit aequalis seniori, aliter authoritate mihi commissa suspendo ilium 
ab omni Auro tam suscepto quam suscipiendo. Et hue usque 
Chjmiicus vester arti suae insudarit, et pro ea, qua est facultate 
ludhl, aurum nihil, inio nee solidum produxit, Vestrum solummodo 
calculum in lucro ponit ; Vobis (vix) placuisse illi erit instar Auri, 
et Albus Favoris vestri lapillus pro lapide Philosophico. Dixi, 

The other documents in the volume (ms. 627, Gonv. & Cai.) 
which contains (i.) ' Pruevaricat'w Mri Duport.' are 

1 Vergil. Ed. i. 11, 



AN OXFORD MUSICK-SPEECH. (1G15.) 287 

(ii.) Oratio ad Augnstissinium Potentissimum Serenissimnni 
luvictissinmin Monarcham Carolum ab Oratore Pub- 
lico Dre Cvitton', edita (pp. 1 — 3). 
(iii.) Oi-atio habita 5" Nov. Anno 1617 in Collegio Trin. Au- 
thore Edm. Stubbs, A.B. (pp. 1 — 7). 

The following rough notes of a ' Musick Speech' at Oxford about 
IGl.'), and of the laboured jests of a ' Terrae-Filius' are likewise 
preserved among the mss. of Gonville and Gains College. 

Though the text is a mere memorandum, such documents are now 
so uncommon, and these relate to a circumstance of such literary 
interest, that I have determined to print them, leaving emendation 
to the reader. 

Caius Coll. ms. 73 (74). fol. 341. 
MUSICA PKAELECTIO. Shepheard. Coll. Lincoln : Oxon. 
Textiis Ex libro Boetij de Music : 
P Commendatio Authoris Boetii. 

( 1. Modulatio 
2° In Verbis Spectatur Musices-^ f Doricus 

I 2. Modus < T • 

( lonicus, 

3" Modus Doi-icus [Jacoho Regi gratissimus) est sedatum genus 
musices et grave. 

Cantio. 

4" Modus lonicus (qui modernis usitatior) musices genus malae, 
foemininuin lasciviohxm. Eius exemplum quid aliud, quam Cantus ille 
famosissiinus de adventu Regis ad Oxon. factus a Cantebrigien- 
sibus, cuius quidem modum potius Ironicum quam lonicum dixero. 
Nomen illius. Neque cantus est neque cantio, neque cantilena, neque 
harmonia, srd anglice a Ballad. Cantebrigienses sunt balati'ones. 
Auscultemini vero paulisper, et modulamen liujus Ballad audibitis ; 
audivistis fidicinem agit (fides gemit) modulatio praemittitur, inde 
mox crescit Ballad. Vnum vobis praemoneo. Hunc ipsum Canta- 
brigiae Ballad (postquam Oxoniam venit) latine loqui didicisse. Nam 
Cantabrigienses nee Musices professoiem habent qui possit ilium fidi- 
bus canere" nee ilium ipsi possuut latinam linguam docere : Sed »ic est. 

Oxoniam advenit Eex 

cum nobilium choi'o 
Plenus huic occurrit grex 

in oppidi foro 
Eusticani Oppidani qui vocantur Aldermani 
Convenerunt uti ferunt & Jacobo obtulerunt. 
[Haec nobilissima ilia cantio in qua Cantebrigienses stupidi ho- 
munciones Academiam nostram florentissimam derident luduut &...'^] 

^ Ri. Creyghtou, Trin., Public Ora- fore must be used loosely as equiv- 

tor, 1627 — 39, succeeding Herbert. alent to doctorem, as it is commonly 

- It is true that the Cambridge in the title 'S.T.P.' iu the theological 

music professorship was not founded faculty. At Cambridge there was the 

till 1684; but that at O.rford even was provisional gi-ace quoted above p. 236 

not in existence in 1G15, nor indeed note 1. 
till 1(526. The term ^jro/csA-o?'*'?*; there- ■' er«.sC(? 2d;i manu. 



288 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Sed si minus accuratus forsan factns fuisset sub sordidis Cantabrig. 
Ejus verbum] tigellis, ab iugeuiis jHiludinosis^ . fecerat nostro Guilieluio 

lit opinor qui in consilium vocato. ic. in opprobrium Cantiibripieu- 

sium nulla babita personarum differentia distiuctioneve, k totius Utii- 
versitatis Cantebrigiae". Haec Yiri egregii Oxonienses volui silentio 
seivasse. Sed postquam Sicelides musae paulo asperiora canebant esse 
niei duco et virorum omnium haec ita agitare &c. Nuper enim egregium 
quidem virum nostrum Caecilius non privato sermone sed publicis 
Comitiis inter suos Cantebrigienses vellicaret. Sed quid tu homo 
Caeciii^? Oh. Novimus & qui te*. Apud Oxoniam studuisti ali- 
quid literarum parasti, nunc instar prolis asininae in matrem recalci- 
tras <tc. nulla Caecilii eruditio. Homo stupidus stolidus triobularis 
Wakus\...disertus Universalis. Sed \o^ forsan studitani egregii 
virum ignoratis ; Describara ergo ilium vobis. Incipit. Sed nialo 
[Giceronis] verbis ilium describere. 

Ex 2'^*^ ife ^^ Cioei-onis actione in Verrem loca tiia desumpsit et 
tria folia plus minus inipressionis Oratiommi, libello protenso in Cae- 
cilium, praelegit. 

In Yesperiis Comitiorum 
Julii 9. 

Teruae Filius. Publice professus Cantebrigienses fuisse indoctos 
<kc. : nee philosophos, nee poetas. Scribere tamen carmiua, quibus 
invideant Skeltonus & Eldertonus, (fee. 

Se velle Hopton, Greshanium, Dad. &c. precio conducere, lit 
Cantebrig. nomina annuis Kalendariis reponcret, &c. 

Philosophus Kespondens Eahigh In tertia quaestioue. An qrds- 
quam sibi stultus videafur, nemiiiem qiiidem nominavit ; dixit vero 

Quos tandem homines video '? Peregrines. Oh navis Stultifera 

nostras appulit oras. Ubi oinnis generis haV»entur stulti. ife dein post 
descriptionem aliquorum stultorum. Dii boni (inquit) quot navi 
stultifera hue delati sunt ! Unus & maximus omnium nebulo (quantum 
novi) non adest : in Caec'dia (ut opinor) dormitantem reliquerunt. 

1 So (Bp.) Ei. Corbet ridiculed Cam- ring of 40s. value. 'Anthony Sleep of 
bridge under the name of Lutctia in Trinity, and Wake of Caius College, 
bis ballad at this period. used to have many encounters at the 

2 A pun deliberately written manu tavern: but Wake never had the better 
secundd. at the wit unless he had it at the wine, 

^ Mr Cecill of S. John's, Cambridge, and then he used to cry out, " Tony, 
moderated at the divinity disputation melior Yigilantia Somno."' Thorns' 
before K. .James, l.S May, 1615, and Anecd. and 2'radU'wns,'p. o^, np.ii.aX\i- 
fainted in the act. He wrote Aeinilia, well's Cambridge CoJf'ec-]iow<e Jegts, p. 
which had been acted in his coll. at 59. The more famous Su- Is. Wake 
the king's former visit in 1614 — 15. was at Oxford (Wood-Bliss ii. 539), 
^ Vergil. Eel. iii. 8. fellow of Merton and public orator. Of 
5 Wakus. Thomas Wake, Fellow him and Ant. Sleep K. James is ro- 
of Gouville and Caius, acted the ported to have said that in Cambridge 
character of 'Colo monachus, frater,' one Sleep made him wake, and in Ox- 
and 'Pyropvs, vestiarius' in the origi- ford one Wake made him sleeji. (MS. 
nal cast of Iluggle's Ip)wra»u(s before Sloane, 384.) 
the king. Enggle left him bv will a 



APPENDIX IT. 



LETTERS FROM CAMBRIDGE, 

1704-5—1791. 



Thanks to Mr G. Williams' Catalogue and Index to the Addi- 
tional mss. (sometime known as the Baumgartner Paper.s) in the 
Camb. Univ. Library, we can easily collect the threads which con- 
nected the life of William Reneu with the famous John Strype. 

In Nov. 1696, his father, Peter Reneu, wrote from London 
asking Stiype to take the boy Willy, aged 7 years, as his pupil 
at his parsonage of Low Leyton in Essex (where Strype lived sixty- 
six years, though never inducted). Terms, £20 and presents offered, 
£30 accepted, (MS. Add'- Camb., tom. i. part ii. no. 165). 

The boy was kindly treated by his tutor (l ii. 166), to whom, 
when he was sent back after holidays (11 Oct. 1698 — 8 Sept. 1699 — 
23 May, 1700), in his tenth, eleventh, and tv/elfth years, being found 
very troublesome at home, requests were forwarded to the effect that 
Willy should be kept more strictly, wliipt now and then, and taught 
dancing instead of playing with the foot-boy and children in the 
village (in. ii. 259, 260 : i. ii. 231). 

The history of W. Reneu's Cambridge career must be told by 
the letters here printed from the originals of the Strype Correspond- 
ence in the ' Baumgartner' collection. I will add mei'ely that he took 
his degrees at Jesiis College, B.A. 1708, M.A. 1712, and that he 
continued his friendship with the Strypes, writing to the historian 
(28 Oct. 1712) to recommend him to take care of his health after an 
attack of fever (iv. i. 60), and to his supposed widow, offering as- 
sistance and counsel (2 April, 1720), when a false report of her 
husband's death had been published in the London newspapers (iv. 
iii. 337). 

w. ' 19 



2!)() UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

1.] MS. ADD^ CAMB. I. ii. 263. 

(Endorsed by Strype 'Will Reneu's Greek' Letter.') 

These 
To y'' i-everend M"" John 
Strype 

Living att Low Leighton 
In Essex. 

ForXteXjixos o tou Pevcutor StSacKaXov 

avTov atSoLOTarov acnrdt^u. 
Kar, o/u-oXoyeo/xat, T^aptras a^tag <roi fxr]Safiw<; avaSiSoVat Sv'vafJiat, 
opiyofxai Se rt irj'i €v;;^apt(rTtas fxov crrjfxeiov croi ctTToSciKvOvai, virep t^s 
aov ivfxevcLas jueyaX?;?. ^v yap, yivw'o-Kw, cvcrcySeiav €t9 ttJv e/xow ij/vx^v 
ly;^eti/ €<^povTtcra5, Kai tov voi)!/ /aou toTs ypdiifxaaiv TrXovTL^eiv. Kai 
X^P'-^ ^X^ ^^h '"<'"'■£, orai/ Trapa aov Sd/xw jxaKporepov ovk efietvov, /xe^ 
Trapa 8t8acrKaXa) outws ivcre/3ei kol cro^w dfxvr]<TTi(x) Trjv ttjs o"ou dyadrji 
yvmtKOS £u/x€i'£tav, aXXa ttj auTTj ei;;!^apicrTea). 

AcTTra'^e Trap ifxov, Seo/x,at, ras crou OvyaTrjpa^. Tidcra rj oiKia yjfjLwv tre 
acnrd^ei. 

XOiip€. 'Hyuep. ii/. Tr/s /XTJFOS TTOcrctSeoIvo?. a\}/8... 

[IS'*' Jan. 170|.] 

2.] L ii. 266. 

To the Reverend M' 
John Stripp, at his 
house in 
Lowleyton. 

London 24''' September 1705. 

Sir, The Inclosed I Receaved some days agoe from M' Gregg seeing 
you were soe kinde as to pi"omise to goe with mee to see willy sedle 
In the Vniversity pray lett me know what day will be fitt for you 
suppose twas munday next, wee may bee there a Tueusday about 
noone, and soe tarry all wensday or tell [i. e. till] Thursday night 
or a fryday att noone yoti may be Sett at your house, by this meanes 
youl have noe occation to trouble any body to preach for you. 

I Intend to take a coach wholy for our self, soe wee can goe 
& come as wee please my service to your lady and the two young 
ladies I Rest, 

Your humb. Servant 
P. Reneu, 
[P. S.] Sir 

Pray Returne mee the letter. If the above tyme is fitt for you 
assoone as I have your answer I shall hyre the coach & a munday 

^ There are some earlier letters, in to write /i^. In any case his greek, 

latin, from W. E. (1702 — 3) in ms. faulty as it was, would have conveyed 

Adds. III. i. (Nos. 42, 43). the boy's meaning to Strype if not to 

* It is possible that Billy intended ' Mm Str;\-pe and y® Misses.' 



APPENDIX II. THE EENEU.S TO J. STRYPE. 291 

(God willing) bee with you about 10 or 12 of the clock and soe gee 
only to Bisliopps Stafford [Stortford], we shall have 4 horses to the 
Coach. 

3.] MS. Add'- III. i. 88. 

(Endorsed by Strype ' W" Renew's fii'st Letter 

to me from Jesus Coll. Cam". 
] Nov. (sic) 9. 1705.') 
These 
For y Rever'' M' Strypp 
Living att 

Lowleightou 
Li Essex. 

Cambridge 8'" 9 1705. 
Honoured S"^ 

This is to let you know y* your freind M' Salter is dead, he died 
on Sunday about 4 of y® Clock in y^ Aftei-noon, when he is to be 
buried I can't tell, but they say he can't keep long, for his legs were 
mortifyed 2 or three days before he dyed. 

I like the Colledge very well and I find my Commons with y^ 
addition of an half penny worth of Cheese or butter full enough for 
y® most part. The Lads are very civil and kind to me, and now 
and then they ask me to come to their Chambers and I do the same 
to y" again : But among themselves they are up to the ears in 
division abou high Chui'ch and Low Church Whig and Tory. But 
for my part I stiive to leave y"* when I find they are going to y* 
sport. 

]\P Trencher my Chamber fellow is a very good natured young 
gentleman and very civil to me, & I dont doubt but he and I shall 
agree very well together. For y® present I read nothing but a 
Chapter of y® Epistle to y" Romans every morning in greek to 
M"^ Grig : But I shall do something else in a little while. I hope 
you got home safe on Saturday. I understand I am to make some 
petty speeches and disputations in y® Hall next term, I wish they 
were well over, but I believe I am more afraid than I shall be hurt 
when I come to it. Pray my humble service to Mm Strype and y^ 
Misses, I hope M''' Stryp has got rid of her intermitting Feavour. 
I am 

Hon4 S'' Your most obliged freind 
and humble Servant 
W. Reneu 
If I can do you any 
Service here at y^ University 
I shall be very glad to do it. 
I did not write you in Latin 
because I was afraid y^ post 
would be gone before I could 
finish y' and some other 
Letters I had to write. 

19—2 



292 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

4.] MS. Ack?- II. i. 89. 

Endorsed by Stiype ' Billy Renew in Latin 
from Cambridge 
Nov. 18...Recepi Nov. 21.' 

G : Reneu viro Reverendissimo sapientissimo 
[do*] ornatissimo D"." Johanni Stryp S. P. D. 

Vir Colendissime 

Multum me pndet, ut mihi literas anglicas tibi danti tn dares 
Latinas sed ex beuignitate tua spero te negligentiam meam exnsa- 
turum esse ; Et banc et omnes dum tecum manserim, culpas com- 
missas optime enim scio te et jam meum bonum optare et semper 
optasse consuhiisseq ; Sed iit tu maxime sic ego meijpsius bonum et 
felicitatem non curavi nee consului, deerat, deerat, iuquam, ex inea, 
nuuquam ex tua parte, ad maximum meum dolorem nunc temporis 
Luctumq. 

Ago tibi gratias etiam quam maximas quam plurimasque pro 
bonis tuis sapientibusq consilijs sperans me ea observaturum esse et 
secundum ilia actiones meas Regulare. 

Tutor meus (vir benignus doctusq) Lecturas mibi ex Burgodiscio 
de institutione Logices et ex graeco Testameuto indies ad Horam 
octavam praelegit, Commendat autem milii ut Legam Terentium 
et quosdam alios authoi*es Classicos. Et die Lunae, die Mercurij, et 
die Veneris ad tertiam horam Lecturas mihi et Contiibernali meo 
Legit matberaaticas. 

Praeceptori meo colendissimo doctissimoq die Mercurij proximo 
Literas dabo Latinas (Deo volente) si ante id tempus ilium videris, 
saluta ilium fratremq Danielem meo nomine precor, D'lus Grigg et 
Trenchard se tibi commendant officiosissimfe. Vale. [A*] E. Collegio 
Jesu Cantab : 14 Cal : Mensis Dec. 1705'. 



^ Strype's own letters to his mother shee should deliver it into y hands, y' 

when he was a freshman at Jesns are so y" may better & more fully heare of 

so curious that it may he worth while me, and know how it fareth w"> me. 

to reprint tliem here from the origi- She is my Lauudresse make her wel- 

nals instead of the common inaccurate come, and tell her how y" would have 

copies. my huuin washed, as y" were saying 

Endorsed ' 1662. One of my first in y'' letter, I am very glad to hear 

Letters to my Mother from Jesus Coll. y*- y" & my Brother Johuso do agree so 

Cambr.' well, y' I believe y° account an un- 

Good Mother, usuall com-tesie y' he should have you 

Yours of the 24"' instant I gladly out to the cake-house, however pray 

received expecting indeed one a Week Mo, be carefuU of yi'selfe and do not 

before, but I understand both by over walk yrselfe for y' is wont to bring 

Waterson and yrselfe of y'' indisposed- y° upo a sick bedd. I heare also my 

nesse then to write. The reason y" Bro Sayer is often y"" visitor : truly 

receive this no sooner is, because I I am glad of it, I hope y children may 

had a mind (hearing of this honest be comforts to y"* now y° are growing 

woman's setting out so suddenly for old. Remember me back again most 

London from hence and her business' kindly to my Bro Sayer. Concerning 

laying so neer to Petticoate lane,) that y"- taking up of my things, tis true 



APPENDIX II, W. RENEU TO THE STKYPES. 



293 



[For M'"^ Stiype, on the same slieet] 
Hon"? M'? 

I am glad that you ai"e got pretty well again of your fever which 
you had when I was with you last. And I am much obliged to you 



I gave one shilling to much in y« 100, 
but why I gave so much, I thought in- 
deed I had given y" an account in y' 
same letter : but it seems I have not. 
The only reason is, because they were 
a schoUers goods : it is comou to make 
y"" pay one shill more than the Townes 
people. Dr Pearson himself e payed so, 
and severall other ladds in this Coll. 
and my Tutor told me they would ex- 
act so much of one being a schollar 
and I found it so. Do not wonder so 
much at our comons : they are more 
y" many colledges have. Trinity it 
selfe (where Herring and Davies are), 
w* is y« famousest Coll. in j" Uni- 
versity, have but 3 halfpence. We 
have roast meat, dinner and supper 
throughout y'= whole weeke ; and such 
meate as y° know I do not use to care 
for ; and y' is Veal : but now I have 
leanit to eat it. Sometimes nevei-y"- 
lesse, we have boyled meat, w* jjot- 
tage; and beef and mutton, w* I am 
glad of: except Frydays and Saturdays, 
and sometimes Wednesdays ; w* days 
we have Fish at dinner, and tansy or 
puddings for supper. Our parts y" are 
slender enough. But there is y' reme- 
die ; wee may retire into y" butteries, 
and there take a halfpenny loafe and 
butter or cheese ; or else to the Kit- 
chin and take there what wee will y' 
y^ Cook hath. But for my part I am 
sure I never visited the Kitchin y', 
since I have been here, and y"= but- 
teries but seldom after meals ; unlesse 
for a Cize [or Size, or Sice'] y' is for a 
Farthingworth of small-beer : so that 
lesse than a Penny in Beer doth serve 
me a whole Day. Neverthelesse some- 
times we have exceedings : then we 
have 2 or 3 Dishes (but y'' is very rare) : 
otherwise never but one : so y' a cake 
and a cheese would (as they have been) 
be very welcome to me : and a neat's 
tongue, or some such thing; if it 
would not reqiiire too much mony. 
If y° do entend to send me any thing, 
do not send it yet, until y° may hear 
further of me : for I have many things 
to send for w'' may all I hope be put 
into y' box y" have at home : but w' 
they are, I shall give y" an account 
hereafter, w" I v.'ould have y'" sent : 



And y' is w" I have got me a chamber ; 
for as yet I am in a chamber y* doth 
not at aU please me. I have thoughts 
of one, w* is a very handsome one, 
and one pair of stahs high, and y' 
looketh into the Master's garden. The 
price is but 20 shill. per annum, 10 
whereof a knight's son, and lately 
admitted into y'CoU. doth pay : though 
he doth not come till about Midsum- 
mer, so y' I shall have but 10 shill to 
pay a yeare besides my income which 
may be about 40s. or there abouts. 
Mother I kindly thank y" for y'" Orange 
pills y" sent me. If y" are not to 
straight of mony send me some such 
thing by the Woma, and a pound or 
two of almonds and raisons. But first 
ask her if she will cany y™, or if they 
will not be too much trouble to her, 
I do much approve of y'' agreeing with 
y^ carrier quarterly ; he was indeed 
telling me of it, y' y" had agreed w"' 
him for it: and I think he means both 
y""^ and mine. Make your bargaines 
sure w"' him. I understand by y Let- 
ter y' y° are very inquisitive to know 
how things stand w"^ me here. I be- 
lieve y° may be weU enough satisfied 
by y° woman. My breakings out are 
now all gone, indeed I was affraid at 
my first coming it would have proved 
y^ Itch : but I am fairly rid of it. But 
I fear I shall get it, let me do what 
I can : for there are many here y' 
have it cruelly. Some of y"" take 
strong purges y' would kill a horse, 
weeks together for it, to get it away, 
& yet are hardly ridd of it. At vay first 
coming I laid alone: but since, my 
Tutour desired me to let a very clear 
lad lay w"^ me and an Alderman's 
sou of Colchester, w^*^ I could not 
deny, being newly come: he hath 
laid w* me now for almost a fort- 
niglit, and will do till he can provide 
himselfe a Chamber. I have been 
w"' all my acquaintance who have 
entreated me very courteously : especi- 
ally Jonathan Houghton. I went to 
his Chamber y« Friday night I first 
came, and tliere he made me stay and 
supp w"' him, and would have had me 
laid w-'' hiui tliat night, and was ex- 
traordinary kind to nice. Since we 



294 



UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 



for your kind offer of sending me a Cake, wliich you may be sure 
wlien ever it comes will be very wellcome for tliough we have pretty 
good Commons yet we have not such a vast deall but we can make 
shift with a bit of Cake after y"? Pray my humble service to M'" [sic] 
Susanna and M" Hester Stryp. 

I remain 
Hon^ M"" 

Yours at command 

W. Reneu. 



[On the third page, for J. Strype.] 

I have sent you as you were pleased to order me y® inscriptions of 
}'® monument of Mr Rustat and Boldero, yf"^ are accurately and 
exactly written. Mr Rustat's monument is written all in great 
Letters and is as follows. 

Tobias Rustat yeoman of y® Robes 
To King Charles the Second 

Whom he served w*"*" all duty and fxithfulneas 

In his Adversity as well as prosperity 

The greatest part of the Estate he gathered 

By God's blessing, y'' Kings favour, and his own industiy 

He disposed in his Life time in works of Charity 



have been together pretty often. He 
excused himselfe y' he did not come to 
see me before he went, & thcat he did 
not write to me since he had been 
come. Hee hath now, or is about ob- 
taining £10 more from the Coll. Wee 
go twise a day to Chappell; in the 
morning about 7, and in the evening 
about 5. After we are come from 
Chappell in y" morning w* is towards 
8, we go to y<= Butteries for oixr break- 
fast, w* vsually is 5 farthings ; an 
halfpenny loafe and butter, & a cize 
of beer. But sometimes I go to an 
honest house neere y'' Coll, and have a 
pint of milk boyled for my breakfast. 
Truly I was much troubled to hear y' 
my Letter to Ireland is not yet gone. 
I wish if Mrs Jones is not yet gone, 
that it might be sent some other way. 
Indeed I wish I could see my Cosen 
James Bonnell here within 3 or 4 
years, for I believe our University is 
lesse strict to observe Lads that do not 
in every point conforme, y" their's at 
Dublin, though our's be bad enough. 
Pray remember me to my Uncle, and 



all my friends there, w" y" write. 
Remember me to my cozen James 
Knox, I am glad y* he is recovered fro 
his dangerous sickness, w'soever it is; 
for I cannot make any thing of it as y° 
have wi'itten it. And then, for want 
of Paper, I end, desuing heartily to be 
remembered to all my friends, excuse 
to my BrC an sister, y' they have not 
heard from me yet, next week I hope 
to write to y"" both. Excuse my length, 
I thought I would answer youi" Letter 
to y* full. I remain y"" dutifull Son, 

J. Strijp. 

These 

P^or his honoured 

Mother M'' Hester 
Strijp. Widdow, dwelling 
in petticoate lane, right 

over against y" 5 Ink-Hornes 

Without Bishopsgate, 
In 

London. 



[Baumgartner Papers, 7. 
Corre?p. iv. i, 8.] 



Strype 



APPENDIX II. RENEU TO THE STRYPES. 295 

And found y* more he Bestowed 

Upon Churches, Hospitalls, universities and Colleges 

The more he had at the years end. 

Neither was he uumindfull of his kindred and Relations 

In making y"" provisions out of what remained. 

He dyed a Bachelour y« 15*'» of March 

In y^ year of our Lord 1697 aged 87 years. 

M"^ Boldero's Monuments inscription in little letters 

Teri-a quam premis, Lector, sacra est 
Memoi'iae Edmundi Boldero 

S. T. P. 
Viri (saeviente Bello civili) de Ecclesia 
Anglicana optime meriti, utriq Carole 
Devotissimi, & hujus Collegij Custodis 
Dignissimi, qui obijt 5^° die Julij, A.nno Christi 1679 

^tat. suae 72"^^ 
Desine plura inquirere, et te talem praestes. 
Quod superest deest sed resurgam. 



5.] MS. Add"- III. Part ii. letter 266. 

Endorsed 'Will Reneu's Letter 
to me March 1705 
before his' going to 
Frankford. 
Eecepi Mar. 23. 
1705-6.' 

These 

For ye Rever'\<' M'' John Strype 
at his house in Lowleyton 
In Essex 

Vir ornatissime 

Tempore fere bimestri intennisso cujus spatium, antea tibi re- 
sponderem, mihi concessisti, jam iterum ad te Literas do. 

Eadem adhuc utitur Methodo Tutor mens optimus, qua oliin, ife 
omnimodis seipsum verum & lidelem amicum mihi & toti nostrae 
familiae ostendit & quantum ad me attinet, puto, nullam majorem 
felicitatem mihi evenire potuisse quam Cantabrigiam venienti ilium 
fore Tutorem; quandocunq mecum ambulet vel sedeat (ut non raro) 
non de nugis & rebus inanibus (ut solent plurimi) Loquitur, sed 

^ A slight inaccuracy. At least in Brunswick (Cooper's Ajuials iv. 75 n.) 

this letter Eeneu speaks of going as wliile the rest of the deputation from 

far as Harwich. His tiitor Mr Grigg Cambridge attended tlie Jubilee of 

went farther and fared worse, for he Frankfort-on-Oder University. See 

had a fall which detained him at above p. 08. 



296 UNIVEKSITY STUDIES. 

tantum de rebus optimis & utilissimis & de ijs, quae summa mihi 
commoda afferant. 

Scribis mirai'i admodum in E7riypa<^Tj RVSTATI nullam adferri 
Rationem corpus ibi humandi. Ratio quidem haec est, Rustatus 
monumentum. in Domo sua per octo aunos habuit et ipse scriptionem 
fecit jussitq ne Yerbum quidem ad earn Inscriptionem addi vel niutari 
post mortem ejus — Scribis etiam Lineam ultima Inscriptionis Bolde- 
rianae intellectu difficilem esse, puto autem illam nill aliud velle nisi 
hoc; Quod superest, i.e. Reliqua pars mei, nempe anima, de qua 
nihil hie fertur Deest, i.e. non in hoc tumulo jacet sed resrirgam, i.e. 
sed etsi separantur' nee simul esse posswnt' in hoc tumulo anima et 
corpus Resurgam totus anima et corpore conjunctis. 

Amicus tuus dominus Salterns £100 huic collegio Legavit. 

Multum dolet Uxoris tuae Dominae Stryp aegritudo, praesertim 
cum jam Longo tempore male se habuit. 

Tutor mens D""^ Gtrigg Contubernalisq Trenchard Francofurtum 
versus juxta Yiadrum fluvium in Germania ituri sunt Ab Academia 
ad Jubile die vicesimo tertio mensis Apr: servandum, me Comite 
usque ad Harwich. Saluta totam famiJiam optimam tuam nomine 
nieo, Tutoris and Contubernalis. Vale. 

Mensis Martij die 21 1705-6 



6.] MS. Add'' III. ii. 279. 

Endorsed 'From W" Reneu 
July 9 1706 
ReC*. July 11.^ 

For y* Reverend Mr John Strype | Minister [ 
at Low Leighton 
In Essex. 

Cambridge July 7"" 1706 

Hon", S' 

I received yours of y® 2"^ of this month and am obliged to 
you for accepting so small a present in good part. 

I humby thank you for your kind admonition viz: to write 
my Father a Letter of thanks for being at y" expence of my Journey 
&G But I have done it already, 

I have also kept a Journall of my travails part of which I copied 
and sent my Father beleiving it woukl please him. 

You make an Apology for continuing my Monitor still; I am not 
such a one as Horace gives a description off Who is 

Monitoribus Asper 
but instead of that I humbly thank you & own myself infinitely 
obliged to you for your care and kindness to me and you may be 

1 seTp&rentnr and possint are fainthj in the original suggests that Eeneu 
suggested secunda manu. The irregu- stopped pretty frequently to consult 
lar way in which this letter is written his Littleton. 



APPENDIX II. RENEU TO STRYPE. 297 

sure there is notliing that gi-eives me moi'e than to think I can make 
no Return for such I'epeated favours. 

I am very glad to hear your Lady is in a way of Recovery from 
a very dangerous fit of sickness by drinking Asses milk, pi'ay God it 
may perfect her care. 

I am glad to hear Daniel improves in Behaviour and Learning, 
Pray my Love to him &, service to M'' and M" Moreland when 
you see them. 

I have not heard whether I shall go to London or not as yet, for 
my part I shall be very glad to see my old freinds but very content 
also to stay if my Father had i-ather I should. Pray my humble 
service to your Lady and two Daughters and please to accept y" same 
from 

Your very much obliged and 
July 9* M''Grigg goes humble servant 

to London this week or W? Reneu 

next and I dont know 
but I may come along 
w* him. 

7.] MS. Add^- IIL ii. 285, 

From W. Reneu to J. Strype 

written from Putney Sept''^' 9"^ 1706. 

[Received Strype's last letter when making a stay of three weeks 
in London. Sends transcripts of the monumental inscriptions in 
Putn ey Church ] 

'I believe, M' Strype, you will be at a Loss for y^ Coats of Arms 
belonging to these monum'f, which you know I cant Blazen, there- 
fore I believe this must be your Remedy; to come hither, and 
because the succussation of your Horse is so great, only to come to 
london upon him, and come hither by water one day, and go away 
y® next, tho we should be much gladder of your longer stay with us. 
Pray present my humble service to M"'" Strype & your two Daughters 
& please to accept y" same from 

S"") you.r most obliged humble servant 
W7 Reneu 

My Tutor is at the Bath and writes he shall not return till about a 
fortnight hence, at which time, I shall accompany him to Cambridge. 

8.] Ibid. in. iii. 293. 

For y^ Rever'? M'" John Stryp 
Minister att his house 
In Lowleyton 
Essex. 

Jes: Coll: Jamiary 2. 1706 [i.e. 1706-7.] 
Hon-! Sf 

The great and noble work you are about, and ye lyttle news I 



298 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

have liad to send you of Cambridge hath been y* Cause of my not 
writing to you thus long. I'm sure, good S'', you cant adinitt y' 
thoughts of my having forgotten a person, whom I have y*' greatest 
reason to, & I dare say, always shall remember with all y" Reverence 
& Respect imaginable. But I 'm thoroughly persuaded you '11 
beleive me therfore will not detain you any longer on that Subject. 

Cambridge at present is pretty quiet but abovit a quarter of a 
year ago, there was a little stri" about one Tudway Mr of Musick 
who having been accused by one Plumtree Dr of Physick of some 
scandalous and Toriacall Reflections on y^ Queen, was degraded & 
expelled y^ University by y® Vice Chancellor & y'' Heads. Most of 
y° Tory or rather lacobite party blame their proceedings very much 
as too rigorous upon him but y® Whigs say just y'' contrary, but in 
fine y" thing is done & ii-revocable. 

I believe since I wrote to you last I have taken other Books to 
read, being now at length climbed up to y" degree of Junior So^jhista. 
At which time we begin to study Physicks & naturall Philosophy. 
I go to lectures to Mr Grigg (whom I love entirely & and who strives 
in all things to gmote my welfare & Learning T'me sure) every morn- 
ing In Clark's physicks, to Mr Townsend in y" afternoon in Rohault's 
Physicks; and I am not a little taken with y" study of naturall Phi- 
losophy. The Books I read by my self are Tull : Tusculan Questions 
& Plomer. besides english Books. We have no Books coming out 
at present as I hear off. Be pleased to present my very humble 
service to M™ Stryp & y" young Ladies. If you have any service to 
command me here at Cambridge I am and always shall be 

Reverend S') your most ready, faith full and obedient 

humble servant jcfe freindej 

I wish yoii all an happy new 
vear. 



9.] MS. Add'- III. i. 140. 

Endorsed 'W"^ Renew Fro Jesus Coll.' 

These 
For y" Rev"* M"" John Strype 
Minister of Low ley ton 
In Essex 
t)er London 

ay y" 6'.*^ 1707. 

Hon-! S^ 

I received a letter from you about G weeks agoe, and have 
deferred y^ answering of it till now, least by my too frequent letters 
I should interrupt you in perfecting y' noble & Learned work you 
are about to present y^ publick with. This reason I am persuaded 
will keep you from imputing my long silence from discsteem or for- 
getfulness of you. 



APPENDIX II. KENEU TO STRYPE. 299 

I liumbly tliank you for telling me y° right use I sliould make of 
Philosophy which ^yas to admire the great Creator of all things whose 
Power goodness and wisdom so eminently shone in them; I shall 
make this use of it, and shall also take care not to let it swallow up 
all my time; for I am sensible I shall receive abundance more ad- 
vantage from y" study of y^ Languages than from y® study of that; but 
I should not so wholly neglect it, as when I come up in y" Hall or 
Schools not to be able to say one word. I have bought Patrick's 
Grotius which I think very well answers your Caracter of it. M'" 
Newcome and I hold very good acquaintance, we give one another a 
visit every now and then; he is a very studious and sober Lad : 
Another of my School-fellows is admitted of Emanuell fellow-Com- 
moner, he was 3 forms below me at school (but fellow-commoners are 
seldom extraordinary scholars). There is another y' was form-fellow 
w*** me, admitted pensioner of Katharine Hall, he is an extraordinary 
ingenious Lad, and M"" Moreland expects hee'll be a great Honour to 
his School. — My year is so very large y* though I have been half a 
year Junior Soph I have not gotten a Scholarship, nor can't expect 
one these 6 months. Its Largeness has brought another inconv*enience 
upon me, viz. that I neither have nor shall keep much exercise in 
Colledge which would have helpt to wear off y* faulty Bashfulness which 
I have. I don't know whether I may expect a fellowship, for there 
are several to be served before me, if they stay. 

My Tutor went to London about a month agoe, and from thence 
to y® Bath. I received a letter from him on Sunday night last, dated 
ye 28"» Ap'. wherein he wrote, he intended to leave Bath in about 3 
weeks. I'me very sorry for my Uncle's misfortune, which I may be 
sure is no small affliction to my poor mother and all our Family, I 
pray God support them under it; nothing I doe here shall be an 
additionall greif to them if I can help it. 

Here is a sad accident has happened to 2 Lads', one of Sidney 
colledge and another of ours, who going to y® Tavern got most sadly 
drunk, and about 11 of y° Clock at night meeting a man (the poor 
man was going to the Chandlei'S for a little Tobacco, and coming out 
again) one of y" stuck him into ye breast, and not being able to make 
his Knife enter there far enough because of a bone that hindered; he 
run behind him and stuck him into y" Back between one of y^ small 
Ribs, upon w""" he run away to colledge, but y® other lad, being so drunk 
y' he could not run, was taken and carried to y" Tolebooth ; y'' poor 
wounded man bled (its thought) one g part of y" Blood in his body 
and was given over by y" surgeon, but y® Blood stooping he's thought 
to recover, w* I pray God he may ; for if he does not, y^ Lads will 
go nigh to be hanged; if he does recover, it will cost y" £30 a piece, 
if not more, to make him amends to pay y*^ surgeon. My humble 
service to Mrs Strype and the young Ladies, and accept this Long 
Letter from 

S' Your much obliged humble servant 

W. Reneu. 

^ Remmgtou (Sidney). Lister (Jesus). 



800 UNIVERSITY STUDIES, 

The lad y' did it, is said to be of Sidney colledge not of ours. He 
of our Colleda;e is not under M'' Townsend. I believe they will both 
[be] either expelled or Rusticated, though one did not stab him. All 
this happened on friday night last. 

Since I wrote this letter I hear that they were both expelled 
privately yesterday in y^ Afternoon by y" Caput. 



10.] MS. Add' III. iii. 300. 

' Billy Reneu 

in Greek & liatiu ' 

These 

For M"" John Stiyp Living 

At Low= Leigh ton 

near y" Stocks 

Essex 



[28 Dec. 1707.] 



w"' care 

FouXteX/Aos o Pev€VLOV tov StSacTKaXov aiSotoraTov dcnrd^et 

Tas crov CTTtoToAas Trj<i T/juepas iiKocrrrjs koi 8€VTepr]<; tou fJirjv6<i 
TTocretScwvos iiXr]<pa. Ovoe /xot tJ X'^P^ ecrriv /JiiKpd ort at fxov cTricTToAat 
crol ivyvwfxovc; 'yjcrav X'^P'-^ '''^ ^°^ ^'x'^ VTrlp t^s TrapaKXT/tcrws cr^s Sr/XaS?/, 
ws TratSetai' eXXei'iKT^v <nrovSdt,oiixL^ koI cos )u.€ aurT^v (TTrovSa^eiv irapo^v- 
voL^, eiTras, ort ry avrrj TraiSeta oi aptcrrot ^tXocroc^ot koI oi ap^atoraTot 
T7/S €K\-X7jcrtas Xlarepes x^^pwixevoi 'yjcrav, koI otl avTT] /xk utto twv 
SrjixoSiMV (TXoXaaTiKuJv a<^opitpi' koL vvrlp TracTTjs t:^s aXX>ys TrapaKXi^criws 
(TOV X'^P'-^ ^^'- ^X^ jxeyaXrjv. 

Mathematica onines meas horas otiumque, quod aliter scribendo 
collocarem consumant nee aliquod inter omnia mea studia illis 
difficilius est, sed, etsi nunc multi sudoris sunt, alacriter illis Laborem 
impendo ; animo evolveus, quantas voluptates et commoda jjostea 
mihi praebebunt. 

Pater Materq fratrera Danlelem a Dom. Memmingi schola 
removerunt ; nam non omnino doctior factus est, quantum ad 
Literas Eomanas, etsi quatuor annos apud Illu manserit. Et Dom. 
Morlandus, Patre cupiente in domum accepit. Ita ut jam Sodales 
sumus. Totas Literas Graeco Idiomate scripserim, sed putavi res 
non tarn congvuas esse illi stilo. Ideoque partim Latiue scripsi. 
Saluta, precor, meo & totius familiae nomine Dominam tuam Domi- 
nulasq. Omnes nostrae Domus bene se habent; idemq de tua opto. 
Vale, Londini mensis Decembris Die vicesimo octavo. 



APPENDIX II. RENEU TO THE STRYPES. oOl 



11.] Ibid. III. part iii. n°. 338. 

Eudorsed ' W™ Reneu 1 708 
His Questions w'' he 
kept liis Act.' 

For y« Raver"! M' John Strype 
at his house in 

Low = Leighton 
Essex. 
by London 

Hont Sir 

Since ray Last you have not done me y^ favour to 
let me hear from you : I hope I need not imj^ute it to any thing, 
but your having abundance of business on your hands which has 
engrossed all your time and kept you from thinking of Cambi-idge. 
We are very quiet here this vacation and have y" best opportunity 
of studying that can be. I hope I shall make good use of it and 
fit myself to take my Degree honourably at Chiistraas. In order 
to it I have kept an act in y^ Schools upon these Questions. 

Philosophia naturalis non tendit in atheismu, 
Materia non potest cogitare. 
Materia est divisibilis in infinitum. 

I was baited 2 or 3 hovirs by 3 opponents and then came down 
without much disgrace. Next term I shall be opponent once or 
twice perhaps and then I shall have kept all my exercise in y® 
Schools ; till I come to be middle Bachelour. I remember you told 
me 'twould not be ungratefull to you to hear how we performed 
here, y' you might see y° Difference between your time and mine, 
otherwise I had not troubled you w*** this impei-tinence. 

I have a peice of very ill news to send you i.e. viz. y' one 
Wkiston our Mathematicall Professor, a very learned (and as we 
thought pious) man has written a Book concerning y" Trinity and 
designs to print it, wherein he sides w'*' y° Arrians ; he has showed 
it to severall of his freinds, who tell him it is a damnable, heretical 
Book and that, if he prints it, he'll Lose his Professorship, be 
suspended ab officio et beneficio, but all won't doe, he saies, he 
can't satisfy his Conscience, unless he informs y® world better as 
he thinks than it is at present, concerning y® Trinity. 

M"' GIrigg gives his humble service to you. Be pleased to give 
mine to M" Strype and y^ young Ladies. And believe me to be as 
I truly am, 

Sir 

Your I'cspectfull freind & Serv* 
Jes: Coll: Aiig: lOl"^ 1708. 

"W™ Reneu. 



802 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 



12.] MS. Add'- III. part ii. letter 146. 

Endorsed by Stryj^e 
'1708 Jan. 

VV" Renew Bach of Art. 

My Book of y" Annals 

Y^ Judgm* thereof at Cambridge.' 

For y^ Rev'! M"" John Strype 
Minister of Low = Leyton 
In Essex 

[25 Jan. 1708-9.] 
by London 

Honoured S') Last fryday I got over all y° Troublesome busi- 
ness attending my Degree and was capped by y" Vice Chancellour ; 
news I fancy that won't be very ungrateful to you ; who have alwaies 
shown such a kind concern for my wellfare & happiness. Preparation 
for my Degree has kept me hitherto from reading your learned His- 
tory &c a book, all y" most ingenious men confess y" selves mightily 
obliged to you for ; & willingly own it to be a woi'k no one could un- 
dertake & perfect, but y"" self, as you have certainly done to all their 
satisfactions ; I intend within a little while to set about it and 
read it over, I don't doubt, w"* a great deal of Pleasui-e. But I 
believe I shall first see you at your own house ; for I intend to be 
at London (if y° Weather alters and mends y^ Roads) within ten 
dayes. In y^ mean time I fancy, my Father would be glad you'd 
diiie w*** him one day, and you'd particularly oblige me, if you'd 
tell him he must expect pretty large Bills, this Degree-time'. I 
have this day sent him up a very large one, which I don't know 
how hee'll like. But intend he shall have no more such ; for now 
I me" Bachelour, I know I can find severall ways to retreave my 
Expences, and live for threescore p**' p" Ann : very handsomely, 
and that he's willing to allow me. 

Please to present my humble service to M" Strype and y® Young 
Ladies, & excuse y" freedom taken w**" you (in pretending to employ 
you) from 

Your afF:"'" humble Serv* 

W. Reneu 

Jes : coll : Jan : 25 : 

170S-9. 

^ Not only because of fees, but for sometimes spelt " I'ie," but with the 

treats to the ' fathers ' disputants and apostrophe ; ex. gr. in Nevile's Poor 

friends in college. SclioJer (1662), ii. 4. 

^ I me = I'm. Similarly " I'll " was 



APPENDIX II. RENEU TO STRYPE. 303 



13.] Ibid. III. ii. 159. 

Endorsed 'M-" W" Reneu Oct 4. 1709 
M' Wort's 3000£ how 
dis2:)0sed iu Charity 
to y*' University. 
Reneu fair for a Soiithern 
Fellowship at Jesus Coll.' 

Dear & Honoured Sir, 

Whether I writ to you, or you to me, last, I can't 
tell ; however I'me sure if I did your good nature will easily excuse 
a supermimerary Letter, & y® same, I hope, will forgive me, if I was 
in your debt. 

As for College matters (about w'^'' (upon my account) you used 
to be kindly inquisitive) there's little or no alteration in them : I 
have not got a better Scholarship, nor is there any Southern fellow- 
ship dropt ; so y' I continue in statu quo : But I can tell you a 
piece of news w''^ I dare say won't be disagreeable ; y* now if a 
Southern Fellowship should drop, I have no senior to oppose me ; 
and I'me persuaded no Junior can turn me out, by reason of y" 
Master's good opinion of me (how well I deserve it I don't know) 
& my acquaintance with near half the fellows, things neither of 
y" despicable : so y' in all probability I shall be coelected y^ next 
vacancy. To promote this my kind Father, upon my Request sent 
y® Master i a Chest of Florence and as much to M' Grigg ; which 
you may be sure won't be to my Disadvantage in y' particular, if 
it does me no signall piece of service. I thank you S"" for your 
service sent by M' Wyat, who would not be so kind as to call 
upon me, tho he was but 2 doors off; othei-wise we had drunk 
y"" Health together. M"" Grigg desires to be remembred to you ; 
he continues as true and substantiall a friend as ever, and watches 
all ojjportunities of doing me service as far as he's able. I beleive 
you have not heard of a noble Charity left us by M' W" Worts 
deceased, formerly Master of Arts of Caius College in this univer- 
sity; and in his Will as well dispos'd of, in y^ opinion of every 
body as 'twas possible it should be, it was thus. This gentleman 

II 
left 3000 in y^ Bank thus to be disposed of. When y* interest of 

I I I 

y" 3000 amount to 1500, y* 1500 is to be laid out to build Gal- 
leries for y® Bachelours of Arts and undergraduates in S' Maries 

Church. This it will doe in 7 or 8 years. The 3000 still lying 

I _ I 

in y* Bank till y* Interest of it amounts to 1500 more; this 1500 
is to be spent in making a Causeway from Emanuell College to 

Hog Magog : and y* 3000 is to continue in y^ Bank, till y^ Interest 

I I 

amounts to 800 more, w'^'' 800 i.s to be out at use & will bring in 



304 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

I 
at common interest 40 p' Annum foi* y" Repair of y" Causeway & 

Galleries. After this y^ 3000 is to remain in Bank till it raises 

I lb 

4000 or 200 \y Annum for ever which is to bear y® Charges of 
two persons to be sent out by y" Vice Chancellour to travell into 
foreign parts, who are obliged to send a Jouniall of their observa- 
tions every month to him. They are to be out 3 years and then 
other two are chosen by M"' Vice Chancellour and they are to come 

I 
home. When y® 3000 has yielded y® above-mentioned Interest 'tis 
to be put into y® University Chest. The Vice Chancellour &. 
master of Trinity for y^ time being, and others y® most substantiall 
heads of y" University are made Trustees. Now I think no Charity 
of y' value could have been better disposed off. For as to y" Build- 
ing of Galleries in S' Maries, y' you know was as much wanted as 
any thing could be ; for besides y" undecency of seeing so many 
Gentlemens sons standing in y° Isles ; y® want of seats brought in 
y' ill Custom of talking & walking about y* Church all y® service, 
so y' there's is often such a noise, one can hardly hear y* minister, 
let him have never so good a voice ; but by this means this will 
be regulated. Then you know y° causeway to y® Hills is very 
necessary, for by means of Coaches & Carts & y® Chalkiness of 
y^ Road in winter time 'tis hardly possible to get to them ; and 
they are y® Pleasantest places as well as wholesomest y' we have 
about us. The other Parts of his Charity you can see the use of 
as well as I can tell you, therefore I'll conclude ; and I had need, 
I fancy, for this long i-elation will tire you. My humble service 
to M" Strype & your Daughters. I am 

Your Respectfull freind & serv' 

W Rexeu 
Camb: oct 4 . 1709 

M"" Barker Senior fellow and President of Magdalen College 
died last night ; he was almost about y'' standing, therefore I 
acquaint you with it, and you may possibly know him. — Verbum 
non amplius addam. 



14.] MS. Add'- III. part iii. n°. 353. 

To y" rev* Mr John Strype 
Minister of 

Low Leyton 
In Essex. 

Febr: 10"^ 1709—10. 
Dear & honoured Sir, 

I should not have deferred answering y"" Last 
kind Letter and thanking you for y'' token you. sent by D' Newcombe 
thus long, had not I been plagued almost ever since with greivous 



APPENDIX II. RENEU TO STRYPE. 305 

sore eyes. I have been bloodied in y" Temple veins & in y^ Arm, 
been purged almost a dozen times & been blistered and used all y 
remedies imaginable for this last Q'' of a year & have haixUy diverted 
y* Humour so much, but y* upon y^ least Cold it threatens me with a 
return. I have left olf all y^ exercises as shooting hunting coarsing 
football &c which can possibly endanger my catching cold ; so y* I 
hope I may have an opportunity of fixing to hard Study now ; 
which I have left off so long, y* I am perfectly tired of non-studying ; 
having drained my whole Storehouse of amuzements. To di-aw y® 
Rheum & humours from my Eyes I am advised to smoak very much 
which I dare not let my Father know, he's so averse to it y' I 
beleive he had as live see me dead or at least blind (and to be so, is 
death to a Student) as with a pipe in my mouth : I have smoaked, 
so y* I can receive no prejudice any other way, than by his anger, 
but I'll take care to conceal it from him, if possible, whenever I taka 
a pipe. I would have writ to you when D' Newcome' went home, 
but my eyes were bad & I had some business on my hands which 
prevented me : He took his degree very honourably, and I believe 
will have an optinie ; you have not forgot how those are disposed of^ 
T see you are again employed at y" Printers for a good while ; I shall 
see you either there or at your own house very shortly I hope, for I 
intend to make my freinds a visit y® latter end of this or y^ beginning 
of next month. I won't detain you any longer from y' Arch B^. 
Parker for fear y" Publick should suffer by my means. I am 

D'' Sir Your respectfull freind 

& Servant W. Reneu. 
My humble service to 
M" Strype & y"" Daughters. 



15.] Ibid. III. iii. 372. 

Endorsed by Strype ' May 1710 

M' Reneu of Jesus 

His Exercises [as Middle B.A.] To make 

y« Speech May 29.' 

H^S: 

I waited upon y' freind M' Baker as soon as I could 
conveniently, and delivered him y" Papers you sent by me; y' 
half guinea he desired me to retiu-n you (w""" I have sent to my B' 
John for you) and to tell you, one of y' Books will be a much more 
acceptable present to y^ young Painter. I have been so pestered with 
exercise in College and in y^ Schools ever since I came down y* I 
have hardly had time to write to any one otherwise you might have 

1 H. Newcome, Emman. B.A. 1709. that these complimentary marks of 

M.A. 1713. distinction were conferred in Strype's 

^ An early instance of a reference to time (B.A. 1C65). 
Cambridge honours. Eeneu implies 

w. 20 



303 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

assured yourself of a Letter before this, I have very little time to 
spare at pi-eseut for I am preparing a Thesis for the Bachelour 
Schools, being to come up y® Beginning of May & besides have a 
Speech for y" twenty ninth of May upon my hands for our Hall : 
I shall take w* pains I can to make a good one, it may possibly do 
me some service against I set for a fellowship. Little Brown' is 
come to Coll : I shall take cai-e to miss no opportunity of doing him 
Service, since you have recommended him to me — I hope M" Stiype 
has got rid of y° Distemper she was afflicted w*"" w" I saw you last. 
I wish you both all health and happiness, and am sincerely 

y Respectfull & aff"'^ humb': Serv'. 

W. Reneu 

Pray my Service to all freinds but particularly D' ]S"ewc(»me. 

Apr. 25*'' 1710. 

IG.] IIL iii. 384. 

Endorsed by Stiype 'June 1710 

Mr William Reneu from Canibr. 
Thanks for my directions in 
delivering his Speech May 29 
To i-ecomend him to y*^ Bp. Ely.' 
Hon-? Sir, 

I should be very much to blame if I did not take the 
first opportunity of writing to you to thanke you for your last kind 
Letter, wherein you showed so many proofs of y" Sincerity of your 
affection to me in y'' good wishes & advice : I take it very kindly I'll 
assure you, that you'd trouble y"" self to write me word what method 
you thought properest for me to take in my speech for y® 29"" of last 
month ; it was finished before j" Receipt of y"" kind instructions, but 
I had y** satisfaction to see y® method I had taken in making it did 
not differ very much from y' you prescribed. I found a great deal 
of benefit by y" latter part of y'' advice about pronunciation and 
moderate action, and laid aside in great measure y' fearfuluess I am 
so unfortunately prone to, by being forewarned of it by you. I thank 
you for y'' kind representation of me to my Father & Mother I hope 
they'll have no reason to complain of me for any thing I do here. 
My Father is a little hard upon me in making me find my self 
Cloaths and all sorts of conveniences & necessaries out of the SO"* 
p'' An; he allowes me and y" scholarship I have w''*' is about lO"* 
more; I wish he don't hinder me of y® fellowship, I expect by 
forcing me to live so close in College for fellows expect to be treated 
now & then by youngsters that expect to be members of their Society. 
Ill try all wayes I can to save money but fear my Father must allow 
me ten pounds pr An. more. Please to oixler y'' Bookseller to deliver 
y^ book I subscribed for, to my Father ; I have no time to look it 

1 T. Browne, Jes., B.A. 1713. 



APPENDIX II. RENEU TO STRYPE. 807 

over yet, being engaged in studies preparatory to an examination, if 
a fellowship should chance to drop quickly. If y" Bp of Ely knows 
my Name, it may be of Service to me, I should be obliged to you if 
you'd let him know, I was under your care heretofore. I have had 
a little feaver for these five or 6 dayes, but I thank God its gone of, 
and I hope to set to Study very hard to morrow morning, and to 
continue it all siimmer. I have y" best opportunity y' can be for 
there's hardly any one left in y® College because of y** long vacation. 
I shall notwithstanding be ready & willing to spare you an honr as 
often as usuall to converse with you by letter. I hope M" Strype 
&, y" yonng Ladies are well, please to give ray service to y'? Mr 
Grigg gives his to you. I sent to my B"" Reneu to pay you the ^ Guinea 
I rec''. of you for y" Painter, M" Baker expects you'll send y^ Book 
to him y' he may give it y" Young Gentleman. I am 

Your respectfull freind 
& humb. Serv*. 

W. Reneu 
Jun: 11"^ 1710. 



17.] Ibid. III. iii. 400 

Endorsed 'Oct 1710 

M"^ W" Reneu 
To speak on his 
behalf to y' Bp of Ely.' 

Jes: coll: oct' 31: 1710. 
Honf Sir, 

Tliongh yonr not answering my last letter shows 
you are very busy and don't care to be disturbed, yet I can't forbear 
troubling you with this, to let you know you may do me a very 
signal! piece of service without much inconvenience to yourself. 
The thing is this ; y' when you wait vipon y® Bp. of Ely (w"" I think 
you visit pretty frequently when he's at London) you'd be so kind 
as to mention me as your freind and Scholar and one whom you 
would fain have fellow of Jes: coll: I think you told me you 
mentioned me heretofore to his Lordship ; but I beg of you to take 
y" first opportunity to do it again; for if his Lordship be a little 
prejudiced in favour of me I shall certainly be fellow very shortly ; 
for J/"" Darhy^ y^ person y' was praeelected, has got preferment 
which incapacitates him for a fellowship, so that I am next oars 
now and may probably be elected in 6 months time : If it should 
happen so I'm sure 'twould be a very agreeable surprize to all my 
freinds, to my Father especially who would gladly be at less charge 
for my education. You see, Sii', how free I make with you, but 

1 H. Darby, M.A. Jes. 1707. 

20—2 



308 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

I know yovi'll excuse it since I had no freind y* was intimate with 
y® Bishop as yourself or I beleive so lieartily desirous of my success 
in y' point as your self. — Be pleased to give my humble service to 
M" Strype & your Daughters : I am 

Hon-^ Sir, 

Your respectfull & affectionate 
freind 
Poor M"" Whiston and Servant 

being resolved not W. Reneu 

to recant is to be 
expelled in 2 or 3 days. 



18.] MS. Add^ III. iii. 402. 

Endorsed 'Nov. 1710 

M" W" Reneu from Cambr. 
About coming up for a 
Fellows^ & going w**" 
me to y« Bp of Ely.' 

Dear and honoured Sir, 

The news of a Gentleman's (Southern' fellow 
of our College) being so ill y' his Life is despair'd of, has made 
M"" Allix" (another fellow) resolve to hasten to London to make 
w* interest he can for a Brother of his my Jun' : My Tutor advises 
me to be as quick in my motions as allix ; I intend therefore 
(if y* Letters y' come in tomorrow night bring word of his death) 
to be in London on niunday night ; in order to wait upon y^ Bp. 
of Ely y® next day : if I could have y® happiness of your company 
thither it would be mightily for my interest I'm sure and I should 
be very extraordinarily obliged to you. If you'll meet me at ten 
a clock on Tuesday morning ; after we have drunk a dish of 
Chocolate, wee'll set out for Ely house, if you please: for there's 
nothing like striking while y® Iron is hot. My humblest Services 
to y' good Lady & Daughtei'S, I am 

Hon^ Sir Y' afl"^® humble 



Jes: 18: 9': 1710 



Servant 
W. Reneu 



^ i.e. australis. See below, Appen- fellow of Jesus, D.D. 1717. His bro- 
dix V. ther William was B.A. at Jesus 1709, 

2 Peter Allix (B.A. Queen's 1702) but never got a fellowship. 



APPENDIX II. THE RENEUS TO STRYPE. 309 

19.] Ibid. III. iii. 406. 

Endorsed 'Nov. 1710 
M"" Peter Eeneu 
To assist w"" y" Bp 
of Ely in pcuring 
a FellowP for W" Reneu' [his son] 

Sir) London 20"' Nouember 1710 

Yesterday Receaued the Inclosed from my sonn from Cambridge 
for you, hee aduises that Doctor Stanhopes curate is very 111 whoe 
is a fellow of Jesus colledge att the Receit of said letter I went 
to Docter bradford' & hee & I went to the bisshopp of Ely, & 
desired him if said curate should dye to prefferre my sonn to the 
said fellowshipp hee would not lugage noe farther than only this 
that when a vacancy comes the colledge Recommends two & hee 
gives to him that has the best capacity & Recommendation, wee 
weare half ann houre with the bishopp only wee three I told hiui 
that you had spoaken with him in behalf of my Sonn, 'tis vncertain 
or vnknowne weather said curate bee dead or not if dead then my 
sonn will bee here this night or will aduia how it goes with the 
said curate by the post, you shall know p tomorrow what aduis 
wee haue either by my sonn or by the j^ost which I think is 
necessary before you take any further trouble, seeing that Doctor 
bradford & I haue already bein with the Bishopp my service to 
m7 strippe & y"" Daughters accept the same from) 

Your hiimb Servant 

P Reneu 

Sir 

my wife Giues you and mad® 

stri^jpt & y' Daughters her seruice. 



20.] Ibid. III. iii. 405. 

Letters from (j8) W. Reneu 
and (a) his father Peter Reneu 
' concerning a fellowsP of Jesus Coll 
w* he obtained.' 

(a) London 20"' november 1710 

Sir) 

Tis now about six of the clock in the Evening. I wrote to 
you this morning a Letter now this serves to acquaint you that my 
sonn is come from Cambridge & says the Gentleman that was a 

1 S. Bradford of Bene't, D.D. 1705. in succession, bp. of CarUsle and 
afterwards Master of his College and Rochester. 



310 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

fellow of tlieir colleJge is dead, I have acquainted you wliat doctor 
bradford tfc I had done yesterday with the Bishopp of Ely. J 
Eeffere you to what my said sonn writhes you — iii this Letter 
& Rest 

Your humble seruaut 

P PtENEU. 

Sir 

Honf Sir, 

The gentleman I wrote to you about died last 
Saturday morning : In my letter I desired you'd please to call upon 
me on Tuesday morning, but my Father having been w*'' y" Bp of 
Ely I believe you need not put your self to any inconvenience 
of y' sort: If you are acquainted with our Master you speaking 
a good word for me to him, may be of use to me, but I believe 
nothing else you can do will reward your pains ; However if you 
come to town I shall not excuse you unless you let me see you. 
I am very heartily tired with my Journey, therefore can't write 
you any particulars of y* Pi'oceedings at Jesus Coll : since y® death 
of this Person but shall be glad to acquaint you with y™ tomorrow 
or y" next time you come to London over a dish of Thea or 
Chocolate ; My humblest service y"^ Lady & daughters. I am 

H? Sir 



Y"" humb' Servant 
W" Reneu 



Lond: 9' y« 20 . 1710. 



21.] MS. Add«. III. iii. 409. 

Endorsed 'Dec 1710 

M' W. Reneu. Upon his 
being Fellow of Jesus. 
The trouble y'' Bp of Ely 
put him to. 

The Master his Friend 
His Thanks to me.' 
Honf Sir, 

I have been in such a continual hurry of business upon 
my coming into my fellowship, that I have hardly had time to 
think of my freinds, much less to write to them. My Father told 
me upon his acquainting you with my success you expressed a 
very great satisfaction, w'^'" I am much obliged to you for : I shall 
always very gratefully I'esent y'' kind Care of me and think my 
self now more particularly obliged to repeat my thanks for all your 
kindnesses. Your visit to y" Bp of Ely' had not y" good effect 

1 John Moore, 1707—1-1. 



APPENDIX II. THE RENEUS TO STRYPE. 311 

you &, I expected for he gave me all y*^ trouble he possibly could, 
put off my business from day to day and at last sent me to 1)" Clark 
in order to baulk me of y° fellowship; I have forgiven him, but 
I have resolved never to have any thing to do w"" him if I can avoid 
it. All y^ fellows blame and are vexed at him heartily and I be- 
leive respect me the more for coming of so well, and I don't doubt 
but I shall live very comfortably & happily among y™. y® Master 
likewise takes more than ordinary notice of me &, has promised 
to direct me in my Studies & is every Avay as kind as I can desire. 
My humble services to your good Lady & Daughters, I wish you 
all a hajjpy new year & am 

Your respectfull humb 
31 Dec^ 1710 Servant 

Mr Grigg gives his humble W Reneu 

service to you. 



22.] Ibid. III. part iii. n" 432. 

Endorsed 'Aug. 1711 

M' W" Reneu from Cambr 

Congratu I ati on . 

His intent of taking Orders 

A Living to be held w*'' his 

Fellowship.' 

To the reV^ M'' J-f Stryi^e 
Minister of Low=Leyton 
in Essex 
present 
2 D . C. 

Hon"! Sir, 

'Twas with y" greatest reluctance I left London without 
taking my leave of you, but my Journey was so sudden that I 
could not pay my respects to half my freinds, so y' I hope you wont 
take it ill. 

I most heartily congratulate you upon y' institvition into y' new 
living, I'll assure you Sir it was one of y^ most agreeable peices of 
news I met with all y*" while I was in town ; long may you live 
to enjoy it, blest with health and all y" comforts this world can 
afford. M"" Grigg gives his humble service to you and joins in 
y" same wish. I am now retui-ned to College in much better 
health than I left it, and am in hopes nothing will prevent me 
of half a years hard study to prepare for holy orders, thei-e's a 
small College Living will be void aljout y' time, & I beleive 'twill 
fall to my share if I'm capable of it, and for y' reason I shall put 

on a Cassock y® sooner the value of it is just 20 per anm, it is three 



312 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

miles distant from Cambridge and a place where there are no Criticks 
so y' a young man need not be mnch. concerned tho' his sermons 
are not extraordinary, and may emprove his preaching faculty 
there better than any where else where there's a more awfnll as- 
sembly. You see, I take y'^ freedom to acquaint you with all my 
designs, as thinking I shall hardly prosper in y" unless you approve 
of y". My humble service to y"" good lady and Daughters— I am 

H*! Sr Your most respectfuU humb. 
Sei'vant 
Aug: 3. 1711. W-" Reneu. 



23.] MS. Add^ IV. (i.) 40. 

A letter from W. Reneu to Strype dated March 12 1711—12, 
condoling with Strype on his own sevei-e illness and the sudden death 
of his eldest daughter. 

24.] Ibid. IV. (i.) 60. 

A letter from Reneu to Strype ^ Dear and ever honoured freind 
& ffather,' dated Jes. Coll Cambridge Octf 28: 1712. advising Strype 
to take better care of his health on recovering from fever. 

' I have got two pieces of preferment since I saw you viz : 

Steward of y® College & Taxor of y® university. A College living 

lb 

likewise of 20 per Ann stales for me.' 



The next seven letters have been kindly communicated to 
me by the Rev. H. Gladwin Jebb, rector of Chetwynd. They 
give a vivid picture of Cambridge undergraduate life in 
1739—46. 

25.] Thomas Goodwin [B.A. 1740, afterwards fellow of Trinity.] 

For 

M' Samuel Jebb 
at M"- Jebb's 
in Chesterfield 

Derbyshire 
by Caxton 

Bag. Oct"' y° 7"" 1739 

Dear Jebb. I have made bold to trouble you w**" a 

Letter w*^"^ considering the friendship subsisting between us & the 



APPENDIX II. T. GOODWIN & J. HINCKESMAN TO S. JEBB. 313 

News I shall impart I judg'd woii'd not be wholly unacceptable to 
you. 

Yesterday came on the Election for fellowships when there were 
seven Vacancies & nine Candidates : one of y" persons y' were 
thrown out was Leigh \ y^ Other you don't know— We have had 
here since yon left College a veiy malignant Distemper of w'^'' have 
died two of S' John's whose names I have forgot, & of our own 
College Sharp in whose place is succeeded Wakefield", & a great 
many others have been dangerously ill but are recover'd — my self 
having far from enjoyed my health all the Summer — 

Tiiere is a current Report at our Table w"*" I am far from 
crediting & hope is groundless y' you intend no more for College, 
your Uncle having wrote to M" Wilson^ to cut out your Name — 
M'' Leigh is just recovered of a fit of Sickness but I believe not 
y*^ Common one, who sends his service to you w'^'' is all at present 
worth communicating 

from your affectionate friend & Serv' 

Trin Coll. Camb : T. Goodwin. 



26.] To the same from John Hinckesman* of Queens'. 

Cambridge Queen's [sic] College May IS"* 

1740 
Dear Sf 

I would not have neglected so long to write to you if I 
had not been at a Loss for sometliing to fill up a Letter with, for I 
do assure you we have had very little news ever since I came up. 

This is y° only reason why I have deferr'd writing so long, it 
is not because you have not answer'd my Last Letter, for be assur'd 
I stand, upon Punctilio's as little as any man can do, which are 
(as you very Justly say) very pernicious &, tend to y® total Devasta- 
tion of all Friendship &, Correspondence. 

I believe I have hitherto forgot to inform you y* y° Gownsmen 
& Townsmen quan-ell'd & had a pretty good Battle, tho' not very 
long which begun in this manner. 2 of King's College were 
■walking upon y^ Regent Walk one Sunday in y" Dusk of y" Even- 
ing and happened to meet with some of y^ sink of y® Town (for 
as you know very toelP none of y^ Tradesmen wou'd be guilty of so 
base an Action, it being as much as their Credit is worth) who 
had y® impudence to oppose them, upon this a Great number of 

1 Timothy Lee, Trin. B.A. 1736; he would not cut his nephew young 
D.D. 1752. Samuel Jebb's name out of the boards 

2 G. Wakefield, Trin. B.A. 1740. in spite of his father Joshua Jebb's 
a J. Wilson (Trin. B.A. 1717 ; D.D. letter, but should wait till he saw him. 

1749) wrote Aug. 28, 1739 to John Jebb * B.A. 1742. 

[B.A. Joh. 1725, *Chr., afterwards dean ^ The paper is torn and the words 

of Cashell] at Mansfield, to say that in italics are conjectural. 



314) UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Gownsmen, wlio were in y* Theatre Coffee House, riisli'd out and 
drove y® Pitiful Scrubs all round y® Town ; who when they saw 
that y^ Togatae had y" better of y** Battle, run into Houses for 
Weapons and more assistance, and acted y^ parts of Cowards so 
much y' they even fought with Spits & Fire Shovels. 

The Vice Chancellor iuterpos'd and put an End to y* Battle. 

Lee although he promis'd so fair that he would pay me y® money 
that he owes you in a short time ; has never so much as mention'd 
it since, he & I have broke of Acquaintance long since & I don't 
know why, unless it be because I woud not lend him money, when 
he wanted .it. he also has been y" cause of Hurst ' doing so too. 

I hope now in a Month or 6 Weeks time I shall be at my 
desir'd Haven, & enjoy your pleasant Company; which will afford 
me no small delight. 

I am your sincere Friend & Humble Servant 

J. Hinckesman. 

P.S. Be pleas'd to give my Service to all your good Family; 
& to all Enquiring Friends. & should take it as a Favour if you 
wou'd give my Humble Service to M' Burrow^ & all y^ Family^... 



27.] J. Hinckesman 'to M' Samuel Jebb 
at Chesterfield in Derbyshire. 
Per Caxton Bag.' 

Cambridge Queen's College 
May 9. 1741. 
Dear Sf 

I receiv'd yours of 22 of la.st month ; and am fully con- 
vinc'd that your not writing to me was wholly owing to your long 
hurry of Business ; and that you are very excusable upon this 
account. — I was very much amused with y® Sketch that you gave 
me of your London Journey, and shoud have been very glad if you 
cou'd have so contrived as to have come down by Cambridge; assur- 
ing your self that no one cou'd have met with a more welcome 
reception than you, my very worthy Friend. — but since it was 
not consistent with your Business to return this way home; I 
must still desire to enjoy your pleasant company, hoping that my 
longing desire in process of time will be in some measure gratified ; 
Gratified did I say 1 how can I ever be satisfied with your en- 
gaging Company, your mellifluous Tongue good Nature, & all y^ 
aimiable Qualifications y* adorn our Social Life. — which you are 
possessed of. — but 'tis time to proceed to Business. 

I fancy you must with great reason think that I am very much 
to blame in not sending you your Life of Tully* before this time, 

1 Perhaps Thomas Hurst, a freshman - Mr Burrow was Vicar of Chester- 

fit Trinity, Tim. Lee's and (lately) Sam. fiekl. 
Jebb's college. ^ Two or three words torn off. 

^ Middletou's ; a new publication. 



APPENDIX II. THE HINCKESMANS TO S. J EBB. 315 

and that I do you a great deal of Injury in depriving you of both y" 
Adv^antage & pleasure of this Admirable Cotnposure ; I confess I 
am to be blam'd about this affair, when I consider that I hinder 
you from perusing a Book worthy of Tully himself; but Sr, be 
pleas'd to pardon my neglect, assuring you that I have never had 
an opportunity of sending it to you ; altho' M"" W. Burrow has 
been up twee since it was publish'd and is now up, he has never 
l^eeii so Civil as to let me know when he came up neither of these 
Times, nor has never sent to ask whether I had any thing to send 
into y'' Country ; which I am much surpriz'd at. — The Books I 
have very safe, & have had them very neatly Bound by M' Wilson's 
order. — Be pleas'd to give my Service to your Father and all y^ 
family, with a great many Thanks for my Bill, 

We have no news or else shoud have been glad to have given 
you a hint. — I am, Sir, Y" most sincerely 

J. HiNCKESMAN. 



28.] Thomas' [brother of John] Hinckesman 

To M"" Samuel Jebb 
At his Fathers house 
By Caxton J In Chesterfield 
Bagg ( Derbyshire 

These. 

Sir 

I hope These will find you, with the Rest of your family in 
good health and all our Frieuds in Chesterfield. — I intended to 
have wrote to you, before this time. But imagined you was scarce 
settled after youre Journey ; and another Reason was, we have been 
sitting for Scholarships lately, and I have now the pleasure to 
acquaint you, that I am Elected Into that Number. There were 
tliirteen of us satt it proved A general Election. — as To The Ex- 
amination you know the Nature of it very well, and therefore shall 
say no more to that, But hope to talk that over with you in the 
Vacation, and then shall have an Opportunity of Thanking you for 
your kind assistance iu Directing me to A College which in my 
Opinion Is preferable to all in the University. — My Bro' is veiy 
well and Desires his Service To all your Family, but you in 
particular, and says he will answer for himself about not writing. 

As to what news we have stii-ring here I think there is not 
much lately ; we have had A famous Consert In oure Halls per- 
form'd by two singing women from London, — their Names were 
Chiara's very much liked by all that heard them, joined with several 
Instruments of Musick, which made it very agreeable. My Bro'' and 
I was at it, they performed three Nights in the University. — this 
is most of the News we have except a Fellow of Queens College is 

1 T. Hiuckesman, Trin. A.B. 1745. 



SIG UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Dead of the Small Pox'. — M' Wilson is very well, and when I was 
at his Room and told him that you had taken a joiirney to London 
he said he hoped you would take Cambridge in your Return home, 
he shoud have been glad to see you here, and Desired his service to 
you. 

By this time T have tired your patience, 
Therefore in the Conclusion I am 
Your very humble 

in haste Serv', Tho', Hinckesman 

Cambridge Trinity College 
May the G*"^ 1742 

PS) As to the night in which we are to have our Treats it is 
next Monday night, I Believe ; we are to be swore in" to morrow. 

I had the Two Bournes, Wood, & Heathcote^, at my Room 
lately, and they were all very well. 



29.] John Hinckesman to M"" Samuel Jebb 

at Chesterfield 
in Derbyshire 
p Caxton Bag. 

Cambridge Queen's Coll : May 15. 
1742. 
Dear S' 

I am very sorry to think that I have been y® Cause of so 
long & so profound a silence betwixt you and me ; I cou'd not have 
thought that such a Trifle as this of writing first shou'd have pre- 
vail'd betwixt you and me ; especially when I had so often in my 
former Letters acquainted you that I shoud always take y" op- 
portunity of writing to you, when I had any thing that woud afford 
you pleasure in y® Perusal. 

I own that I have committed a fault in not writing to you 
sooner, & that you have Just reason to give me the name of a very 
bad Correspondent, but Sf if you will give yourself leave to consider 
how troublesome it is to a man to sit down to write a Letter when 
he has nothing of Novelty to entertaia his Friend with ; nothing 
that can afford j" least pleasure ; I hope you will think me in 
some measure excusable, & put a better coDstruction upon this 
Misdemeanour. — you may assure yourself if I cou'd have sci'ap'd 
together any tolerable Stock of Cambridge Occurrences to have 
furnish'd a Letter out withal I should not have been so long y" De- 
linquent. — but to proceed to Business. — 

1 Carewdied 5 April, 1742. He was 1744, fellow. 

buried in the college chapel. John Bourne, S. John's. B.A. 1745. 

2 Sc. Jure discipulorum in fundat. John Wood, S. John's, LL.B. 1747- 
Coll. Trill. ' Ralph Heathcote, Jesus, B.A. 1744, 

3 Laurence Boiu-ne, Queens', B.A. D.D. 1760. 



APPENDIX IT. J. HINCKESMAN TO S. JEBB. 817 

My Brother is now settled in College, & Likes College very- 
well : he keeps in y'' first Court np one pair of Stairs in y^ Turret 
which is but one Stair Case from where you kept. — 

I fancy my Brother told you that he had had success, & about 
his proceedings in it. So that I need not dwell upon this. 

We have had 3 very fine Consorts here, one of which was 
perform'd in your Hall ; which my Brother and I had the Curiosity 
to go and see. The vocal Musick perform'd by y^ Italians was really 
exquisitely fine, & sung with a great deal of Humour & Judgement ; 
y® Instrumental Likewise was prodigiously entertaining : in short 
it was a continued Scene of Mirth & Gaiety. — they found such Great 
Encouragement that they wou'd very gladly have perform'd a fourth 
time if they cou'd have got Leave from y" Yice=Chancellor. — they 
stay'd here so long after their performance & was so much caressed 
by y® Gownsmen, that y® Proctor's intended to have visited them, 
if they had not Just gone of in nick of Time. 

I am very sony to hear that you are likely to be depriv'd of 
your Bosom Favourite B. B. you know whom I mean, but hope 
that you are a man of so much resolution, that you can bear up 
against these strong byasses, & not sufier yourself to be overturn'd 
by y" wheel of Fortune. — I hear that 'twill certainly be a match 
betwixt her &, M'' Watts, and likewise 'tis Just upon y'' Point. — 
I have wrote to my mother by this Post to desire your Father to 

£ 

draw a 14 Bill, which I shou'd be glad if you woud hasten him in ; 
Be jileas'd to pay my Compliments to him &, all y® Family. — 

I saw M"" Goodwin of your Coll : the other Day he has been in 
Coll : about a Fortnight. I am your 

very Humble Servant 

in haste) J. Hinckesman. 

M' Wilson desires his Service to you. 



30.] John Hinckesman 
To 

M' Samuel Jebb 
at Chesterfield 
By London in Dei"byshire. 

Westcammel Nov' 5'? 1745. 
Dear Friend Jebb 

I humbly beg your pardon for not writing to you 
before this time, but I hope, you will think me somewhat excusable 
when you know the true reason of it. 

I have been pretty much taken up since I came here in making 
preparation for Priest Orders, which I took at Michaelmas, and the 
more so, because not only the Bishop but the Dean and Chapter 
examine the Candidates at Wells. 

This made me take some pains in Qualifying myself for such an 
examination. 



818 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Perhaps it may not be disagreeable to give jon a hint of the 
metliod they have here. 

The Bisliop upon one of the days examines all the young Geiitle- 
men privately himself; and then y^ next day following the Dean 
<k Chapter come to y" Palace and they examine all the Candidates 
before the Bishop one by one. 

A Little Digression may not be improper. 

The Country hereaboiits is very fertile and abounds with "Wood, 
the chief of it is Elm ; you wou'd be a Little surpris'd to see what 
Quantities we have of it here, every Close is full of it. 

We have very fine Prospects here, they are so extensive that 
in some parts you may (upon y" hills especially) command 30 or 40 
miles about ; which makes it very agreeable upon a fine clear day, 
to take a view. 

You may imagine that the Prospect in some parts of the County 
must be a good deal obstructed by reason of y** high & Lofty Elms. 

I shoiild be glad to employ my Pen longer did not the Solemnity 
of the day call upon me to commemorate the invaluable blessing, 
the miraculous Delivei-ance, and the wonderfull Discovery of the 
horrid & barbarous Conspiracy against our Prince, our Peace, and 
our Religion ; which was fully design'd by them to be put in actual 
execution. 

Be pleas'd to pay my Compliments to your Fatlier M" Jebb & 
all the Family. 

Pray be so good as to pay my Best Respects to M' Wall and 
tell him I received his Letter the other day. remember me to 
M"" Smith. I desire jow will write soon. May every good & Loyal 
Subject most devoutly & thankfully acknowledge the happy de- 
liverances of this day, and may we all unite in blessing & praising 
God for his peculiar mercies as upon this day shew'd to us, his 
Unworthy Creatures. May we all (duly affected with their 
malicious intentions as upon this day) unite in defending Our 
King & our Country against the violent Attempts, the daring 
insults, the bloody plots & contx'ivances that now hover over us. 
in great haste. 

I am dear Jebb your very sincere Friend 

John Hinckesman. 



3L] Thomas Hinckesman 
To 

M' Sam' Jebb 
In Chesterfield 
By Caxton ( Derbyshire 
Bagg I 

Dear S' 

The impertinence of this I am inclined to think y'' good 
nature will excuse. 



APPENDIX II. THE HINCKESMANS TO S. JEBB. 819 

I have often thought of enquivitig after your Welfare in this 
form but knowing your diligence in business was loathe to Intrude 
unseasonably, & shoud this Occasion any let or hindrance I shoud be 
sorry. 

If a small portion of time coud be spared from a thing so com- 
mendable as Industry a little intelligence from Chesterfield woud bo 
Acknowledged as a great Favour. 

You may reasonably expect I shoud relate some News as we 
have the papers every day from London. The chief news we have 
is the daily Accounts of y^ Rebels dispersing very much & that the 
Pretender has but a small number with him at present. 

In looking over my Memorandm^ I found I was entrusted with 
your Subscription to D' Paras* Sermons w"" I am sorry I have not 
had it in my power to Execute as yet, the D" has not published 
his sermons nor can I hear w" they will be printed off. Upon 
Enquiry I was told the reason why he did not print them was 
because The D"" coud not get such paper as he liked. There is a 
good number of Subscribers that ai'e thus disappointed. 

My Coniplim*' wait upon M"" Jebb &c. & then give me 
leave to say I am y' most Obed* 

T. HiNCKESMAN 

Cambridge Trin: Coll: 
March j" 4* 1745—6. 
P S. 

Please to give my ^ 
due respects to our I 
Family when you [ 
have an opportunity/ 



Letters and other remains of W. Gooch, of Gonville and Gains 
College, extracted^ from a MS. volume in the University 
Library, 1786—91. 

William Gooch of Cains was the second wrangler and second 
Smith's prizeman in 1791, W. Lax, Trm. and T. Newton, Joh. being 
moderators, Peacock, Trin. senior wrangler, Ci-oss, Pemh. third ''. 

1 Andrew Pern, Peterhouse, B.A. =* "VV. Gray, Pet. n aegrotats in 
1728, D.D. 1739. Ko. Haukinson, Trin. V the first 

2 The publication of the remainder T. Wingfield, Joh. J class. 
of the volume would I think be a T. Causton, Joh. \ 
pleasing task to any one who is inter- W. Heath Marsh, Proctor's 
ested in eighteenth century travels Corpus. \ honorary 
and voyages. T. Bewicke, Jes. optimes. 

Jos. Gill, Joh. ) 



820 



UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 



In the University Calendar Gooch is described as 'Astronomer 
in a Yoyage of Discovery, and murdered by the natives of Owyhee^' 

The Cambridge University Library contains a volnme^ [Mm. 6. 
48.] of his letters and correspondence of his friends from which the 
following are selected. 

Alderman C. Nichols of Yarmouth, J. P., who had been his 
' chum ' at school, observes that W. Gooch had an advantage for his 
academical career in having been educated under Tilney at Harleston, 
which had sent up to Cambridge two senior wranglers, aS'. Vince 
(1775) and T. Brinkley (1788), who were both resident at Caius in 
his time, the one being Plumian Professor and the other a tutor. 

The followins: account is intei'estins: in itself. 



Eeceiv'cl £. s. d. 

Scholarship to Lady 87 4.9.6 
Lady Middleton's Bounty 3 20 . 0.0 
S--. J". Berney's Do. . 5.5.0 

Scholarship to Mich. 87 4 . 13 . 2 

Total Income . . 34 . 7 . 8 
Total expenses . 28 . 9 .1 

Ballance due to M"" Gooch 5 . 18 . 7 



[Endorsed 

' Copy of my Bill 

at College 

to Xmas 1787.'] 



to Christmas 1787 £• 


s. 


d. 


Commons . 


3 . 


4 . 


7 


Cook 


1 


1 . 


3 


Butler 


. 


14 . 


6 


Bookseller 





7 . 


6 


Draper 


2 


8 . 


6 


Grocer . 


1 


18 . 


10 


Ironmonger 





8 . 


3 


Taylor . 





19 . 





Joyner 


6 


2 . 





Bedmaker 





7 . 


6 


Cobler 





4 . 





Coals 


1 


13 . 


3 


Cash . 


2 


2 . 







21 


11 . 


2 


Admission Fees 





14 . 


1 


D» Mich. 86 





10 


6 


D» Xtmas 86 . 





7 . 


9 


D" Lady. 87 





14 . 





D" Mids^ 87 . 





9 . 


9 


Sundiys 





8 


1 


Fire Irons 





6 . 


(5 


Kittle 





3 





Mich. 87 





14 


9 


Laundress . 





14 . 


6 


Feather Bed . 


1 


15 






28 . 9 



1 The particular island was called 
WoaJloo, near Hawaii. 

^ Purchased at Dawson Turner's 
sale, 1859. 

3 In this Vol. of ms. are preserved 



Letters of thanks to lady Middleton 
10 Dec. 1786 (with a copy in Greek 
character for his own edification) and 
to E. Mimdy Esq'•^ M.P. Derby, 5 Nov. 
1790. 



APPENDIX II. LETTERS OF W. GOOCH (CAIUS). 821 

32.] W. Gooch to his Parents at Brockdish 
Harleston, Norfolk. 

Nov. 6. [17]90 
Cambridge 
H'' Parents 

I'm surpris'd I didn't mention the Hare, I know I intended it, 
& to have requested you to return my thanks to M"' Pitts for it, as 
I saw it came from his by the Direction — I gave it to Brinkley — • 
I'm sorry Mother you shoukl make yourself at all uneasy about a 
Malady of which I was almost recover'd when I Avrote last, & as 
I didn't feel ray Health affected I'm vex'd with myself for mention- 
ing it. However it is now entirely gone off, & certainly was never 
owing to any great exertion, as I don't practice any such violent 
exercise as you seem to imagine — Peacock kept a very capital Act 
indeed and had a very s^^lendid Honor of which I can't remember 
a Quarter, however among a great many other things, Lax told him 
that " Abstruse and difficult as his Questions were, no Argument 
(however well constructed) could be brought against any Part of 
them, so as to baffle his inimitable Discerning & keen Penetration' 
&c. &c. &c. — However the Truth was that he confuted all the 
Arguments but one which was the P* Opponent's 2"'' Argument, — 
Lax lent him his assistance too, yet still he didn't see it, which I 
was much surpris'd at as it seem'd easier than the Majority of the 
rest of the Arg** — Peacock with the Opponents return'd from the 
Schools to my Room to tea, when (agreeable to his usual ingenuous 
Manner) he mention'd his being in the Mud about Wingfield's 2"*^ 
argument, & requested Wingfield to read it to him again & then upon 
a little consideration he gave a very ample answer to it. — I was 
third opponent only and came off with " optime quidem disputasti^^^ 
i.e. "you've disputed excellently indeed " (quite as much as is ever 
given to a third opponency) — I've a first opponency for Nov'' 1 1"' under 
Newton against Wingfield &, a second opponency for Nov'' 19"" under 
Lax against Gray of Peter- House. Peacock is Gray's first opponent 
& Wingfield his third, so master Gray is likely to be pretty well 
baited. His third Question (of all things in the world) is to defend 
Berkley's immaterial System. 

M''" Hankinson & Miss Paget of Lynn are now at Cambridge, 
I drank tea & supp'd with them on Thursday at M"" Smithson's (the 
Cook's of S.' Johns Coll.) & yesterday I din'd drank tea and siipp'd 
there again with the same Party, and to day I'm going to meet 
them at Dinner at M"" Hall's of Camb. Hankinson of Trin. (as you 
may suppose) have been there too always when I have been there ; 
as also Smithson of Emmanuel Coll. (son of this M"" Smithson). 
Miss Smithson^ is a very accomplished girl, & a great deal of 

^ See above, p. 38. Gunning men- ^ ggg above, p. 38. 

tions Reminisc. i. iii. that Lax offended ^ "When he left England "W. Gooch' 

ex-moderators &c. by lengthening the not only wrote to Miss Smithson, 

disputations and giving high-flown whom he called ' Goody Two- Shoes,' 

compliments. but provided that his parents in his 

w. 21 



322 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

unaffected Modesty connected with as much Delicacy makes her very 
engaging. — She talks French, and plays well on the Harpsichord. 
M" H. will continue in Camb. but for a day or two longer or I 
should reckon this a considerable Breach i;pon my Time ; — However 
I never can settle well to any thing but my Exercises when I have 
any upon my Hands, and I'm sure I don't know what purpose 
'twould answer to fagg much at my Opponencies, as I doubt whether 
T should keep at all the better or the worse they being upon subjects 
I've long been pretty well acquainted with. — Yet I'm resolv'd when 
I've kept my first Opponency next thursday if j)ossible to think 
nothing of my 2"* (for friday se'nnight) till within a day or two of 
the time — One good thing is I can now have no more, so I've the 
luck to be free from the schools betimes, for the term doesn't end 
till the middle of Dec"".- — The only thing that remains to be deter- 
mined about my having Beevor of Ben'et (Nephew of S'' Thomas, 
as I think I told you) is whether he comes to my Room an Hour in 
the day or I go to his : for I understand by Chapman of Ben'et that 
he expects me (contrary to all custom) to go to his, but he's mis- 
taken : every Body would then expect the same or have reason to be 
affronted, and so I should be dancing about the Town every day 
after my pupils, (as a fi-ench or Music-Master does for 3 guineas a 
Quarter) you would certainly blame me to submit to this I don't 
doubt. — I mention'd it to Brinkley who is perfectly of my opinion. — 
I expect one pupil from S' Johns already (which is a very likely 
college to afford me more) — I've written a Letter of Thanks to M"' 
Mundy & inclosed the Copy. — I know nothing more to say this time 
but that I am 

Your ever dutiful Son 

Will" Gooch. 

O, — I haven't look'd among my shirts yet — well, will you excuse 
that for a few days. — I haven't told you neither that Smithson of 
Emmanuel & I entertain'd the Ladies last night with fire-works. 

Adieu. 



33.] The following letter is a journal scribbled with tired fingers 
between the hours of examination early in 1791. 

'Monday | aft. 12. 

We have been examin'd this Morning in pure Mathematics & I've 
hitherto kept just about even with Peacock which is much more than 
I expected. We are going at 1 o'clock to be examin'd till 3 in 
Philosophy. 

' From 1 till 7 I did more than Peacock ; But who did most at 
Moderator's Rooms this Evening from 7 till 9, I don't know yet ; — 

absence should keep her and her lar rotation, one on her 20''' Birth-day, 
parents supplied with letters in regu- 1" Oct. 1792. 



APPENDIX II. GOOCH PENDING THE TRIPOS. 323 

but I did above tliree times as much as the Sen"" Wrangler last year, 
yet I'm afraid not so much as Peacock. 

Between One & three o'Clock I wrote up 9 sheets of Scribbling 
Paper so you may suppose I was pretty fully employ'd. 

* Tuesday Night 

I've been shamefully us'd by Lax to-day ; — Tlio' his anxiety for 
Peacock must (of course) be very great, I never suspected that his 
Partially (sic) w^ get the better of his Justice. I had entertain'd 
too high an opinion of him to suppose it. — he gave Peacock a long 
private Examination & then came to me (I hop'd) on the same 
subject, but 'twas only to Bully me as much as he could, — whatever 
I said (tho' right) he tried to convert into Nonsense by seeming to 
misunderstand me. However I don't entii-ely dispair of being first, 
tho' you see Lax seems determin'd that I shall not. — I had no Idea 
(before I went into the Senate-House) of being able to contend at all 
with Peacock, 

Wednesday evening. 

Peacock &, I are still in perfect Equilibrio & the Examiners 
themselves can give no guess yet who is likely to be first ; — a New 
Examiner (Wood of St. John's, who is reckon'd the first Mathema- 
tician in the University, for Waring doesn't reside) was call'd solely 
to examine Peacock & me only\ — but by this new Plan nothing is 
yet determin'd. — So Wood is to examine us again to-morrow morning. 

Thursday evening. 

Peacock is declar'd first & I second, — Smith of this Coll. is either 
gth Qj, gth ^ Lucas is either lO"* or ll*^ — Poor Quiz Carver is one of 
the ol TToXXoi ; — I'm perfectly satisfied that the Senior Wranglership 
is Peacock's due, but certainly not so very indisputably as Lax 
pleases to represent it — I understand that he asserts 'twas 5 to 4 in 
Peacock's favoi\ Now Peacock & I have explaiu'd to each other 
how we went on, & can prove indisputably that it wasn't 20 to 19 
in his favor ; — I cannot therefore be displeas'd for being plac'd 
second, tho' I'm provov'd (sic) with Lax for his false report (so 
much beneath the Character of a Gentleman.) — 

N.B. it is my very particidar Request that you dont mention 
Lax's behaviour to me to any one. 

Friday Morning \ aft. 12. 

Brinkley has now been to us (all this Coll. have been supping 
together & are not yet dispers'd — we're supping in Lucas' Rooms. — ) 
to shew us the Tripus which is as beneath^ — 

^ See above, p. 55. the names "Walker, TroUope, Oakes, 

' This is printed exactly as in the Foster, Young (bis) Eogers and "Wes- 

Camb. Univ. Calendars except that terman are spelt by Gooch WaJpul, 

21—2 



324 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

[The following inscription, treasured doiibtless by Gooeh's friends, shews 
how this college then eucom-aged her sons to distiugniah themselves in the 
university contests. Cf. pp. 30, 47, 48.] 

In 
Scholis Philosopliicis 
Optime intei' suos Caienses respondent! 
D. D. 
Fi-anciscus Schulclham M.D. 
Collegii Gonv. & Caii Socius. 
Premium meruit 
Gulielmus Gooch 
A.D. 1791. 
34.] [Caius Coll. 1791.] 

Hon''. Parents 

I arriVd at Ixwoi'tJi at 10 o'clock yesterday morning, left 
Ixworth at 11, arriv'd at Kennett by l,left Kennett at 2 and arriv'd 
at Camb. at a little more than a Quarter past 4. 

I left tbe Mai'e (quite cool) at Prior's (Jesus Lane), and in my way 
to Caius call'd at M' Smithson's to see his son (of Emm.) who is 
indispos'd with a swelling in his side, which they cannot yet bring to 
a head. — Professor Harwood attends him. — I stopt there but a 
Minute, on account of one of my Breeches knees being wetted with a 
misty Pain which lasted almost all the way from Kennett— so I came 
home and chang'd them and then went back to Smithson's to Tea 
agreeable to an Invitation they gave me when I first call'd. — After 
Tea Smithson Jun' and I play'd at Cribbage, nor could I get away by 
fair means till after sujiper; so you may gviess what havock a Man off 
a long journey made among the Dainties of a Cook's Table'. This 
morning Heming of St John's breakfasted with me and I read with 
him an hoiir, after which I wrote the inclosed letter to Barmby. — 
After Commons I arranged my Linen which came Last JSTight, and then 
spoke to Beevor of Ben'et about Beading^, he propos'd beginning 
tomorrow, but I insisted on reading an hour with him this Evening, 
and so I did from 7 to 8. So tomorrow we are to begin to read 
regulai-ly from 12 to 1; — I drank Tea this aftei-noon with Heming 
when we agreed to have the hour from 4 aft. 10 till ^ aft. 11. — I've 
likewise seen GingeP, who will begin tomorrow to read French with 
me (from 4 till 5 in the afternoon). — I went to Chapel to-night and 
sat in the Bachelors' Seat for the first time, immediately after Chapel 
I call'd on M'' Belward, deliver'd M'' M's Letter and bled him for a 
couple of guineas. — Hankinson went up to London (to meet his 
Father there) the Night before I came. Peacock doesn't return till 
Ocf. no more does Hankinson. 

Trollop, Oaks, Forster, Younge (bis) Calendar). 
Eoger and Waterman. Pelham has i See above, p. 321. 
the ' M""' before his name and ' Marsh ^ See above, p. 322. 
Beue't ' is inserted as 10"' jun. opt. ^ Possibly Ginkell a son of the mar- 
above Chm-tou. (The names of the quis of Athlone. The 5"" son took his 
colleges of course are not given exactly degree (A.M.) at Trin. in 1804. 
according to the uniform style of our 



APPENDIX 11. GOOCH SETTING TO WOllK. 



325 



I haven't call'd at Pleasance's yet to speak to Miss E. but intend 
doing it tomorrow Morning. — I'm now going to sup with Hepworth 
where I shall meet Chapman of this Coll. & Tylney. Chapman' has 
an Act on his Hands for next Friday. — He will be a very high Man 
next Year. 

You'll be good as to forwai-d the inclos'd letter to Yai'mouth 
immediately. — Present my respects to all Friends, and believe me 

your ever dutiful son 
W. GoocH, 

[A month or two after ho had taken his B.A. degree Gooch was contemplating 
and making arrangements for the political and scientific expedition from which 
he never returned.] 

35.] W. Gooch to his father 

M'' Gooch, Brockdish, Harleston, Norfolk 

Hon"^ Parents 

I've nothing particular to write about, but being o' th' Mind 
to write something I'm set down to it (as you see) tho' I can't find a 
clean sheet of Paper to write upon^ Pei'haps you'll like to know 
what Instruments^ I'm to take abroad so I'll give you a copy of the 
Catalogue (they are most of them the same that went with Capt" 
Cooke). 



1. 


An Astronomical Clock. 


11. 


A Set of Magnetic Bars to change 


2. 


A Journeyman Clock. 




the Poles of the dipping needle. 


3. 


An Alarm Clock. 


12. 


A Burton's Theodolite with stand. 


4. 


A Good Watch w"'- Second Hand. 


13. 


A Hadley's Sextant by Dollond. 


5. 


An Achromatic Telescope of 46 in. 


14. 


Another by Troughton. 




Focus w"i a divided Object 


15. 


Two large Thermometers. 




Glass Micrometer. 


16. 


Two Thermometers with wooden 


6. 


A Eefiectiug Telescope. 




scales by Eamsden. 


7. 


A Verticle Circle with an Azi- 


17. 


A portable Barometer by Burton. 




muth-circle, for taking altitudes 


18. 


A Bason to hold Quicksilver with 




and Azimuths. 




Glass Eoof. 


8. 


A Transit Instrument of 4 Feet 


19. 


Quicksilver in a Bottle. 




with a Level and upright wood- 


20. 


A Night Telescope. 




en Posts. 


21. 


A Steel Guuter's Chain. 


9. 


A Marine Dipping needle. 


22. 


A Knight Azimuth Compass by 


10. 


A small Pocket compass. 




Adams. 






23. 


A Portable Tent Observatory. 



besides Books*. 



1 Cp. p. 34. Benedict Chapman was 
6"^ wrangler in 1792, and afterwards 
tutor of Caius, and master (1839 — 52). 

2 The paper was covered with astro- 
nomical diagrams and a calculation of 
readings of a thermometer, observa- 
tions &c. taken 1774, July 22'"' Obs. 
mer. zen. Dist. i L. L. 69". 20'. 8". 

3 Cp. another list on p. 245. 

* The following books left behind 



him at Cambridge were sold by auction 
at the White Bear Inn on Satui'day 
Nov. 23'-d, 1793. 
Homeri Odyssaea, 2 vol. Kent's 

Lucian. 18s. 
Burton Trag. Select. Johnson's 

Sophocles. 9s. 
Virgil Lug. Bat. 1666. Florus Var. 

7s. Cjd. 
Allen's Dcmostlieues, 2 vols. Milne's 



326 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

I shall set off for Camb. on Monday Morning and be admitted iu 
the Afternoon. I shall leave Greenw*". on Sunday.— I have to talk to 
you in a Letter soon about you coming to see me at Camb. for I must 
pass the major part of the Time I have to be in England there, on 
account of its being necessary for me to read French and Spanish — 
I've been tbinking that if the ship were she [to] be appointed immedi- 
ately as it will take 3 months [tuj Man and Victual her you could 
come to Camb. ab* a month hence, k, about a month after your return 
I could come to you and stay a month with you. — What say you? 
Don't hear a word tho' of M'' K's coming. — I should like to hear 
what you think of this Plan as soon as you can write. — (Dii-ect to 
Camb. tho.') 

From y"" dear Boy 

Billy. 

P.S. I want you to promise (Father) to let me give you a lecture 
every day regularly on Popular Astronomy, when I come home. — 
Nothing is more easy to comprehend, and I'm convinc'd you'll think 
it entertaining after the first two or three Lectures. — You will then 
know what I'm about when abroad, and will have a clear Idea (from 
the Lat'. and Longl of the Places) how we reckon time, &c.(for in every 
diff. Longitude the time of noon is different) and a hundred other 
little things which you would like to know, you w"*. then be able to 
find out. 



36.] M' Gooch by favor of the Rev" M' Etheridge. 

Hon" Parents 

M' Etheridge being in Cambiidge I shall take an opportunity 
of conveying a Letter to you by him and inclose one of Vince's to his 
Brother. — You may probably have seen in the Papers that old Mr 
Salter is dead, so that there is a Caius living and therefore another 
fellowship vacant. Tis suppos'd that North' (the sen"' fellow) will 
refuse it and choose to remain a fellow all his Life, and that Belward 
will wait for the Mastership ; if so, Buck the third in the seniority 
will take it — Tis one of the best (being about £600 per Ann.) I'm 

Conic Sections, Cockman's Tully's chanics, Hellin's Mathematical 

Offices. 7s. Essays, lis. 6tZ. 

Tooly Cic. de Officiis. Eolhn's Quiu- Mayer's Lunar Theory, 5 small 

tilian. 5s. 6d. Astrou. tracts by Maskelyne. 3s. 

Cole's Dictionary, Locke on Human Vince's Precession of Eijuinoxes, 

Underst. 8s. Excerpta a Newtono. 3s. 

Simpson's Geometry, Emerson's Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15 half 

Mechanics. 5s. %d. vol. &li. 5s. 

Cotes' Lectures, Simpson' sFluctions. Duty ^s.3d. Commission 16s. 

lis. 1 J. North took the rectory of Ash- 

WTiiston's Euclid, Parkinson's Me- don, Essex. He died iu 1818, 



APPENDIX II. astronomer's OUTFIT. S27 

liow reading Spanish agreeable to D*" Maskelyne's Wish with M' Isola 
who is himself an Italian, but is reckon'd an excellent Spanish Master 
as well as an Italian Master; — (There isn't a Spaniard in Camb.)-- 
I'm about to begin Don Quixote in the Original. — While on Ship 
Board I shall want some study for amusement and that I may have' 
a Variety, I'll take Latin, Greek, French, Spanish, and Italian Books, 
that I may be improving myself in the Classical way or getting a 
Knowledge of the most useful modern Languages according as I find 
myself o' th' mind. — I'm going to Greenwich again tomorrow fourt- 
night and expect to be appointed tomorrow three weeks, Mr E. is 
now about leaving Camb. so that I must conclude immediately. 

Y' dutiful Son, W. Gooch. 

. . . The names of the Board of Longitude 

Kepple J. Smith (Masf of Oaius) 

C. W. Cornwall E. Waring (Magd. Coll.) 

T. Erankland A. ShepheixP (another who ex- 
Rodney amin'd Peacock and me). 

J. Young J. Marriott 

E. Harland T. Orde 

Howe G. Rose 

Jos. Banks R Stephens 

N. Maskelyne C. Middleton 

T. Hornsby J. Smith. 

I believe my chief Business will be to assign the Bounds of the 
English territories in South America. 

The Ships... the Discovery sloop of war, Capt. Vancouver, and the 
Chatham, Lieut. Broughtou. 

Gooch himself followed in the Daedalus, Capt. New; 6 guns and 
6 swivels, 30 hands in all. Gooch's salary (he continues) is to be 400 
a year, which may be nearly doubled by selling to the Chinese the 
furs which he will get from the natives in exchange for large sheath- 
knives, small axes, copper saucepans, kettles, &c., spike-nails, beads, 
&c. He has a present of 1 doz. bottles of preserved gooseberries, and 
will take a medicine chest. 

In a letter from the Downs near Deal, 31 July 1791, he gives an 
Inventory of his outfit. 

A small Inkstand. 

A Cribbage Board. 

Peppermint Drops. 

Two spare centers and Punches 

for Dipping Needle. 
A gross of Cottons for Lamp, 
Some small wax Candles. 
Epsom Salts. 
Calcin'd Magnesia. 
7. A Map of the World. 16. Two large screw drivers. 

1 fagg at [in an eramre) . Master of Mechanics to the king. His 

^ Dr Shepherd (see Index) was now portrait is in Univ. Lib. Cole, MS. 26, 
Plumian Prof. ; he was F.E.S. and 120, 208. 



L 


Contents of the Upper Drawer in 
Bed Room. 


8. 

9. 

10. 


1. 

2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 


A Roof Machine. 

Quicksilver. 

Three coloured Wedges. 

Two Thermometers. 

A set of Magnetic Bars. 

Two Bottles of Powder'd Bark. 


11. 

12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 



328 



UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 



17. A Paper of luk Powder. 

18. A Tortoise shell box with a few 

beads in it. 

19. Hail" Powder and Pomatum. 

20. Two Ink Cakes. 

21. A Box of Wafers. 

22. Three steel writing Pens and one 

steel rilling Pen. 

23. A Glass Pestle and Mortar. 

24. An Artiticial Horizon and Spirit 

Level. 

II. Contents of Middle Drawer in 
Bed-room. 



10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 

16. 
17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

23. 

24. 

25. 
26. 



26^ quires of Pajier. 

Two Pounds of Tea. 

Four fishing Leads. 

Ten sticks of sealing wax. 

Shade for Lamj). 

Instructions, etc. 

A case of Drawing Instruments. 

A small Brush. 

'EAlioii'sMedicalPocket-BookvAih. 
written instructions ^er Mr 
Eideout. 

Ten Pieces of Sponge. 

Doctrine of Eclij}S('s. 

Astronomy of Comets. 

Sutton's duodecimal Mensuration. 

Hellin's Mathematical Essays. 

Maskelyne's Paper on the Diff. 
Refranijihility of Light. 

Maskelyne's Rules for Ref. d; Par. 

Maskelyne's Remarks on y Equa. 
of Time. 

Dollond's Improvement of Refract- 
ing Telescopes. 

Toaldi de Methodo Longititdinum 
ex observato Lunae transitu per 
meridianum. 

Waring, Form of the Lunar 
Method. 

Maskelyne's Folio Tables. 

Vince on the Succession of the 
Equinoxes. 

Essay on the most Commodious 
method of Marine Surveying. 

An Account of the prismatic Mi- 
crometer. 

Mayer's Theory of the Moon. 

A Parcel of Glass Beads. 



III. Contents of the lower Drawer. 
63 Quire of Paper. 

nil. Contents of the Upper Shelf in 
the Closet. 

1. Schrivellis [sic] Greek Lexicon, 

2. Homoj-'s Iliad, 2 a'oI. 

3. Sherlock Sermons, 4 vol. 



4. Simpson's Fluxions, 2 vol. 

0. Aiusworth's Dictionary. 

6. Cotes' Lectures. 

7. Requisite Tables, 3 copies. 

8. Old Requisite Tables. 

9. Robertson's Navigation. 

10. Clerke's [sic] Attributes. 

11. Hutton's 2Iathematical Tables. 

12. Buchan's Domestic Medicine. 

13. Delphiuo's Spanish Grammar, 

12nio. 

14. History of Spanish America, 

12mo. 

15. Don Quixote in Spanish, 3 vol. 

4to. 

16. Don Quichotte (French) 6 vol. 

12 mo. 

17. Telemaque, 12mo. 

18. Baretti's Spanish Dict^. folio. 

19. Medicine Chest. 

20. Dressing Box. 

V. Contents of the Second shelf 
in the Closet. 

1. Seven Vol", of Longitudes, 4to. 

2. Don Chiciotte (ItaUau) 2 vols., 

12mo. 

3. Eton Latin Grammar, 12mo. 

4. Don Quixote English 4 vol. 12mo. 

5. General Tables for the Moon's 

Distance from the Sun and 10 
Stars. FoUo. 

6. Devil on Sticks, 12mo. 

7. Keill's Astronomy. 

8. Bottarelli's Dictionary Eng. Fr. 

Ital. 3 vol. 16to. 

9. Harwood's Greek Testament, 2 

vol. 12mo. 

10. The Nautical Ahnanacks for 1769, 

'73, '74, '91—96, 12mo. 

11. Telcmachus, 2 vol. 12mo. 

12. De Moivfe's Miscel. Anal. 4to. 

13. Parkinson's Blechanics, 4to. 

14. Latitudes from Mer. Alts. 4to. 

15. Wyld's Practical Surveyor. 

16. Gardiner's Logarithms. 

17. Greek Grammar, 12mo. 

18. Graecae Sententiae, 12mo. 

19. Gardiner's Practical Surveying, 

12mo. 

VI. Contents of the third Shelf in 
the Closet. 

1. Tables of Refraction and Parallax, 

4to. 

2. Guthrie's Geography, 4to. 

3. Taylor's Tables, 4to. 

4. Mayer & Mason's Tables, 4to. 

5. Vince's Practical Astronomy, 4to. 

6. Mackenzie's Maritime Surveying, 

4to. 



APPENDIX II. W. GOOCHS MEMORIALS. 



329 



7. Green's Astronomical Observa- 

tions, 4to. 

8. 'Wa,leB\4stro7iomical Observations, 

4to. 

9. Two blank Journals, Folio. 

10. Bocle's Celestial Charts, Folio. 

11. Six Quire of Paper. 

12. Chanibaud's French Grammar, 

12mo. 

13. Bayly's Astron. Observations, 4to, 

14. Taylor's Logarithms, 4to. 

15. Two small Blank Books. 

16. Martin's Mariner's Guide. 

17. Seaman's Daily Assistant, 4to. 

18. Nelson's Practice of True Devo- 

tion, 12mo. 

19. Requisite Tables, 8vo. 

20. Court Register for 1789, 12mo. 

21. Common Prayer Book, 12mo. 

22. Do. in Greek, 12mo. 

23. Diahle Boiteux, 2 vol. 24to. 

24. Nat. Sines Tang'. (£■ Sec'. 24to. 

25. A Clothes Brush. 

26. Gunter's Scale. 

27. A Pocket Compass. 

VII. Contents of the fourth shelf of 
the Closet. 



10. A Bagonet. 

11. A Lanthorn. 

N.B. More things to be put in. 

VIII. Contents of the Shelf over the 
Drawers in the Bed Room, 

1. Part of the Preface to Taylor's 
Logarithms with Log', of Num- 
bers, 4to. 

Guthrie's Plates, folio. 

A Station Pointer. 

A Circular Protractor. 

A Variation Chart. 

A Miniature Picture. 



2. 
3. 

4. 
5. 
6. 

IX. 

1. 

2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 



Contents of the Shelf over the 
Table. 
Two Hangers. 
An Umbrella. 
A Shark Line. 
Two Cod Lines. 
A Walking stick. 



9. 



Three Loaves of Sugar. 

141b. Moist Sugar. 

A Powder Flask. 

Spirits of AVine. 

Two Balls of Cord. 

Two Brace of Pistols with moiilds 

for Bullets. 
A Mould for Musquet Bullets. 
A Tea Pot. 
A Gunter's Chain. 



Other articles... stow'd away at Ports- 
mouth. 

A Slate, Slate Pencils, Table Cloth, 
Trunks, Books, Candlesticks, Eed Ink, 
Eazor Strap, Hand Brush, Fungus, 
Drawing Books, Cards, Stool, Ex- 
tinguisher. A Box for Wash Ball or 
Soap, Beads, Screws, Spermaceti Oil, 
Snuffers and Snuf Dish, Wafers, Wire 
Shirt Buttons, Metal Buttons, Moulds, 
Cartharge Paper, Blankets (for Trade 
at Nootka), Decanters, Beakers and 
wine glasses, Cloak Bag, Iron and 
Brass Wire. 



There remain in the volume, still iin-published, so far as I am 
aware, a few other letters written before his departure, his letters and 
journals (from Rio Janeiro) on board the Daedalus, plan of S. lago 
harbour (Port Praya), a few characteristic sketches and engravings 
sent home, letters from his father to the Smithsons, their dreams ' 
after his death, his will, and a mass of correspondence from Greenwich 
about his pay, testimonials, &c. A letter from his father to Rev. Ri. 
Belward thanking the authorities of Caius College. 

W"". Gooch's last letter is dated 'Daedalus, S.S. off Karahahooa- 
Bay, OvAyhee^. May 2°'^ 1792.' He leaves the letter in charge of 
'Tamehameha^ (King of this Island) for him to deliver to any English 
ship which may touch and expect to be in England before the expira- 
tion of 1793.' He looks forward to seeing them 'toward Autumn, 
1794.' On the 13"' May 1792, he, with two of his comrades, was 
murdered by the natives on the neighbouring island of Woahoo*, 
or Oahoo, where they had landed. 



1 24 Jan., 4 Mar., 5'^ July, 1794. 

- Hawaii. 

3 Kamehamaha. 



■* Cp. Cook's Voyages bk. iii. chh. 
xi, xii. (Jan. & Feb. 1778.) bk. v. chh. 
V, vi. (27 Feb. 1779.) 



APPENDIX III. 

'ADVICE', &c. WATERLAND'S STUDENT'S GUIDE. 

1706—40. 



'Advice to a Young Student. With a Method of Study for 
tlie Four First Years.' 1706—40. 

This Scheme was drawn up by Daniel Waterland for his pupils 
at Magdalene College Cambridge, about 1706, when he was dean and 
tutor. The latter office he continued to hohl even after he was 
advanced to the Mastership in 1713. It was printed piratically, in 
the Republick of Letters for December, 1729. 

I have a copy of the Authorized ' Second Edition ' (anonymous) 
8vo. pp. 32, Printed for J. Crowufield, 1730. 

Another edition came out in 1740, which is printed amoug 
Waterland's Works vi. 299—324 (Van Mildert) ; the lapse of time 
having required some change in the text books, &c., recommended. 

[I have indicated some of the alterations suggested by the edition 
of 1740 by square brackets, and others in the foot-notes.] 

The tract of which I give a summary was intended to serve as a 
Student's Guide to sujiplement tutorial advice and to encourage 
method in study, 

I. Directions for a Religious and Sober Life. Waterland 
recommends constant attendance on the prayers in Chapel — early 
hours — (Van Mildert mentions, i. 11, that Waterland's own example 
in this respect was of a remarkable character. His contemporary, 
the father of dean Cyril Jackson, used often to tell how a light was 
seen in Waterland's window when most of the world wei'e asleep. 
His intense a])plication to his studies is thought to have shortened 
his life) — Heading the Bible — Books of Devotion e. gr. Tlie Whole 
Duty of Man, [The New Whole Duty of Man], Taylor's Golden 
Grove [Nelson's Devotions], or Prayers us'd by King William, in 
12mo., or in Tillof son's Sermons vol. xrv, to be used at least till 'a 
Facility of praying extempore ' be gained. 

To these he adds Thomas a Kempis, Nelsoris Festivals, Goodnian^s 
Winter Evening's Conference and the Gentleman Instructed. 



APPENDIX III, A student's GUIDE. 331 

' Never go to any Tavern or Alehouse unless sent for by some 
Country Friend ; and then stay not long there nor drink more than 
is convenient.' 

'Covet not a large and general Acquaintance but be content 
with a very few Visitants, and let these be good... 

' Come in always before the Gates are shut, Winter and Summer ; 
and before Nine of the Clock constantly, when yovir Tutor expects you 
at Lectures in his Chamber.' 

' For the sake of peace and order bear with some little Rudeness 
and some imperious Carriage [from your seniors in College] if any be 
so foolish as to use them towards you : Not but that you may have 
Kedress npon any the least Grievance by complaining to your Tutor.' 

* Avoid Idleness, otherwise called Lounging.' 

II. A Method of Study. 

The generality of students are intended for Clergymen, and as 
such must take the Arts in their way. 

Philosophy (including mathematics, geography, astronomy, chro- 
nology and other parts of jihysics ; besides logic, ethics and metaphy- 
sics) Classical learning and Divinity, are the three heads. 

Waterland refers students of Law and Physic to their tutors for 
special advice. 

III. Directions for the Study of Philosophy. 

* Begin not with Philosophy till your Tutor reads lectures to 
you on it.' 

For the first half year at least attempt nothing beyond the text- 
book of the lectures. 

Devote mornings and evenings to Philosophy: afternoons' to 
classics, as requiring less coolness. 

' After you have come to a competent Knowledge in Philosophy,' 
make a commonplace book of the Questions discussed in yoiu- authors 
with references, fro and con. 

' Set a Mark in the Margin of your Book when you do not 
understand any Thing and consult other books which may help to 
explain it : Or, if you cannot thus master the Difficulty, apply to 
some Friend that can, or to your Tutor.' 

IV. General Directions for the Study of ClassicJcs. 

'Let your Afternoons^, as much of them as can be spared from 
Afternoon Lectures, if j^ou have any, be spent in reading Classick 
Authors, Greek and Latin.' In the order mentioned; one at a time 
if possible straight through not too fast. Consult Dictionaries, 
Lexicons, Notes, Friends or Tutor. . - 

^ So the writer of Hints to Fresh- evidently a rigid supporter of Mathe- 

men at the. University of Cambridge matical studies says {p. 7.) ' It is a 

('Curvo dinoscere rectum", &c.) 4th ed. good custom to set aside a part of the 

London printed for J. Mawman Lud- aj'ternoon for literae humaniorcs.^ 
gate-street ; and J. Deighton. 1822 ' 



332 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Read Terence, Tully and Virgil over and over again as models.. 
Be pi'ovided with some books of Greek (^Potter's) and Roman Anti- 
quities [Kennefs) wliicli you may once read over and afterwards 
consult upon occasion. 

You may add to them EcharcVs Roman History. 

' Have a Quarto Paper Book for a Common place [in Mr Locke's 
method] to refer any Thing curious to ;' rather to keep up your 
attention and for present profit than for future use. 

In COMPOSITION rather imitate and vary, than copy out. 

'When you are to nmke an Oration (after you have considered 
well the Matter) read one of Tully's on a similar Subject. Consider 
the Argumentative Part by itself, which Freigius's Analytical Notes 
will assist you in... However the bare reading of [Cicero's] Com- 
positions will make your thoughts more free and more just than 
otherwise.' 

' You may be tanght in an Hour or two's time, by your Tutor 
how to use the Maps or Tables ' which you should have before you 
when reading History or even Oratoiy and Poetry. 

V. General Directions for Dicinity. 

The study of Divinity should be commenced in the early years of 
residence. It is well for a young man to keep the main object of his 
education in view; and many are ordained soon after taking their 
degree. The ordinary studies are so useful grounding for a Divine 
that Waterland recommends the study of divinity for the first part of 
a student's residence to be confined to his ' spare hours on Sundays 
and Holydays -j^ and on each of them he advises him to read and 
make Abridgments of a couple of sermons (which will take about 
3 hours apiece) in a quarto jiaper book, marking general and par- 
ticular heads according to an example given. Later in their course 
they should devote their mornings only to philosophy, afternoons to 
classics, and evenings as well as Sundays and Holydays to Divinity, 
' or however to the reading the best English writers such as Temple, 
I! Estrange, Collier [Spectator and other writings of Addison~\ and 
other masters of Thought and Style.' 

In the 4th year ' endeavour to get a general view of the several 
controversies on foot from Bennefs Books; and some Knowledge of 
Church History from Mr Echard and Du Pins Compendious History 
of the Church in 4 vols. 8vo. ; and then if you have Time undertake 
Pearson on the Creed, and Burnet on the Articles.' 

VI. A course of Studies Philosophical, Classical and Divine, for 
the first four years. 

The following scheme of course is not intended to be rigidly 
adhered to in all cases. Waterland begins ' the Year with January, 
though few come so early to College : If you happen to come later, 
yet begin with the Books first set down.' 



APPENDIX III. A STUDENT S GUIDE. 



So* 



Philosophical. 



Classical. 



Religious. 



Jau. 
Feb. 



Wells' 1 Aritbm. 



Terence. 



Sharp's Sermons. 
Calamy's Sermons. 



March 
April 



Euclid's Elem. 



Xenophontis Cyri 
Institutio. 



Spratt's Sermons. 
Blacldiall's Sermons. 



May I Euclid's Elem. 

June I Burgersdicius'-Logick. 



TuUy's Epistles. 
Phaedrus* Fables. 



Hoadly's Sermons. 
Soutb's Sermons. 



July 
Aug, 



Euclid's Elements. 
Bui'sersdicius. 



Lucian's Select Dia- 
logues. 
Theophrastus. 



South's Sermons. 



Sept. 
Oct. 



WeUs's Geography*. 



Justin. 
Cornelius Nepos. 



Young's Sermons. 



Nov. 
Dec. 



Wells's* Trigonometry, 
Newton's Trigon. 



Dionysius's Geography. 



Scot's Sermons & Dis- 
courses, 3 vols. 



Jan. 
Feb. 



Wells's-' Astron. 
Locke. 



1" Causin deEloquentia. 
Vossius' Ehetorick. 



Tillotsou's Sermons, 
Vol. i. folio. 



Mai'ch 
April 



Locke's Hum. Und. 
"De la Hire Con. Sect. 



TuUy's Orat. 



May 
June 



^Whiston's Astron. 



Isocrates. 
Demosthenes. 



Tillotsou's Sermons, 
Yol. ii. fol. 



July 
Aug. 



Sept. 
Oct. 



Eeil's Introduction. 



Caesar's Comment. 
Sallust. 



Cheyne's Philosop. 
Principles. 



Hesiod. 
Theocritus. 



Tillotsou's Sermons, 
Vol. iii. fol. 



Nov. 
Dec. 



SEohaulti Physica. 



Ovid's Fasti. 
Vii-gil's Eclog. 



Jan. 
Feb. 



Burnet's Theory with 
Keill's Remarks. 



Homeri Iliads, edit. 
Clarke. 



Norris' Practical Dis- 
CGiu-ses, l''&2"^i Parts. 



March I Whiston's Theory with 
April Keill's Remarks. 



Virgil's Georgicks. 
Aeneids. 



Norris' Practical Dis- 
courses, 3"'''&4"' parts. 



May 
June 



Wells' Chronology. 
Beveridge's Chron. 



Sophocles. 



Claggett's Sermons 
2 vols. 



July 
Aug. 



9 Whitby's Ethicks. 
Puft'endorf 's Law of 

Nat. 



Horace. 



Atterbury's (Lewis) 
Sermons, 2 vols. 



Sept. 
Oct. 



Puffendorf. 

Grotius de Jure Belli. 



11 Euripides, Piers' edit. 



Atterbury's (Francis) 
Sermons. 



Nov. 
_^ Dec. 



Puffendorf. 
Grotius. 



Juvenal- Per sius. 



Stillingfleet's Sermons. 



In a later edition are substituted 

1 Wingate's Arith. 

2 Wallis' Logick, 

3 Salmon's Geography. 

* Keill's Trigouometrice. 
5 Harris' Astron. Dialogues, 
Keill's Astron. 
® Simpson's Con. 



7 Milnes' Sectt. Conicae. 

8 Bartholin's (as well as Rohault's) 
Physics. 

^ The Compendium of Ethics, with 
Hutcheson and Fordyce. 

1*' Cambray on Eloquence. 

11 King's Euripides instead of Piers', 
or the select plpys in 8vo. 



334 



UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 







Philosophical. 


Classical. 


Eeligious. 




Jan. 
Feb. 


Baronius' Meta- 
physicks. 


Thucydides. 


Jenkins's Eeasonable- 
ness of Christianity. 


March 
April 


Newton's Opticks. 


Thucydides. 


Clarke's Lectures. 
Grotius de Verit. B.C. 


May- 
June 


Whiston's Praelect. 
Phys. Math. 


Livy. 


Benuet of Pop.i 
Abridg.L.C.Conf.ofQu. 


July 
Aug. 


Gregory's Astronomy. 


Livy. 


Pearson on the Creed 
with King's Crit. Hist. 


Sept. 
Oct. 




Diogenes Laertius. 


West on the Kesm-rec- 
tion. 


Nov. 
Dec. 




Cicero's Philosoph. 
works. 


Burnet's Articles. 



Waterland adds to the Table for eacli year remarks on the use, 
merits and defects of the books recommended. I have room only for 
a few of them. 

The hardest Philosophical and Classical Books are reserved for 
the 4th year. 

The Sermons are not arranged in any particular order. Water- 
land gives this character of them. 

Sharp's, Calami's and BlackhalVs are the best models for an easy, 
natural and familiar way of writing. Sprat is fine, florid and elabo- 
rate in his style, artful in his method and not so open as the former, 
but harder to be imitated. Hoadly is very exact and judicious, and 
both bis style and sense just, close and clear. Tlie other three (South, 
Young, and Scot) are very sound, clear writers, only Scot is too 
swelling and pompous, and South is something too full of wit and 
satire, and does not always observe a decorum in his style. 

Tillotson may be corrected by Lupton's Oxford Sermon, Whitby's 
Appendix to ii. Thess. and " The Religion of a Church of England 
Woman" p. 339, &c. 

li Morris is a fine writer for style and thought, and commonly 
just, except in what relates to his World of Ideas, where he some- 
times trifles." 

If there is more time the following Sermons may be added — 
[those in brackets are not mentioned in the two first editions.] 



Lucas'. 

Barrow's. 

Brady's. 

Hickman's 2 Vols. 

Bragg's. 

Beveridge's, 

Tilly's. 

Fiddes' 3 vols. 

[Fothergill's.] 



[Seed's 4 vols.] 
[Butler's.] 
[Waterland's.] 
[Blair's 4 vols.] 
[Abernethy's.] 
[Bishop Sherlock's.] 
[Balguy's 2 vols.] 
[Dodwell's 2 vols.] 



^ i.e. T. Bennet's (Joh.) Confutation of Fopery, Abridgement of the London 
Cases, and Confutation of Quakerism. 



APPENDIX III. A student's GUIDE, 335 



Appendix. 

For the 4tli year's Divinity see cli. v. at end '. 

If you have learnt Hebrew at school keep it up all the time you 
are at Cambi-iclge. Otherwise devote some months wholly to it after 
your degree. After going through the four years' course if you intend 
to take Holy Orders soon (after learning Hebrew if necessary) read 
through Grotius, Patrick, or some good Commentator. You may 
read Josephus' History and Du Pin^s Canon of the Old Testament 'pari 
passu. Then proceed to the New Testament with Wldthy, looking 
occasionally into Grotius or Hammond. Then, if you have time, 
read the Cliurch writers up to the 4th century at least, first seeing a 
character of their works in Dvpin, or Cave, or Bull, referring to 
Bingham^ s Ecclesiastical Antiquities when necessary. 

To qualify youi'self for a Preacher, in addition to the above- 
mentioned Sermons ^, study the following : 

BulVs Latin works, Grabe's folio (1703). 

Nelson's Life of Bull with his English works, 4 vols. 8vo. 

Nelson's Feasts and Fasts. 

Stanhope's Epistles and Gospels, 4 vols. 

Kettlewell's Measures of Obedience. 

,, On the Sacrament. 

,, Practical Believer. 

Scot's Christian Life. 
Lucas' Enquiry after Happiness, 2 vols. 
Hammond's Practical Catechism. 
Fleetioood's Relative Duties. 
Stilling fleet's Origines Sacrae. 
Burnet's History of the Reformation. 
F. Paul's History of the Council of Trent. 
Clarendon's History. 
Bennct's Common-Prayer. 
,, Rights of Clergy. 
Cosin's Canon of Scripture. 
Stilling fleet's Cases. 
Norris' Humility and Prudence, 2 vols. 

,, Reason <& Faith. 
Ditton's Moral Evidence. 
Wilkin's Natural Religion. 

^ See p. 332, Prebendary W. GiJpin in his Dia- 

' Tom Hearne in a list which he logues published posthumously 1807, 

began to make for a young divine in recommends for ordinary candidates 

1711 agrees with Waterland in recom- for orders : 

mending, 

Chillingworth, Dodwell, Pearson, Butler, Barrow, Sanderson, 

Hammond, Sanderson, Tillotson, Bm-net on the Articles, as 

Pearson, The London Cases well as Lardner, Mede, Newton on 

with M"" Bennet's the Prophecies, Law's Serious Call, 

Abridgment. G. Herbert's ' Parson to the Church,' 

He adds : Smiglecius (' a heavy dry logical 

Laud against Fisher, Jewell, work') and Saurin's and Bourdelon'a 

Hooker's Eccl. P. Eeynolds Sermons (which were translated by 

and the Cambridge Concordance. E. Eobinson the Cambridge Baptist, 

{Reliquiae if «ar?i. Bliss, ed. 2. i.p, 232). 1770—178-4). 



336 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Dean Sherlock's Works. 
Potter's Church Government. 
History of Montanism. 
Ostervald's Cases of Corrtqjtioii. 

„ Nature of Uncleanness. 

[Sherlock, Bp. of London on Prophecy.] 
[ ,, Trial of the Witnesses.] 
[Observations on the Conversion of St Paul.] 
[WoUaston's Religion of Nature.] 
[Conijbeare's Defence of Revealed Religion.] 
[Butler's Analog^/.] 
[Watts' Scripture Historxj.] 

[Archdeacon St George's Examination for Holy Orders.] 
[Stackhouse's History of the Bible.] 
NiehoVs Defensio Eccl. Anglicanae. 
Wake's Catechism. 
Clagget's Operation of the Spirit. 
Chillingworth. 
Cave's Primitive Christianity. 



Wingate^s Aiitlimetic is an introduction to IVIathematics. 

Euclid preferred to otlier geometrical books (see Whiston's 
Preface to Tacquet). 

Pardie may be read afterwards and will prove entertaining. 

Wallis' logic is read in lectures and is useful for definitions. 
Mathematics more useful than Logic towards ''the conduct of the 
understanding." The Tutor's help is pre-supposed on the pupil's 
beginning KeiWs THgonometry. 

Hammond^s, Maclaurin's and Simpson^s Algebras recommended. 

Simpson^s Conic Sections may be read by one who understands 
Euclid and is necessaiy for those who would understand Astronomy. 
Keill is more difficult, Cheyne easy to one who understands the two 
former. Add Bentlei/s Sermons and Huygens Planetary Worlds. 
In RohauUs Physics read the Opticks — the foot-notes are the 
valuable part in the rest of the work. With this read Wells's 
[^ J)esaguHe/s and Bowniiig's' [later ed.)'\ Mechanics, Statics, and 
Optics adding Le Clercs [£a7-tholin''s] Physicks, for heads. In 
addition to Wells and Beveridge use Strauchius^ Chronology. 

With Grotius and Puffendorf (the abridgment by the latter him- 
self) may be used as well Sanderson! s Praelectiones (for Casuistry) 
and Placette of Conscience. 

Malbraniche and Norri^ Ideal Woi'ld may be added to the meta- 
physical works. 

The B.A. "if he design not presently for Orders' " may add to 
his stock of Philosophy 

^ Eob. Masters in his History of in College so that they should have 

C. C. C. C. p. 207, ed. 1, 1753, speaks better preparation for the Christian 

of the need of encom-agement to ministry. 
Bachelors of Arts to stay and stv;dy 



APPENDIX III. A STUDENTS GUIDE. 



837 



Vareniiis' [Salmon's— (later ed.)] Geo- 
graphy. 
Newtoiii Priiicipia. 
Ozanam's Cursus Mathcm. 
Sturmius^s Works. 
Hufjens' Works. 
Neiotoui Algebra. 
Millie's Conic Sect. 



[sSaunclerson's Algebra.] 
[Smith's Opticks.] 
[Musschenbroek's Philosopbia.j 
Molineux's Dioptricks. 
[Baker on the Microscoije.] 
[Chambers^ Dictionary.] 
[Hale's Statistics.] 



As to the Classical books recommended \ a Greek aud a Latin 
Book should be read alternately. 

Rapin's 2 vols, may be read with Camhrcuj, Vossius, or othei" 
rhetoric. 

Read Bossu Of Epic Poetry before Homer and Virgil. 

The B. A. may continue his Classical Studies, if he has time, by 
reading any of the following : 



Aristot. Ehetorica. 

Epictetus. 

M. Antoninus. 

Herodotus. 

Plutarcli. 

Homeri Odyss. 

Aristophanes. 

Plato de Eebus Div. 

Callimaclius. 

Herodian. 

Longinus. 

Veteres Orator. Gr. 

Plinii Epist. et Panegyr. 

Seneca. 



Lucretius. 

Plautus. 

Q. Curtius. 

Suetonius. 

Tacitus. 

Aulus GeUius. 

Lucanus. 

Florus. 

Martialis. 

Catullus, 

Manilius. 

Ovidii Epist et Metam. 

Eutropius. 



1 John Weslei/s Scheme of Study 
when B.A. at Lincoln Coll. in 172G 
was, 

S. 



M. I 
Tu.i 
W. 
Th. 



Divinity. 

Classics. 

Logic and Ethics. 
Hebrew aud Arabic, 



F, Metaphysics and Natural 

Philosophy. 
Sat. Oratory, Poetry and especially 
comijositiou. 
Ho seems moreover not to have neg- 
lected Mathematics. Life by Southey 
Coleridge aud Southey, i. p. 37. 



W. 



22 



APPENDIX IV. 

ErKTKAOnAIAEIA, OR A SCHEME OF STUDY. 
RO. GREEN. 1707. 



Robert Green (or Greene) fellow of Clare — B.A. 1699, M.A. 
1703, D.D. (Com. Reg.) 1728— Author of Frinclples of the FhilosopliTj 
of Expansive and Contractive Forces, Camb. 1727 (see above 69, 127). 

'EyKVKXoTratSeia, or A Method of Instructing Pupils, 1707 (pp. 8) 
4to. [in Gough Camhr. 67 Bodl. Lib. endorsed ' Dr Green of Clare 
HalVs Course of Lectures.^ There is a copy at Cambridge in the 
Library of Queens' coll. P. 5. (10)]. 

' The first half year's Exercise from the Commencement to 
Christmas. 

A Theme Lat. A Copy of Verses Lat. A 
Every Week make -| Translation out of a Greek Orator into 

Latin, or out of a Roman into English. 



The first half Year's Study to Christmas. 



Every Day read 



The Lesson in the Greeh Testament Morning 

and Evening with the Critici Sacri or 

Synojysis. 
A Sermon in Dr Tillotson or some other 

Piece of the best and most genuine English, 

Sprat, Sir William Temple, Clarendon, 

Burnet's Theory, &c. 
Some Lines of Homer, Virgil or Horace, 

Terence, &c. 
Let the rest of the Day be divided betwixt 

the Roman and Greek Orators or Historians. 



APPENDIX IV. green's SCHEME, 1707. 



339 



Continue the same metliod of Reading as much as possible all the 
following years, to which add 

FIRST YEAR. 

From Christmas to the Commencement half a Year. 

1^' Lecture from 1 to 2 or 3 — Greek Classick (Homer, Pindar, 
Learning (Hesiod, Theocritus. 

2°<' Lecture from 8 to 9 or 10— Latin Classicks (Yirgil, Horace, 

(Juvenal, rersius. 

From the Commencement to Cln-istmas half a Year. 

iCluver and Maps, Varenius, 
Gordon, Petavius, Helvicus, 
Strauchius, Beverege. 

2"- Lecture-History, Greek and Latin [^Jt'^'yf if ^ ^^'^^'^^''^ 
'' {_JLjivy, oallust, Faterculus, 

Exercise. 

Translate out of the Greek or Latin Orators into English every 
Week which are therefore to be explained every Monday Morning 
from 10 to 11. The best English writers as before, are likewise for 
that reason to be studied in order to form from thence a good Stile 
upon the Model of the Ancients, as also Pleadings and Speeches 
made in Parliament, together with the choicest sermons and English 
Ti-acts on other subjects ; besides accidental Exercises are to be per- 
form'd suitable to the studies peculiar to this year, in Classicks, 
History, Chronology, &C. 



Every Sunday and Holiday thro' the Year, 



P' Lecture — Upon the Scriptures 



P', To shew the Validity and 
Necessity of them. 

2"'*'^, Explain half of the Gospels 
of S' Mattheiv, S' Mark, 
S' Luke, S' John, the Acts, 
Grot., Ilamm., Whitby, Cri- 
tici Sacri, Synopsis. 



2"* Lecture 



Upon the Here-i 
sies, Schisms, 
Blasphemous 



Their History, 
Their Confutation, j 
Tenets of the " -p TScripture, '^ 

Ancient and (Reason. 

Modern Times., 



f Vincentius Liri- 
I nensis, Caves 

Histor. Liter ar., 

Boger's Articles, 

Ejnphaviius, 

Philastrius. 

22—2 



340 UNIVEKSITY STUDIES. 



SECOND YEAR. 

From Christmas to the Commencement. 

(Logi ck — Burgersi. licius, Lock. 
iPitffendorf de Officio Horn. 
Ethicks and Law of Nature •< De Jure Belli et I'acis. 

{Cumberland, Tidhjs Offices. 

2"". Elements of Geometry [f'^'i'h ^f^^^'^'^> 
•' {lardies, Jones. 

From the Commencement to Christmas. 

i{Le Clerk, Lock, 
Metaphysicka <B(ironiiis, Malehranche, 
[Templer against IJobbs. 
f^ 1 -Di -1 1 i Caries, Rolumlt, Varenius, 

Corpuscuhir Fhilosophy j^^ ^,^;^.^. ^^^^^; 

/Arithmeticklf'^^^'^"'^^*^^' 
^ , I (Jones. 

9nd J V 

" • J i^^Jl, ^ftllis, Harriot, Kersey, 

'Algebra -ly^ewton, Cartes, Harris, 

(Oughtred's Clavis, Ward, Jones. 

Exercise, 

Declaini in English every Monday Morning betwixt 10 and 11, 
besides Dispntations in Latin, solving Problems in Arithmetick and 
Geometry, and other Exercises proper to the Studies of this Year. 

Every Sunday and Holiday thro' the Year. 
V\ Explain the other half of the Gospels S' John and the Acts. 



Onil 



rExplain the severah The Reasonable- 
Doctrines of onr I ness of those we 
Religion and com- 1 ai'e to believe, 
pare 'em with those | The Excellency 
of other Religions of those we are 

I and shew j to practice. 



Limhorch Articles, 
Usher's System, 
Hammond's Catechism, 
Primitive Clu'istianity, 
Beveridge on the 
Catechib-ra, Jenkins. 



J8t 



APPENDIX IV. green's SCHEME, 1707. 341 



THIRD YEAR. 

From Christmas to the Commencement. 

Experimental Philosophy ( r>j -i m ± r • • i a ^ 

\ rn -J- £ -xir- )i Uiios. irausact. LeipsicK Acts, 
and Chymistry oi Mine- -{n ^ r r< if • r^ • 

rals, Plants and Animals. P^^^^' Lemmery, CoUegmvi Curiosum. 

C (Keil, Gibson, Blankard, Drake., 

I P'. of Animals ■< Cowper, Harvey, Borellus de 

2^^ Anatomy and I ' '''''^'* Animalium. 

PI .. / -, i 2°''. Plants and jGrew, Fhilos. Trans. Miscell. 
' ^ "^1 Vegetables ( Ctirios. 

I 3'''^. Minerals, their (Hook's Mici'ograjih, 
L minute parts \Lewenhoek. 

From the Commencement to Chx-istmas. 

1"' O +■ V T)' + •■ V (^^'^^^''i/5 Rohault, Decliales, BarrovSs 

a L i. •' I \\ \ ' T • \ Lectures, Newton, Cartes, Hwiens, 

Latoijtricks, Colours, ins. j ^^ , \r i ' n- ! • / 

^ ' ' ( Aepler, Molyneux s JJioptricks. 

2""*. Conick Sections, and the (De Witt, De la Hire, Sturmius, Marquis 
Nature of Curves. ( de VHopitall, Newton, Millnes, Wallis. 

Exercise. 

Translate every Week a piece of Demosthenes into Latin to be 
explain'd every Monday Morning betwixt 10 and 11, besides other 
Exei-cises appropriated to the Studies of this Year. 

Every Sunday and Holiday thro' the Year. 

P'. Explain half of the Epistles and Revelations, those to the 
Jiomaus, Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Golossians. 

'P*. Give an Ecclesiastical History of") 
the Primitive Discipline and 
Government and Constitution 
of the Church, and then of the 
present Churches and compare 
'em. 
'. Of the Practice, Worship, Virtues,] Ccive's Prim. Christ. 
Suflerings, &c. of it and of the I ^^"'.^.^/^,^f^^- 
present Basilius Marjn. suinma 



Bevei'idge's Apostolical 

Canons, 
English Canons. 



moraliuni. 



342 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

FOURTH YEAR 

From Christmas to tlie Commencement. 



P'. Mechanical Philosophy, Staticks, Hydro- 
staticks, Flux and Reflux, Percussion, 
Gravitation, &c. 



Marriot, Kell, Hugens, 
Sturmius, Boyl, New- 
ton, Ditton, Wallis de 
mot u, Borelliis, II alley s 
Miscell. Curiosa. 



2-. Fluxions, Infinite series, ) ^'.ff^' f''"'Z'- ^''P^';.'\/^'''^'' 
. .^, ' . 1 c T n -^ r Ditton, J 07ies,i\ieuwentius,m3Lrqixi3 
Aritlimetick oi infanites. l i ru \ -, i, 
) de I hointalL 

From the Commencement to Christmas. 

rSpherical "] Gassendus, Mercator, Bullialdus, 
^ ^t , J Hypothetical I Horoccius, Flamslead, Newton, 

J I Practical f Gregory, Whistoit's Praelections 
[physical J and Kepler. 

iSturmius, Briggs, Vlacq, GelJi- 
hrand, Harris, Mercator, Jones, 
Newton, Caswell. 

Exercise. 

Declaim in Latin every Monday from 10 to 11, besides other 
Exercises adapted to the Studies of the Year, as resolving of Pro- 
blems by Fluxions, &c. 

Every Sunday and Holiday thro' the Year. 

P'. Explain the other half of the Epistles and Revelations, those to 
the Thessalonians, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, those of S' James, 
S' Peter, S' John, S' Jude, and the Revelations. 

nn^ i-i- T71 1 • i- 1 XT- J. 1 J^u Bin, Baronius, Cavers Lives 

2 . Give an Ecclesiastical History /.,, U .7 rr- . t-^ 

^ ., r^ -1 ^ ^^ \ of the r athers, llistor. Literar., 
of the Councils and others h- • 7 n t • ^ nr 71 

™ .. • ^1 m 1 hiscioLa, Genturxat. Maqdebur- 

Iransactions m the Cnurcli. "^ 

J genses. 

Conclude the Night Lecture with an OfBce out of Dr Hichs^s 
Reform'd Devotions, and the Prayer for Christ's Holy Catholick 
Church. Instead of the Lessons in Dr Hicks, let every one in his turn 
read a Lesson out of the Greek Testament in. the same place where 
they are presciib'd. 

Add to this Method on Thursdays 

ri. Theocritus, Hesiod, Homer, 

V^. Lecture on the Greek\ p j. j Pindar, &c, 

2""*. Lecture on the Latin) ' 1 2. Virgil, Horace, Juvenal, Per- 

\^ sius, ttc. 

So that the first half year may be either employ'd in Classicks, as is 
before prescrib'd, or devoted to other Studies.' 



APPENDIX V. 

EXAMINATIONS FOR FELLOWSHIPS AND SCHOLAR- 
SHIPS, &c. AT TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. 

ZOUCH'S HINTS. THE ANNUAL 'MAY' EXAMINATION FOE FEESH- 
MEN AND JUNIOE SOFHS. OLD EXAMINATION PAPEES, &c., &c. 



Until tlie present century' Trinity was the only college in Cam^ 
bridge where the fellowships were open without territorial appropria- 
tion. 

All the other colleges* (with the exception of King's) filled up 
each vacancy by electing if possible some one whose name had been 
matriculated as belonging to the same county ''as the outgoing fellow. 

The counties were thus distributed for Peterhouse in 1630 (by a 
statute superseding Warkworth cap. xii.) into north (Boreales) and 
south (Austi-ales) by a*line drawn from Yarmouth to Machynlleth. 

Northern. Bedfoi-d, Cheshire, Cumberland, Derby, Durham, 
York, Hunts, Lancaster, Leicester, Lincoln, Norfolk, Northampton, 
Northumberland, Notts, Rutland, Salop, StaflTord, Warwick, West- 
moreland, Worcester, — Anglesea, Caernarvon, Denbigh, Flint, Merio- 
neth, Montgomery. 

Southern. Berks, Bucks, Cambridge, Kent, Cornwall, Devon, 
Dorset, Essex, Gloster, Herts, Hereford, Middlesex, Monmouth, 
Oxon, Southampton, Surrey, Sussex, Suffolk, Somerset, Wilts, — ■ 
Brecon, Caermarthen, Cardigan, Glamorgan, Pembroke, Radnor. 

^ However the system of 'close ' fel- tion was gi-anteil, in 1639, to S. John's, 

lowships and scholarships had hocu and iu 177G that society resolved (if 

denounced as early as 1759 in the the master thought it worth while) to 

Epistle of Ei. Davies M. D. to Dr petition the sovereign for the removal 

Hales (p. 23) : and iu 1788 the author of the restriction of counties. Mayor's 

of Remarks on the Knormous Expenee Baker pi?. 523, 1072. 
inthe Education. .. atGixxQ\)T:\i\Q3 {\).'ii()) 3 Hooker appears {Kchle i. 15.) to 

suggested the parliament should in- have been entered at Corpus, Oxon. as 

terfere. of two counties, Devon and Suuth- 

^ In one instance a royal dispcusa- amptou. 



344 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

There niiglit be four fellows at one time from Middlesex or 
Cambridgeshire, but only one each from tiny of the others (the whole 
of Wales conntiijg as one) except by royal dispensation. 

If it happened that there was no candidate of the right connty 
ready, the election would I suppose lie between the men of any 
northern (or southern) counties which had no representatives in the 
existing body of fellows. 

In 1785, Henry Gunning did not enter at S. John's because 
Cambridgeshire was filled by the bishop of Ely's fellow, and a pi"o- 
fessor's son, already admitted, was prepared to step into his shoes. 
He went therefore as a sizar to Christ's, where the Cambridgeshire 
fellow was likely soon to vacate his berth. This state of things con- 
tiuued at S. John's till the end of the century, when Dr Wood was 
scandalized at their finding themselves precluded from electing Inman 
the senior wrangler of 1800. 

In the middle of the seventeenth century *a fellowship examina- 
tion included versification, vivd voce questions and other exercises,' 
but the election was liable to be influenced by the party spirit which 
then ran very high, as well as by personal interestj'. 

When Bentley was made Master of Trinity in 1700, he found the 
custom of examining the candidates for fellowships (and scholaiships) 
in the chapel vivd voce before the master and seniors. In order to 
give an opportunity for the perfoi^mance of written exercises and time 
to weigh and deliberate upon the merits of the men, Bentley soon after 
his appointment ordered that they should be examined by each of the 
electors at his own a2:)artments^. 

We have in the memoirs of his grandson Ei. Cumberland a full 
account of the working of the scheme under his successor Dr Smith 
iu 1752. 

Although on rare occasions^ even a junior bachelor had been in- 
vited to stand for election and had been successful, it was until that 
year contrary to rule that middle bachelors even should be eligible. 

'It would hardly be excusable in me' [says Cumberland] 'to detail 
a process that takes place every year, but that in this instance the 
novelty of our case made it a matter of very great attention. When 

1 Mrjox^s Blatt. Robinson, 28 n, 3Gn. jimiority, S'' Jones the northern was 

At S. John's there is some evideuce of elected. 

laxity iu fellowship elections about When Dr Gooch (l)p. of Bristol) 

1622, but in 1634 and 166| we find claimed the right of examining Mr 

reference to examination. Mayor's Gibbs or any other candidate for a 

Baker 488 1. 15; 604 1. 26; 543 1. 12. fellowship as master of Cains in 1737, 

In Dr Wortliington's Diary we find a the fellows rejected his declaration at 

brief account of a fellowship examina- a Chapel-Meeting, 5 Sept. Cains MSS. 

tion at Emmanuel in puritan times. 602 (10). 

Nov. 18, 1657, afternoon, Sir Jones ^ Monk's Bentley, i. 159, 160. 

(co. Lancaster), Sir Gibson (co. Suf- ^ Isaac Newton 1667, Ri. Bentley 

folk), Su- Pulling (co. Hertford), sat in jnn. 1723, Rogerson Cotter (M.P. for 

the parlour for a fellowship. They Charlesville) 1771, T. Eobinson (of 

were examined by Mr Shelton the Leicester) 1772, Ri. Porson 1782. In 

dean and Mr Jewell the lecturer, and the present century there were only a 

they answered in an equality. Next few instances, until 1830 when there 

day, after chscussion among the master were ten vacancies and the rule was 

and fellows, who gave their votes by abolished. 



APPENDIX V. TRINITY FELLOWSHIPS. 345 

the day of examination came we went our rounds to tlie electing 
seniors; in some instances by one at a time, in others by parties of 
three or four; it was no trifling scrutiny we had to undergo, and 
here and there pretty severely exacted, particidarly, as I well remem- 
ber by Doctor Charles Mason', a man of curious knowledge in the 
philosophy of mechanics and a deep mathematician.... He gave us a 
good dose of dry mathematics, and then put an Aristophanes before 
lis, which he opened at a venture and bade lis give the sense of it, 
A very worthy candidate of my year declined having anything to do 
with it, yet Mason gave his vote for that gentleman, and against one, 
who took his leavings. Doctor Samuel Hooper gave us a liberal and 
w^ell-chosen examination in the more familiar classics.... 

' The last, to whom in order of our visits we resorted to, was the 
master*; he called us to him one by one according to our standings, 
and of coui"se it fell to me as junior candidate to wait till each had 
been examined in turn. When in obedience to his summons I 
attended upon him, he was sitting, not in the room where my grand- 
father [Bentley] had his library, but in a chamber uj) stairs, encom- 
passed with large folding screens, and over a great fire, though the 
weather was then uncommonly warm : he began by requiring of me 
an account of the whole course and progress of my studies in the 
several branches of philosophy, so called in the general, and as I 
proceeded in my detail of what I had read, he sifted me with 
questions of such a sort as convinced me he was determined to take 
nothing ujion trust ; when he had held me a considerable time under 
this examination, I expected he would have dismissed me, but on the 
contrary he proceeded in the like general terms to demand of me an 
account of what I had been reading before I had applied myself to 
academical studies, and when I had acquitted myself of tliis question 
as bi-iefly as I could, and I hope as modestly as became me in 
presence of a man so learned, he bade me give him a summary 
account of the several great empires of the ancient world, the pei'iods 
when they flourished, their extent when at the summit of their 
j)Ower, the causes of their declension and dates of their extinction. 
When summoned to give answer to so wide a question, I can only 
say it was well for me I had worked so hai'd upon my scheme of 

General History This process being over, he gave me a sheet of 

paper written through in Greek with his own hand, which he ordered 
me to turn either into Latin or English, and I was shewn into 
a room containing nothing but a table furnished with materials for 
writing, and one chair, and I was required to use dispatch. The 
passage was maliciously enough selected in point of construction and 
also of character, for he had sci"awled it out in a puzzling kind of 
hand with abljreviations of his own devising : it related to the 
arrangement of an army for battle, and I believe might be taken 

1 C. Mason, B.A. 1722, D.D. 1749, lathfi, and in bell-ringing. 

Woodwardian Professor 173Jt. ' A true " llobert Smith, B.A. 1711, LL.D. 

modern Diogenes' who exercised him- 1728, D.D. 1739, Pluniian Professor 

self at bis blacksmith's forge and 1716, Master of Trinity 17-12, 



34G UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

from Polybiui?, an author I had then never read. When I had given 
in my translation in Latin, I was remanded to tlio empty chamber 
with a subject for Latin prose and another for Latin vei-se, and again 
required to disjjatch them in tlie manner of an impromptu. The 
chamber into which I was shut for the performance of these hasty 
productions was the veiy room', dismantled of the bed, in which 
I was born. The train of ideas it revived in my mind were not 
inappositely woven into the verses I gave in, and with this task my 
examination concluded.... 

'The next day the election was announced, and I was chosen 

together with Mr John Orde, now one of the masters in Chancery 

When I waited upon the electing seniors to return my thanks, of 
course I did not omit to pay my compliments to Dr Mason ^.' 

When he had become superannuated Cumberland was invited by 
his Trinity friends to offer himself a candidate for the Lay -fellowship 
then vacant by the death of Mr Titley the Danish envoy. There 
were only two fellowships of this description. He was successful 
against a considerable number of competitors ; but he soon afterwards 
vacated it by marriage^. 

When T. Robinson was a successful candidate in 1772, Ave find 
the examination for Trinity fellowships still conducted by the electors 
'separately and privately. Mr [Stephen] Whisson [ex-tutor and 
bursar] did not examine by formal and set questions, but rather in 
the way of conversational inquiry : and his questions were much 
calculated to ascertain the degree of general knowledge which the 
student had obtained. " Can you tell me, sir, what were the dis- 
criminating tenets of the ancient philosophers 1" and the like*.' This 
system of examining was obviously liable to objections, and at last in 
1786, ten of the junior fellows had occasion to remonstrate that some 
of the seniors had taken part in the election without examining the 
candidates. Their representation after some heai-t-burnings" was 
speedily eflectiuil, and a new master, Dr Postleithwaite, about three 
years latei', instituted the public fellowship-examinations, which have 
ever since prevailed at Trinity. 

The scholarship election went through a similar change. Pro- 
fessor Pryme contrasts the formal sitting in hall, which had already 
become established in his own time (1800), with the irregular pro- 
ceedings which his uncle Owen Dinsdale remembered (B.A. 1762) 
when Dr Smith was master, and when the seniors sent for one, and 
sometimes two or three students together, and examined them in 
some Greek or Latin book in their own rooms, and afterwards they 



^ The Jtuh/i's' Chamber in Trinity Visitor (coram lord Thurlow). See 

Lodge. Cooper's Annals, iv. 424, 425. Guu- 

^ Memoirs of Ri. Cumhcrland, 4to. iiing's Remirdsc, vol. ii. chap. iv. 

1806, pp. 106—110. Monk's Beutlei/, ii. 423, 424. _ The 

3 Ibid. 148. memorial of the junior fellows is re- 

* E. T. Vanghan's Life of T. Eobiri- corded in the Cicutleman's Magazine, 

son, pp. 32, 33. lvi. 1138. 

® Involving an appeal to the Eoyal 



APPENDIX V. scholars' ELECTION 1709, 1760. 347 

would say to each other, " So and so has done well, I think he will 
do for a scholar," or the contrary, as it might be'.' 

We may now turn to a still earlier record : — 

John Byrom, almost before he was matriculated, was one of nine- 
teen candidates who ' sat ' (so the phrase was even in Bentley's time) 
for ten vacancies among the scholars in 1709. They carried their 
latin epistles to the master and seniors at the end of April. On May 
7th he had been 'examined by Dr Stubbs the vice-master already, 
and he promises fair.' The following Monday and Tuesday were 
appointed for more regular examination, which was conducted by 
Bentley, Stubbs, and Smith (then one of the seniors). On Wednes- 
day they ' made theme for Dr Bentley, and on Thursday the master 
and seniors met in the chapel for the election ; Dr Smith had the 
gout and was not there. They stayed consulting abo^^t an hour and 
a half, and then the master wrote the names of the elect, who (con- 
tinues Byrom) shewed me mine in the list. Fifteen were chosen 
and four rejected, two of them pensioners, Mr Baker's pupils, the 
other two sizars, one Sophister, the other a Lancashire lad of our 
year. 

* Friday noon we went to the master's lodge, where we were 
sworn in in great solemnity, the senior Westminster reading the oath 
in Latin, all of us kissing the Greek Testament. Then we kneeled 
down before the master, who took our hands in his and admitted us 
Scholars in the name of the Father, Son, &c. Then we went and 
wrote our names in the book and came away, and to-day gave in our 
epistle of thanks to the master. We took our places at the scholars' 
table last night. To-day the new scholars began to read the lessons 
in chapel and wait in the hall, which offices will come to me pre- 
sently.' (Ghetham Soc. 1854, pp. 5, 6.) 



The following is a Scheme of Study preserved in Wrangham's 
Zouch'\ It relates apparently to Trinity College about the middle 
of the century. 

'Mr Zouch's 
Directions for Study.'' 

(Drawn up for Thomas Zouch, perhaps by his brother Henry, 
about 1756, in which year the latter was admitted a Pensioner of 
Trin. Coll. Camb., under the tuition of the Rev. Stephen Whisson ; 
and elected Scholar of that society in the ensuing year.) 

' Read authors according to a method. Be particularly cautious 
to read tliem slowly, and if possible, never pass over a dithculty ; but 
sto]j till by your own endeavours, or the instruction of others, you 
have overcome it. Thus will you proceed in your studies with ecpal 
pleasure and improvement. 

1 Autobiographic ReeoUections of G. ingham and prebendary of Durham, 
Pi-j'me, p. 47. with a Memoir by the Re2\ Frauds 

2 The Works of the Rev. Thomas Wranghain, pp. xxviii, xxix. 
Zouch, D.D., F.L.S., rector of Scray- 



848 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

' Read a chapter in the Greek Testament every day. Let this 
rule be invariably observed. 

' Spend very few evenings in company, 

' Read with critical accin-acy the following books in tlie course of 
the ensuing year, exclusive of all due attention to your Lectures : 
Demosthenes, and Select Orations of Cicero; Select Tragedies of 
Sophocles, and Euripides; Juvenal and Persius. Horace will be 
always in your bands. 

* Be particularly accurate in all your compositions. Litera scrijyta 
TYianet. Propose to yourself subjects for Themes and Declamations. 
Your stile can only be foi"med by continual use. 

* Occasionally read some of our best English Poets, whenever you 
find yourself fatigued with more severe studies. 

'Always attend Lectures, whether classical or philosophical. If 
you omit them once or twice, you will be at a loss to proceed with 
your Lecturer. 

'Endeavour to be clear in your knowledge, and answer the 
questions proposed to you with diffidence and timidity. 

' Converse with yourself as much as possible, and learn to think. 
When you return from Lectures, examine yourself strictly, whether 
you understand them or not. Recall the subjects of them often to 
your mind, and familiarise them to yourself by frequent meditation. 

' When you have heard a Sermon, Declamation, or other Acade- 
mical Exercise, endeavour to recollect the heads, and copy them into 
a book a^^propriated to that use.' 



The following are the earliest Trinity College examination-papers 
that I have seen. 

Questions 

at the Fellowship Examination 

Trinity College Cambridge 1797. 

{Set hy W. Collier, bth ivranyler 1762, 

reyius professor of hebrew.) 

Questions Historical. 

1. What wei'e the different forms of Government under which 
tlie Jews lived by various names? what were those names'? what 
were the successions of tlie forms of Government, and at what ^^eriods 
did they appear ? 

2. What are the four ancient Monarchies ? what is their date, 
succession, and by what means and events did Cyrus establish his 
empire ? 

3. Whence proceeded the colonies of the East into the West, or 
Greece 1 what were the names of the Colonists 1 where did they 
respectively settle, and when 1 

4. Why was the southern part of Italy called Magna Graecia ? 
and whence in the middle, or more northern parts, did the Etiniscans 
])rooeed 1 



APPENDIX V. TRINITY COLLEGE. 349 

5. Whence arose the war Ijeiween Athens and Sparta 1 

G. What was the rise of the Pnnic wars 1 what was their final 

event ] and what effect did that event produce on the Roman 

Republic 1 

7. How many were the families of the Caesars, and with whom 
did they begin and end 1 

8. By what Nation was the Roman Empire finally destroyed 1 
and what were the principal causes which brought it to it's fall 1 

Questions Geographical. 

1. What is meant by the River and the Sea in the Sacred 
writings ? 

2. What is the relative situation of Jerusalem and Samaria? 
and what the names of the mounts in them, on which the respective 
temples were built 1 

3. What are the sources and dii-ections of the principal rivers 1 
and the general directions of the chains of the mountains in Asia, 
Africa, Europe, and the two Americas 1 

4. Which are the principal Istmi on the face of the earth 1 

5. What are the Islands in the Aegean Sea renowned for the 
birth or habitation of illustrious writers 1 

G. What is the situation of the Fortunate Islands 1 what is their 
modern name ? and what is there most distinguished in one of them? 

7. What places in the earth appear to have been contiguous to 
Continents, and are now divided by some great convulsions of 
natui'e 1 

8. What are the principal volcanoes on the surface of the globe? 

Questions Grammatical. 

1. Is language most probably a gift of the Creator, or an effect 
of human institution ? 

2. Whence arises the diversity of languages, and in what man- 
ner was it most likely effected ? 

3. What was the most ancient form of characters to express 
ideas ; and what improvements ensued ? 

4. What was the most ancient alphabet, the number of the 
first letters ? and the additions afterwards made ? 

6. What is l3ovcrTpo(j>rj8ov, and what instances [of it have been 
discovered ?] 

6. What is the digamraa? why so called [? and what examples 
do you know of its] application in Latin from the Greek 1 

[The paper contained jive other questions ivhich are torn in the 

copy'.] 

1 There is no n° 7. owing to a typo- by the] Grammarians ? 

graphical error, the rest so far as I can 9. What is Marklaud's doctrine of 

coujectui'e ran as follows : the [ 

'8. What is the smallest number of ] from the Latin? 

the [ acknowledged 10. What is the use of particles in 



3.50 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 



The May Examination. 

The 'May' examination in lecture-subjects was introduced at 
Trinity under JDr Postletlnvaite in 1790, that for the junior-sophs 
was in the main mathematical ; until 1818 senior-so]ihs were not 
examined. Prof. Pryme gives the following instances of the minute 
questions set in 1800. 

* Give the names of the four Roman Legions that were stationed 
in Britain when Agricola was governor.' 

And two or three years later, — 

' What was the year, month and day of the birth of Cicero V 

Until 1809 only about one-half of the names were classed, those 
in the first class receiving prize books which were pi-esented between 
the courses of the Commemoration dinner, while the band in the 
gallery played See the Gonqueri7ig Hero comes and Rule Britannia 
(the only tunes beside God save the King which they knew) alter- 
nately. 

In 1809 professor Pryme with good effect increased the number 
of classes from four to eight, with a ninth below the line ; and ever 
since 1813 that system has become established'. 

The following was an early college examination-paper. 

FRESHMEN. 

Trinity College Cambridge, 1799. 

{Set hy T. Yoimg, M.A. 1797, \'2th wrangler 1791, afterwards tutor.) 

Demosthenes Be Corona. 

1. What was the origin and ground of the accusation 1 Date 
the accusation and trial by Olympiads, and by years before Christ. 
Give the outlines of the cause ; state its merits ; and mention the 
event of the trial. 

2. Cicero says, " Hanc mulctam Aeschines a Ctesiphonte petiit 
quadriennio ante Philippi Macedonis mortem." Can this be right 1 

3. Give a sketch of the lives of Aeschines and Demosthenes ; 
and compare their merits as statesmen and Orators. 

4. Give some account of the causes and jn-ogress of Philip's suc- 
cess, from his coming to the throne of Macedon to his death. 

5. What was the extent of Alexander's power and influence in 
Greece and Asia at the time of this oration 1 

6. What was the state of Thebes at the same time 1 And how, 
and by whom, was it brought into that state? 

all lan[guages ? and what are your own cellence [of the writings of Virgil, and 

opinions] on the subject? which of the] imperfections of Lu- 
ll. What is the best manner of cretins did he avoid ? 

rendering [ and what - Cp. Monk's Bentley, ii. 424. 

is the rule] for applying Hie et Ille? Pryme's Autohiog. Recoil, pp. 52, 53, 

12. What is the distinguishing ex- 90, 91. 



APPENDIX V. TEIN. COLLEGE EXAMINATIONS. 351 

7. Give the Geography aiul history of Cirrha, and the Cirrhaean 
])lain. 

8. What was the relative situation of the following 2;)laces — 
Thermopylae, Delphi, Amphissa, Elatea, Thebes, Athens, Eleusis, 
Cheroueal And what the distances of Eleusis and Elatea from 
Thebes 1 

9. Demosthenes says, Kat /xcra ravra evOv; 8wa/xtv o-uXXe^as, xat 
Zuape\6<j>v (OS 67ri tt^v Kippaiav, cppo)cr6ai (f)paaa<; ■nroA.Aa Kat Kippaiots Kat 
AoKpois, Tr)v EXaretav KaTaXafxfSavet. Does this imply that Philip 
entirely neglected the punishment of the Amphisseans ? 

10. Explain the following terms, from the Athenian antiquities : 
Ap^ovres. Ap^j^ovros. Mi'jycrtf^tAou. ^vyKXrjrov cKKXT/crtas. JlpuTavets. 
%vpLp.opLaL. 'Ot TptttKOcrtot. 

11. Describe the constitution of the Athenian democracy, as 
settled by Solon ; and state the proportion wliich those who enjoyed 
the benefits of it bore to the whole population of Attica. 

12. Give an account of the origin, constitution, and political use 
of the Amphictyonic council. 

13. Demosthenes says — Ovre yap rjv OTpco-yStia ttrpos ovSei'a a-jre- 
(TTaXixevrj tote twv 'EWrjvwv. Aeschines, speaking of the same time, 
says — Xlpefr/Jetag, as rjre €K7rc7rojU,^oT€s Kar' eKecvov tov Kaipov €ts rrjv 
'EAXaSa, How is this to be accounted for? 

14. What is the strongest reason for thinking that in the decree 
of the Byzantines, we ought to read Ev ra dXia, instead of Ei'reaA.ta ; 
and Kracrtv yas Kat olklolv, -urpoeSpiau €V rots aywcri, znoOoSov wotl rav 
(SoyXav Kat tov Sajxov, tuparots fJ-era ra tepa, instead of KTactv y<2s, Kat 
otKetav -nrpoeSpiav cv rots aywcrt ■utotl rav SoXov, ZuOTL rav /JajXcDV Kat tov 
Sa/xov, zaapa TOts OTcpt Ta tepa 1 

15. Of what materials was the crown composed 1 



APPENDIX VI. 

ANNUAL COLLEGE EXAMINATIONS AT S. JOHN'S, 
CAMBRIDGE, 1765-75. 



D"" William Samuel Powell, B.A. 1738, was elected master of 
S. John's College Cambridge in 1765. ' In the very first year of Lis 
mastership he applied himself to the establishment of those college 
examinations which before his time were unknown in our university, 
and which form so excellent a test of proficiency in the various 
subjects of lectures. The examination lists still preserved in S. 
John's, which were all drawn up with great care and consideration 
by D"" Powell himself, as long as he presided over the college [till 
1775], bear strong testimony to the acute discrimination, the strict 
impartiality and the resolute industry with which he conducted and 
perfected this his favoui-ite scheme.' By prizes and punishments he 
overcame the opposition which the young men at first presented. 

' He allowed the studeuts of no year to pass without examination 
in one of the Gospels, or the Acts of the Apostles ; no talents or 
acquirements being permitted to compensate for the neglect of this.' 

The entity in the S. John's coll. conclusion-book is as follows. 

5**" July, 1765. ' Agi'eed that the examiners annually chosen 
shall by themselves or their sufficient deputies examine the under- 
graduates, both fellow-commonei-s and others publickly in the hall 
twice a year, the time and subjects to be determined by the master.' 

In 1772, John Jebb of Peterhouse, being concenied to think that 
so many young men spent the early part of their course (and fellow- 
commoners the whole of it) idly or viciously in default of any intel- 
lectual interest, drew up a scheme to the following effect : — 

That there should be an annual examination to engage every 
student every year (no exemption being made in favour of Kingsmen, 
noblemen or fellow-commoners') to be conducted by six or seven 

^ At Cambridge in 1675 exercises For the mnversity, Ei. Watsou 

were required of fellow-commoners in (Trin.) when he was moderator bad 

some of the colleges, but not in others. advocated the examination of noblc- 

(Dyer Privil. Camb. i. 368. ) men and fellow-commoners, and the 



APPENDIX Vr. POWELL AND JEPB. 353 

examiners (chosen according to the proctorial cycle) before the di- 
vision of the May term. It should comprise the law of nature and 
of nations, chronology, set periods of history, select classics, meta- 
physics, limited portions of mathematics and natural philosophy, 
moral philosophy, and metaphysics. In their last examination 
before the tripos all should shew a knowledge of the four Gospels 
in Greek, and of Grotius de Veritate. Candidates for holy Orders to 
have special lectures after their first degi-ee in arts. About one 
third of the men might have honours, and prize-books should be 
given stamped with the university arms. The examination to occupy 
three days; from 9 a.m. to 12, and from 3 to 6 p.m. Any candidate 
when not actually under scrutiny of the examinei'S might be sum- 
moned to the library or to some part of the senate-house by any 
regent or non-regent for private examination. 

Jebb's scheme met with much opposition from Farmer and other 
Emmanuel men, Whisson the librarian and prof. Hallifax, but espe- 
cially from D"" Powell and other Johnians, who were jealous for their 
own college examination', which did much to recommend their society 
to the public. Accordingly in 1774, Jebb modified it in certain 
technicalities, changing also the time fi'om May to November, re- 
ducing the subjects to latin and greek classics, elements of geometry 
and algebra, and (if I rightly comprehend it) proposing not to ex- 
amine the students of all years, but only to give one previous exami- 
nation before the degree, except for noblemen and fellow-commoners 
who should have a second one in Locke, natural philosophy, and 
modern history". 

D' Powell died in 1775, but Jebb by renouncing his Orders in 
that year had not improved the prospects of his scheme. In 1773 
he had seen a syndicate appointed without opposition, but in 1774 
his propositions having passed- the caput were thrown out by one 

institution of a general annual exami- desideratum at Cambridge. This, 

nation, in 1766 and earlier years. which was Dr W. S. Powell's panacea, 

Autobiog. Aiieccl. i. 47. was made tlie argument against Jebb's 

Thomas Jones (see p. 123), who had project for a yearly compulsory uni- 
been an undergraduate of S. John's but versity examination. See Mayor's 
took his degree (1779, senior wrangler, Hist, of St John's, pp. 1066 — 1068. 
being private tutor to the 2nd) from ' One Master in Cambridge ' (con- 
Trinity, where he became senior tutor, tinues the MS. , referring to Dr Powell, 
having a larger ' side ' than any of his Master of S.John's 1765 — 1775,)'intro- 
predecessors, was moderator in 1786, 7, duced such Examinations in his own 
and introduced a grace by which fel- College some years ago, soon after his 
low-commoners were subjected to the Election to the Mastership there : the 
same academical exercises as other Master assigns the books and subject 
undergraduates. Memoir hy Herbert for the Examination a sufficient time 
Marsh, Aikin's Athenaeum, 1808, xin. beforehand, appoints proper Exami- 
261, cf. ibid. 539. ners iu the several branches. ...The 

1 A writer in the P. S. to a Letter Master has allways [sic] made it a 

in the Gentleman's Magazine, April 14, Rule to be Present himself at these 

1774 (copied in Bodl. Goitgh Cambr. College Examinations.' 

67) speaks of 'Open Examinations in "^ J. Jebb's Works, i, { = Memoir) 

private Colleges at which all the 45—51, 59—82, 88—91, 110—118. n. 

Scholars must and all the Fellows 255—390. in. 268—282. Cooper's 

may be present ' as supplying the Annals, iv. 367, 369, 371, 382. 

w. 23 



354 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

vote in the non-regent hoiTse. But all his efforts, and his clever 
wife's, were of no avail ; his own vote was declared forfeited by- 
statute in Feb. 1776, and he retired from Cambridge. 

In 1821 D"' Wordsworth's scheme for an examination in Classics 
and Theology was rejected in the non-regent house, but in May 
1822 he and others procured' the establishment of the Classical tripos, 
and Homer and Virgil for the ' Poll,' and two months earlier the 
Grace for the Previous Examination was passed ^ 

Account of Annual Examinations 

in S. John's at the time of Jebb's movement 

1773—5. 

From a ms. paper in the Bodleian^. 

'Dec. 1773. 

' The subjects for the Examination in June 1774 will be 

For ^Plain and Physical Astronomy 
the -< Butler's Analogy 
Sophs. (3" 10''' and 13"^ Satyres of Juvenal. 

J . ^Mechanics 

Q , •< P' voL of Locke 

bopns (ci^3g^.Q.g 2"^ Philippic. 

{Algebra 
Logic 
Demosthenes rrepi o-re^avou. 

* For all years the last 14 Chapters of St Matthew.' 

[Then commences on the same page an official report of the 
result of the examination, written in a fair clei'kly hand ; but dated 
' June 1774 ' by the writer of the list of subjects.] 

* 0/ the third year'^ Sheepshanks, Hall, Mr Burrell and "Wright 
2dows j-gjg^ £qj, secundus] have the prisies. Phillips, Hai-t and Caulet 
are the next. These seven distinguished themselves as having 
studied Physical Astronomy and even also are superior to the rest 
in all the subjects. But Wilkinson was very near them in plain 
Astronomy and Butler : Tighe, Willis, and Bateman did well and 
Thornhill also in the Classic' 

[We have omitted to transcribe the report *of the 2"'' year' and 

1 Whewell, Of a Liberal Education, 
§ 218; Sermons (1847) p, 381. 

* Baker's Hist, of S. John's, Mayor, 
1055, 1071. 

3 Gough Cavib. 67. the contents of 
which volume relate mainly to Jebb's 
Examination Schemes. 

* The Johuiaus who went out in the * fellows. 



tripos of 1775 were 


as follows ; — 




Wranglers. 


Sen. optt. 




*Coulthm-st 2"'» 


Wilkinson 


4th 


* Sheepshanks i"" 


Phillips 


gth 


Hart 8"' 






* Heberden 9"> 


Jim. opt. 




Hall lO'h 


* Tighe 


gth 



APPENDIX VI. S. JOHN'S COLL. EXAMINATIONS. 355 

'of those who were now examined for the first time,' but tlie 
following extracts may be profitable] 'Collins would have been 
thought before some of the others. But though it was verily ill 
health Avhich prevented him from being examined at Christmas he 

could not be considered in the distribution of the prizes Burton... 

should not have neglected the Greek Testament. Mr Townshend 
was thought to be the best in Cicero but he had not studied the 
other pai-ts. Of those examined for the first time " No one ajipeared 
to deserve a prize for the ms." [? = Mathematicks']. 

' Pyke obtained a prize and one of the best exhibitions by his con- 
stant attendance at Chapel Cooke, Collins, Boston and Smith sen'., 
who were next to him in regularity, have also exhibitions on this 
account. 

' The behaviour of the Fellow Commoners ^ in this point has been 
observed, as notice was given last year that it would be, 

* Among them Lord Midleton and Lord Powis whilst they stayed 
here were exemplary. Mr Broderick also has deserved much praise, 
and some who have been but a short time have given reason to 
expect from them like behaviour. 

* There is no other part of their conduct by which they can merit 
greater honour or shame.' 

[Then in the original hand follow : — ] 

'Subjects of the next examination Dec. 1774. 

* Hydrostatics and optics 
2"^^ Vol of Locke 
Antigone of Sophocles 
6 first books of Euclid 
Hutchinsons Moral Philoso})hy 
21 Book of Livy 

Stanyans Grecian history except ye P' Bk. of ye P' vol. 
Horace's Art of Poetry 

For all the years S* Marks Gospel,' 

[There is subsequently a .short report of the examination in the 
above subjects.] 

'Of the So2)hs ... 

' Mr Kinnersley would have received more praise, had it not been 
remembered how mvich better he appeared last year. 

* Mr Townshend by his translation of Sophocles showed his abilities 

1 An algebraical proLlem attributed moners also sometimes receive instrnc- 

to Dr Powell commencing ' A silver- tiou in the chamber of the public tutor, 

smith received in payment for a certain but are never called upon by the uni- 

weigbt of wrouglit plate' is inserted in versrhj to give any public proof of their 

Bland. See preface to W. Eotherham's proficiency in learning.' For the re- 

S. John's Coll. Papers, 1794 — 18o2 form introduced in this matter ten 

and p. 256 supra. years later see above p. 88, and com- 

* At tills period (says Jebb, Wor'ks, pare pp. 14, 15. 
III. I.e.) 'the noblemen and fellow-com- 

23—2 



856 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

to be of the firstrate, ami tliou left everyone to lament tliat lie had 
not applied them to any other subject. 

' Lord powis appeared very well in Sophocles. 

Of the Second year. 
' Seven excelled in every part, they were Portal, Mr Broderick, 
Hughes jT, Mr Yilliers, Mr Otley, Pigott, Smith sen''. 

The third year 
is only distinguished into classes ... 

'The subjects of the examination in June 1775 will be 



^ ,, ( Plain and Physical Astronomv. 

i^or the 1 T> xi 5 A / 

iJutler s Analogy. 

The two first books of Lucretius. 



Sophs, 
For the 



i Mechanics. 

T r <^ 1 ^ ^^^^ ^^^^ volume of Locke. 

P ' ( The Phoenissae of Euripides. 



For the 
Freshmen. 



Algebra. 

Logic. 

Mounteney's Demosthenes. 

For all the year's St Lukes Gospel ' ', 



I have selected the following specimen from half a dozen ms. 
EXAMINATION PAPERS iu Caius Coll. Library [731 7'ed], probably of 
the end of last century. 

I cannot say with any certainty whether the said papers were 
produced or used originally in the College of Viuce and Gooch. 
There is in the Gonville and Caius College Library a collection of 
latin exercises, epitaphic verses ikc. by Emmanuel men and others ; 
also notes of Chemistry lectures by a student of Trinity, as well as 
the miscellaneous reliques of the Schools, of which specimens are given 
below in our eighth Appendix. 

^ On the same page and in the same usual time & his grace will not then be 
hand, but dated 1769 Dec"^'". ' It was allowd unless he comes to the 3 uext 
hoped y' y'' Instruction given last year examinations with the year below him 
to such of the present Sophs as then & behaves himself better y" he has 
appeared very much unprepared wd. yet done. W. C. A. and M. must be 
have been sufficient to have mad em examin'd in private about Ladyday, 
more diligent. But as it seems to that it may then be determind whether 
have had no Influence some fui'ther they can or cannot be aUowd to pro- 
trial must be made to do em good. ceed to their degree. I. must be ex- 

J for a total neglect of his studies amin'd hereafter with his own year 

& for an obstinate refusal to be ex- & y'= same is thought proper for P 

amined is Suspended from taking a tho he is not so deficient as the others 

degree till y end of May term after the here named.' 



APPENDIX VI. EXAMINATION PAPER, C. 1790. 357 

(1) To find the area of a Parabola generated by a line revolving 
about the focus. 

(2) SupiDose that within the Earth's Surface the force of Gravity- 
varied inversely as the Cube of the distance, to find the absolute time 
in which a Body would descend thro' the Space S. 

(3) To find the time of oscillation in an Epicycloid. 

(4) To find the force by which the oscillations of a Pendulum 
would become isochronal in any Curve. 

(5) To find the attractiol^ to a Sphere, the attraction of each 
particle varying inv^ as Dist. 

(6) Prove that Within a Spheroid the attraction vaiies in the 
same right line as the distance from the Center. 

(7) To find the Latitudinal Aberration of a ray incident 
parallel to the axis of a Spherical Refiector. 

(8) Find the effect of the Precession of the Equinoxis upon the 
right Ascension and Declination of a given star. 

(9) Prove that the altitude is the Log. of the Rarity, the 
Modulus being the Height of an homogeneous Atmosphere. 



APPENDIX VII. 

ANTIQUITIES OF THE TRIPOS-LISTS AND 
CALENDARS. 

PEGCTORS' SENIOR OPTIMES. HONORARY AND AEGROTAT DE- 
GREES, 1750—97. JUNIOR PROCTOR'S MEMORANDUM, 1752. 
SOME NOTES ON THE OLD UNIVERSITY CALENDARS, 1796, &c. 



HONORARY AND AEGROTAT DEGREES. 

As the jiroctors^ optimes (or degrees granted without examination, 
by the prerogative of the vice-chancellor, proctors and moderators) 
and aegrotat degi'ees ai'e (\vith very few excejitions) omitted from the 
lists as they are printed in the Cambridge University Calendar, it 
may be as well to publish the following list of them extracted from 
the records in the Registrary's office. The dagger represents a mys- 
terious mark in the subscription-book. I have added the asterisk for 
those who obtained fellowships, and the /* for medallists. 

This column shews in what colleges 
the imtronage for the year was 
vested. 



1750-51. *Adam Wall, Chr. 
*G, Hedges, Pet. 
*E. Delaval, Pernbr. 
t*H. Pelham, Corpus. 

1753. Is. M. Rebow, Tri7i. 
W. Amos, Jes. 

*G. Robinson, Trin. 

W. Chafin, Emm.'^ 

1754. C. Hope, Joh. 
t/^*S. Halhfax, J"cs.» 

*Fleetwood Chinchill, Clare. 

■\i^'*R. Emsall* Joh. 

1 These four names are printed in 
the Ca7('«darbetween the senior-^vl'ang- 
ler's name and Cardale's (Pembr.). In 
the Grace Book K. , they sign their 
names even before the senior-wrangler 
Hewthwaite. 

Adam Wall wrote University Cere- 
monies, 1798. 



Y.C., Pet.; Proctors & 
1 Moderators, Pemb. & Chr. 



\l 



n 



Jes.; Jes., and Trin. 
Kimfs and Matjd. 



Jes. ; Clare and Joh. 



fH. Pelham was fellow of Peterhouse. 

E. Delaval, see p. 15. 

" Chafin (see pp.29, 363) is put at 
the head of the senior optimes ; the 
other three stand above the 2'"' wrang- 
ler. Chafin's was practically an ae- 
grotat degree. 

3 Hall if ax, fellow also of Trin. H., 



APPENDIX VII. HONORARY OPTIMES. 



359 



1755. m*East Apthorpe^ Jes 

1756. Obad. Laue -, Emm 

1757. Walter Rawlinson, Triiu 
J. Rouse, Kiiufs 
Humfrey Primatt', Clare 



1758. J. Hepwortb, Corpus 
*G. Leycester, Trin. 

Ri. Harvey, Corpus. 

1759. W. Stevenson, Joh. 
*S. Berdmore, Jes. 
*Nic. Brown, Chr. 

IJ.*J. Hawes, Jes. 

1760. *S. Reeve-4, Caius 

F. Dods worth, Chr. 

1761. E. Bourchier, Chr. 
t*J. Wycherlys, Qu. 

J. Castell, ) ^ . 
E. Heaton, ( ^'^"'*- 

1762. Jos. Locke, Qu. 
T. Wagstaff, Chr. 

*J, Twells, Em7n. 
*W. Strong, Trm. 

1763. G. Scnrfield, Joh. 
Booth Hewitt, Jes. 

*Hopkins Fox, Trin. 
Ro. Lewis, Jes. 

1764. C. Pigott Pritchett, 
W. Colchester, 

:f-^E^ll I Clare 
*J. Freeman ) 

1765. Matthias D'oyly, Corpus 
*J. V. Bruttou, Sid. 

J. Wright, Chr. 

Julius Hutchinson, Sid. (Bar*. 

1766. T. Craster, Joh. 

C. Foot, Joh. ? Emm. 
Ro. Tilyard, Cains 
t*Ri. Halke^, Corpus 

1767. W. Johnson, Caius 
J. Beverly 7, Chr. 

1768. *Edm. Smith^, Magd. 

J. Lingard, Cath. 
J. Burrows, Trin, 

1769. H. Byne, Jo7i. 
*Bert. Russel, Trin. 

Ro. Outlaw, Qu. 

G. Metcalf, Trin. 



Joh. 



Chr.; Qu. and Sid. 
Pet. ; Caius and Emm. 

Kingh ; Cath. and King's. 
(the 'conduct' nominated by 
King's as moderator, was 
rejected. 

Corpus; Pet. and Tri7i. 



Jes.; Chr. and Joh. 
Caius; Corpus, and Pcmb. 
Magd.; Queens' and CZar^. 



Queens' ; King's and Magd. ; 
Pet. and Magd. 



Clare; Jes. and Trin.; 
Pet. and 2'rm. 



professor of arabic & of law, Bp. of 
Gloster and S. Asaph; — his name is 
printed in the Calendar, perhaps be- 
cause be was a medallist. Yet cp. 1755, 
1759. 

* \Elmsall stands at the head of 
the senior optimes : be was fellow 
of Emmanuel. 

1 E. Apthorp advocated S. P. G. in 
print 1765 ; wrote Discourses on Pro- 
phecy, 2 vols. 1786, and Sermons. 

^ Lane comes after the 3''' wrangler. 



Sid.; Pet. and Joh. 



Corpus; Chr. and Sid. 
Trin. and Sid. 



Joh. ; Caius and Emm. ; 
Caius and Sid. 

Caius; Pet. and Trin. 

Trin. Hall; Cath. and Trin. 
Pet. and Trin. 

Trin. ; Queens' and Joh. ; 
Pet. and Joh. 



3 H. Primatt wi'ote Mercy to Ani- 
mals, 1766. 

* Sam. Reeve (suicide at Commence- 
ment, 1789, when senior proctor.) — 
His name follows the senior's, and 
Dodworth's comes after the 2nd wrang- 
ler's. 

5 fj. Wycherley, fellow of Sid. 

6 *Ri. Halke, fellow of Clare. 

7 /. Beverley, the notorious esquire 
bedell 1770—1826. 

8 Edm. Smith, D.C.L. 0.von. 



3G0 

1770. 
1771. 
1772. 
1773. 

1774. 
1775. 

1776. 

1777. 

1778. 

i77y. 



1780. 
1781. 



UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 



T)i7i. 



*G. Watsoui, Trin. 
C. E. de Coetlogon, Pcmhr. 
J. Peuneck^, Trin. 

"J. Stauhawe Watts, Caiu.^. 
m. Wish, Trin. 
(t. Cuthbert, Chr. 

H. WiUiams, Trin. 
G. Bryant, Corpus. 
Nic. Lechmere Grimwood, Joh. 

G. Whitcher, Pcmhr. 
J. Pettiward, ) 

H. [Boultou] Crabb, ) 
W. Avarne, Emm. 

*J. Mirehouse, Clare. 
*T. J. Mathias^, Trin. 

W. Hickin, Magd. 

W. Dickinson, Trin. 

Egerton Leigh, Sid. 
*E. Balme, Magd. 

G. Isted, Trin. 
*H. W. Majendie^ C/ir. 

Ei. Eelhan5, Trin. 

t*Nic. Simons^, Chr. 

*W. Grigsou, Caiits 

S. EdmnndsonHoijkinson, Clare 

J. Forster, Tri?;. 
*ffoliott-Herbert CornewalF, Joh. 

Ja. Culliim, Chr. 

Jos. Lodiugtou, .S'irf. 
*J. Prettymau^ Penihr. 
*T. Crick, Cains. 

3. Eaper, j 

W. England 9, ( 

J. NeweU Puddicombe^", Peinh. 
*T. Horncastle Marshall, Clare 

Hor. Hammond, Corpus. 

J. Beevor, C/(r. 

Ei. Eaton, ) y i 

C. Curtt'is, \ 



Joh. 



*Walt. Whiter, Clare, aegr. 
Bethel/ Eobiuson, Clir. 
J. Greame, Trin. 
?E. Jacobs Pembr. 
J. Lomax, Cath. 



Emm. ; C7w. and Pet. ; 
Trin. and Chr. 

King's; Clare and King's; 
Clare and Jo/;, 



Pemh.; Corpus and Jo/i. ; 
2VJ?e. and Corpus. 



King's; Magd. and t/o/t.,- 
Corpus and t/o/t. 

Jesus; Pcmhr. andJcs.; Joh. 
and C/tr. 

Magd.; Queens' and <Sui.; 
Si(L and Jo/i. 



Emm.; Emm. and King's; 
Emm. and Magd. 



Joh.; Trin. and Cuius. 



Queens'; Pet. and 
t/o/(.; c/t's. and Jo/t. 



Corpus; Chr. and 
C'/art' ,■ C'/ir. and Jes. 



Cath. ; King's and Corpus 
Chr.; Pemh. and 3'/'(H, 



1 G. )r«fso«, D.D., master of Don- 
caster. 

■^ J. Penneck migrated to Peter- 
house. 

3 T. J. Mathias, author of Pursuits 
of Literature, 1794 — 7, &c. &c., edited 
Gray's works. 

* II. ir.ilioJeHrfiV, Bji. of Chester and 
Bangor. 

5 Ei. Eclhan, F.B.S., F.L.S., wrote 
Flora Cantuhrigiensis, 1785. 



<< I Nic, Simons was als& fellow of 
Clare. 

<■ .//-/f. Corneicall, Bp. of Bristol, 
Hereford, and Worcester. 

8 J. Pretyman, archd. of Lincoln, 
brother of Bp. G. Pretyman-Tomline. 

» W. England, D.D. author. 

1° J. A^. Puddicombe, fellow of Dul- 
wich Coll. author of Albion Tnumph- 
(int, 1781, and a Poem to the opponents 
of the Slave Trade. 1788. 



APPENDIX VII. HONOKAIIY AND AEGROTAT DEGREES. 30 1 



1782. 



1783. 



1784. 
1785. 



1786. 



1787. 



1788. 



1789. 



1790. 



J. Chestney, Pet. aegrot. "\ 
F. W. BlomLergi, Jo/t. 

Owen Jones, Jcs. > Jes. ; Jolt,, and Jes. 

T. RoLiusou", Joh. I 

t*A. Owen 3, Ghr. ) 

*Matt. Wilson, Trin. ' aegrot. in 1™'' classe 
Walthall Gretton, Trin. aegrot. in 2''^ classe 



Joh. 



Hugh Owen, 

Ja. Salt, 

Johnson Towers, Queens' 
*J. Haggitt, Clare 

T. Ewbank, Cath. 
*Jos, Twigger, Cath. 

T. Harrison, Trin. aegrot. in I™'' classe. 

S. Heyrick [Hill] Trin. aegi'ot. in 3'* classe. 

Baistist J. Proby, Trin. 

Barry Robertson, Joh. 

G. WoUaston, Clare 

Roger [Frestou] Howman, Peinbr 

Ja. Losh, Trin. aegi'ot. in 2'''' classe 

Ro. Bradstreet'*, Joh. 

Chr. Wilson, Sid. 

T. Whitaker. Emm. 

Ja. Reeve, Joh. 

J. Longe, Trin. 

T. Wallace, Corpus 

J. Vachell, Pemhr. 
*Wilfrid Clark*', Pet. 

J. As/ipiushaw^, Emm. 

Lane. Pepys Stephens, Pembr. 

J. Hughes, Qu. 

J. Milnes, Jes. 

't.K;."?';.. !-er«t.iu2-.ctase. 

P. [W.] JoUiffe, Joh. 

C. Hayward, Caius. 

J. Crawford, Joh. 

J. Bennetf, Clare 
'W. Pugh, Trin. aegrot. in 1"' 

J. Rideout, Jes. 

Nath. Stackhouse, ^ j , 

Alex. J. Scott 7, ['^''"^ 

Ro. Bransby Francis, Corpns 
*T. Butler, I'rin., aegrot. in 1°>^ classe. 



Quaestiouistarum cen- 
sebantur a Modera- 
toribus. ' 



classe". 



Jes. ; Queens' and Magd. 

Clare; Cath. and Pt'(.; Bid. 
and Trin. 



Magd. ; King's and Sid. 
Queens' and Sid. 



Penibr. ; Trin. and Emm. ; 
Trin. and Magd. 



Sid. ; Chr. and Joh. , 
Trin, and Joh. 



Emm.; Pembr. and Clare; 
Joh. and Trin. Hall. 



Pet.; Caius and Corpus ; Trin. 
and Trin. Hall. 



Jes.; King's and Qn.; 
Trin. and Qn. 



J F. IF. Blomberg was D.D. 

- T. Robinson, author of Sketches 
in Verse 1796, religious treatises, &c. 

3 ^A. Owen was fellow of £7)1- 
manuel. 

* Ro. Bradstreet, author of The 
Sabine Farm, a Poem, 1810. 

5 J. Ashpinshaw was LL.D. 

6 'I heard him keep his Act, in 
which he displayed extraordinary 
learning, but no great knowledge of 
the subjects under discussion ; hence 
he considered tliat Hailstone had con- 
ferred on hiin <i very ai>pi'<>i'riato 
honour when, after complimenting 



him on the composition of his The- 
sis he added, " Erudite disputasti." 
Pugh's name did not appear on the 
Tripos, probably on account of ill 
health; but he was elected Fellow..., 
and it was understood he had pass- 
ed a remarkably good examination. 
^Vhen he took his B.D. degree [? 1799] 
he read a very learned and eccentric 
Thesis, which was enthely written on 
the covers of letters.' Reininisc. 11. 
ch. ii. by H. Gunning, who gives other 
anecdotes of Pugli. 

" .1, ./. Scott was D.D. per xcu. litt. 
18(16. 



362 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

1791. *W. Gray, Pet. ) 

Eo. Haukinson, Trin. > aegrot. in 1™" classe. 

T. Wingfield, Joh. ) 

T. Caiiston, Joh. \ 

W. Heath Marshy Corpus I t i rr ■ ^ t 

T.Be^^'icke, Jes. \ Joh.; Trm. and Jes. 

*Jos. Gill, Joh. / 

1792. W. Townley, Trin. \ 

H. J. WoUaston^, SiU f Trin.; Pet. n,nA Joh.; 

Ja. Drake, Joh. C Sid. and Joh. 

Warre Squire Bradley, Joii. ) 

J. Taylor, Trin. aegrotat. 

1793. *J. Hepworth, Cuius, aegi'ot. iu l"" classe. 

1794. Hi. Ashworth, Emm. ) , . ,,,, , 
Legh Eichmond3, Trin. \ ^^S^°^- ^^ ^ '^^^s^^- 

1797. Dewhurst Bilstorrow^, T/'iK. {Caius; Clare tind Emm.; 

Pet. and Joh.) 
*W. Webb, Clare, aegrot. in 1""* quaestionistarum classe. 

At this point tlie record of honorary "and aegrotat degrees breaks 
off. Of the former the ITidversit)/ Calendar of 1804 (p. 141) testifies 
that the custom of conferring them had of late years been abandoned. 
Of aegrotat degrees no record was kept subsequently until Mr 
Luard became registi'ary, and they are not printed in the Calendar 
with the exception of the name of R. Ivalley Miller of Peterhouse 
(1867) who was first Smith's prizeman. They now appear however 
on the back of the tripos-verses as of old, though that custom was 
discontinued after 1797 for many years. 

It will be observed that among the early medallists three 
members of Jesus College had been somewhat questionably qualified 
for competition by an honorary degree. The name of S. Hallifax 
(1754) is even printed in the Calendar as if he had been third 
wrangler, while East Apthoq^e (17^5) and J. Hawes (1759) are not 
so immortalized. 

In the years 1757, '58, '61, '62, '64, 1766—8, 1770—72, '76 the 
names of the ' gratuitous honorati ' stand immediately after the 
senior wrangler's. In a few years (1754, '59, '63, '65, '69) they are 
even put before him ! In 1773 — 5 and 1777 — 82 they stand at the 
head of the senior optimes. In 1783 they are degraded to the head 
of the junior optimes, and after 1797 they disappear. It will be 
seen that a smaller proportion of the gratuitous honorati had gained 
fellowships latterly. 

The fii-st aegrotat degree was registered in 1778. Others, as will 
be seen, were granted in 1781, 1782, 1783 (the class, see p. 45, being 
recorded for the first time and the names placed above the senior 
optimes, while those of the * proctors' optimes ' were put down to 
head the junior optimes), 1785, 1786, 1788 — 94, 1797. From that 
date the record is not kept until we come to the tripos papers 
of the present century. 

I W. H. Marsh translated the Abstinence of Anue Moore, 1813, Ser' 

Satires of Juvenal into English Verse, mons, &c. 

1804. 4 I). Bilshorrow mentioned in Dr 

- H. J. Wollaston, King's Chaplain. Wordsworth's Diary, ap. Univ. Life, 

■* Let)h PichiHond wrote Siij^po.tcd 588, 589. 



APPENDIX VII. JUNIOR PROCTOR'S MEMORANDUM. 3G3 

Many original lists of the old ' classes ' have been preserved by 
the late Dr Webb of Clare Hall in the first of his large albums or, 
more strictly speaking, blue-books, which are now in the University 
library. 

The following document is perhstps a unique Junior Proctor's 
paper (1752). 



R 



D' Postlethwaite 



Disuey 

Preston 

Smith 

Craven 

Pilgrim 

Comirton 

Senbouse 

Hadley 

Bell 

Pemberton 

Green 



Trin. Coll. 



St John's Coll. 

Cains Coll. 
Xt. Coll. 
Queens' Coll. 
Mag:CoU. 

Peter House 



Rebow 

Robinson 

Brown 

Faber 

Marishall 

Nairn 

Newman 

Denne 

Fisher 

Walker 

Chevallier 

Amos 

Hooke 

Chaffin 



Trin. Coll. 



S'. John's Coll. 

Caius Coll. 

C. C. C. 

Queens' Coll. 
Magcl. CoU. 
Jesus Coll. 
Cat Hall 
Eman, Coll. 



Moxon 
iMawer 
Burkley 
Knapp 



Trin Coll. 



Coll. Regal. 



Ewin 

Thestlethwaite 
|.Le Hunt 

Edwards 

Harper 
j Bullock 
\ Symonds 

Barker 

Mason 

Boys 

Hough 

Goldwire 
I Locke 

JoUaud 

Fletcher 
jCamm 
i Downes 

Barnwell 

Shuckford 

Ransome 

Home 
■1 Parslow 

Green 

Newman 
j Butler 

Weeler 

Sanderson 

Sanderson J"". 

Haynes 

Bulkley 
; Walter 

Langton 
{ Halford 

Waugh 

Cockshutt 

Kempton 
j Marsh 
j Atcherley 
■I- Gwynne 
j Bennett 

Malyn 

Richardson 
I Gee 

Bowles 

Milbomne 

Mansell 
j Rider 



S'. Juo. Coll. 



>■ Caius Coll. 



)■ C. C. c. 



Clare HaU. 



X'. CoU. 

Queens'. 
Magd. Coll. 
Jesus Coll. 

Peter House. 

Pem: Hall. 
Eman: Coll. 



M: Meredith ProC". Jun"".' 



The above w.as preserved in the Univei'sity Registry by Mr 
Romilly, who says in a note ' I have no idea of the meaning of this.' 



304 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

I think las attention must have been distracted by some of the 
frequent intemiptions to which his office is subject, or he would 
speedily have conjectured that ' R ' stands for respondents, ' O ' for 
op2)onents. I suppose it was a memorandum taken from the reports 
supplied by college-tutors (see above y>- ^^) foi' ^1^6 guidance of the 
moderators in pitting opponents against respondents for the acts. 

All the names above the lower line in the left-hand column, 
twenty-six in number {cf. j). 48), after some shuffling in order, wei'e 
dignified with a place on the first tripos, in coin. 2)rior. ; all these 
respondents and four of the opponents being distinguished as the 
wranglers of the year. 

'Chaffin...Eman. Coll.' is W. Chafin whose act has been described 
(pp. 29, 30), and whose name appeared among the gratuitous honorali 
of his year (1753) though not with the first trio of them, Rebow, 
Robinson and Amos. 

The names beginning with Moxon (inclusive of those in the 
right-hand column) afterwards appeared in the poll. 

\i^\ Those to which an inverted obelisk is prefixed ai'e erased 
iti the original ms. Their owners mounted up to be junior optimcs 
(in Go7nitiis posterioribus), which Mr Romilly did not observe. 

The following, without appearing on this Junior Proctor's Paper, 
were added to the list of the ' poll.' Were they bye-term men ? 

J. Longe Magd. J. Casbonie Emman. 

J. Cradock ) r< 4^ J- Hallam ] ,. 

E.Tyrwhitt r"*"- .J. Foster s ^""'"'^ 

■• E. Sherman Clare. 



THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CALENDAR. 

Although a complete series of these Calendars is not very com- 
monly to be found, there are such collections in the University 
library and at Peterhouse and Pembroke. Dr Edlcston of Gainford 
also possesses a set. 

The fii'st issue (like a few of the subsequent ones) was the venture 
of a private member of the University. "This was in 

1796. Edited by G. Mackenzie, B. A., Trin., pp. 190. It 
commences with two pages on the Origin of the University. 

1797. By J. Beverley (esquire bedell), pp. 248. Mr Romilly 
ascribes this also to Mackenzie. 

1798. No publication. 

1799. By B. C. Raworth, Trin. Hall, assisted by Ri. Sill and 
W. Webb of Clare, pp. 161 (purposely abridged). 

1800. By a member of Trinitv Hall [B. C. Raworth], pp. 120. 

1801. B. C. Raworth, pp. 108. Dedicated to Arclid. Grettoii, 
Master of Magdalene, V. C. 



APPENDIX YII. THE CAMBRIDGE CALENDARS. 30) 

1802 (Feb. 15). B. C. Raworth, price 5s., dedication to D. of 
Gloster, pp. i — Iviii, 1 — 205, index, ■ list of college servants 
(Butlers, Cooks, Poi-ters, Chapel Clerks, Bai-l)ers, Jips, or Bed- 
Makers, favouring the derivation from yu)/'', Master of the Union 
Coffee House), List of London Coaches. This Calendar is by far 
the most entertaining, by reason of the circumstantial Introduction 
founded upon Jebb's account 1773^. Such authorities have furnished 
much information for this present compilation. 

In the 'Advertisement' prefixed to the Calendar for 1801 Raworth 
had made this queer reference to Is. Milner. Complaining that he 
' should be obliged in some instances, to withhold anj/ expression of 
gratitude ' — he continues, 

' A remark of this sort seemed necessary to account for the 
laconicism which characterises the statement at * Queen's college in 
imrticular. To obviate any charge of inattention the Editor feels 
himself bound thus publicly to declare, that application (he believes) 
was made not as hitherto, to the communicative Vice-President 
[F. Knii^e, B.D.], but to the highest authority, the President; from 
whom {considering his usual activity in University Affairs), informa- 
tion was confidently expected. A reservedness on this occasion, 
might possibly proceed from Indisposition.' 

'* A Librarian's place of 10£ per annum and several Scholarships... are con- 
sidered as amongst the number of Omissions. For the truth of these assertions 
the Editor has however no authority to state, and less inclination to make any 
comments. Such is the report ! ' 

The Calendar for 1802 in its Advertisement says: '...Through 
the polite permission of the Rev. and Right Worshipful the Vice- 
Chancellor, the several names in the Triposes have been again com- 
pared with the Subscription Book in his possession ; yet, notwith- 
standing this precautioa, the capricious manner in which some living 
Characters have therein subscribed, with regard to the spelling of 
their names, renders in some few instances, accuracy an impossi- 
bility... 

^ Four well-known Publications have been freely consulted... 

' Our Sister University having done iis the honor to adopt our 
Examinations as her model, and to publish a List (though incom- 
plete, the Bachelors being omitted) of her Graduates ; it is hoped she 
will soon exhibit as fair, candid and impai'tial a statement of her 
Colleges, Emohiments and Honors as is this year presented of the 
University of Cambridge. 

' Trinity Hall, February 
15* 1802.' 

The book was published in stiff paper boards, bluish grey, bordered 
by a running pattern of arrow-heads, with a salmon-coloured back, in 
the form shewn on our next page, only with a height (6f inches) 
which our procrustean sheet has warped. 

^ Some of the earliest Calendars ^ Works ii. 285 — 299. It appeared 

contain a note ou the words tripos and .also in Gent. Mag. See above, pp. 33, 
harrisoph. 45. 





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APPENDIX VII, THE CAMBRIDGE CALENDARS. 367 

1803. 'The Cambridge University Register... by John Beverley, 
M.A. — Cambridge : printed for and sold by the Editor and by 
J. Deighton, Cambridge : ' also Rivingtons, Lunn, and Hatchard. 
Printed by R. "Watts ; pp. i — viii, 1 — 206 ; no dedication ; date, 
May 24, Apology for late appearance. Problem papers by consent 
of the Moderators. Wall's CersTnonies makes it unnecessary to 
print so long an account of University customs as in 1802, except 
about the Schools and Senate House. 

From 1802 onwards there is a pretty full account of the pro- 
fessors. With the year 1804 the name of the publishers (Deightons) 
takes the responsibility of the production, which is dedicated to 
Pitt and the E. of Eustou ; printed at the Univ. Press, pp. 232. 
In 1801 — 25 the cut of Alma Mater Cantabrigiae and the motto 
' Hinc Lucem et Pocula Sacra ' appears on the title and boards. 
From 1826 to 1841 various views of the Senate-House take its 
place. In the earliest editions the Univ. arms are engraved on the 
last nuinbered page of the volume. Until the middle of this century 
there is nothing which can be fairly called a kalendar except a 
list of the chief terminal engagements, fairs, ttc. 

With the year 1811 advertisements of Deighton's mathematical 
publications are appended ; in 1816 their other books are enumerated 
and Life Insurance is advertised. In 1830 a catalogue of Oxford 
University Press books is given. 

1806 contains summaries of the poll for representations of the 
Univei'sity in parliament in 1780, 1784, 1790, 1806. Also of 
members of the University and of the Senate, (pp. 295.) 

1807 refers to Pitt's gait, and to his statue. This Calendar con- 
tains a meteorological journal for the year 1806, registered in the 
University library at 2 p.m. 

1812 records Pitt's installation. 

The lists of stage coaches appear in 1802 and i-egularly pi'ecede 
the index from 1805 — 41. But in 1842 'the list of coaches is 
altogether omitted, as owing to the frequent changes in the time of 
their starting, consequent on the progress of the different railroads, 
&c., its insertion would not have given information that could have 
been depended upon.' There is an advertisement of the Post OiSce 
in Sidney Street. 

1862. Political Economy lectiires fully noticed. 



APPENDIX VIIT. 

SPECIMENS OF ARGUMENTS, etc. OF THE QUESTIONISTS 

in the Schools at Cambridge. 

1772—1792. 

From tlie MSS. in 
Gonville and Caius College Library. 



THE CAMBRIDGE SCHOOLS. 

ARGUMENTS AND QUESTIONS, AND MODERATORS' NOTICES. 
1772—1792. 

When a part of the foregoing Compilation was already in the preR.s 
I learnt that there was a collection of ' Schools' Ai-gumeuts,' etc. 
preserved in the library of Gonville and Caius College. 

If this had been discovered a few weeks earlier, the Reader 
shonld have been spared the sight of the imitation which has been 
oftered above (p. 3-)). 

As through the kindness of the College officers it is now in my 
power to give the genuine article, an account of the aforesaid collec- 
tion is appended in this place with specimens of its contents. 

Bibl. Coll. Gonv. d- Cai. MS. (a thin 4to.) 
Contains, 

I. About two dozen papers of ' arguments ' or sets of syllogisms 
(some sets filling two leaves) 1772-92. 

II. Fotirteen notices on small slips of paper bearing three ques- 
tions (cp. p. 35), the 'respondent's' name and the date for which the 
* act ' is to come on. These do not bear the moderator's signature, 
being only copies to be served on one of three opponents by whose 
names they are nsuallv ' backed.' 



APPENDIX VIII. schools' ARGUMENTS. 1782. 369 

I. SPECIMENS OF ARGUMENTS', &c. 
Tlie words here printed in italics are written compendiously by 
symbols, abbreviations, or initials only in the original mss. 

* Quaestiones Sunt 

Recte statuit Newtonus in octava Sectione Libri primi. 
Methodus Fluxionum recte se habet. 

Male statuit Berkleius, Figuram istam quae Tactu et istam quae 
Oculo percipitur nullam inter se habere similitudinem. 



[Probo] Contra primam [Quaestionem]. 

Si vi variante ut J.""', F^oc P"- J.% cadit quaestio. 

Si posito indice n pari numero idem evadat valor V^, sive Psit +, 
sive — , hoc est, sive corpus a finita distantia sive a distantia plusqiiam 
infinita, ut vocatur, descendat, valent consequentia et argumentum. 

Probo aliter : — 
Si corpus pi'ojectum ad anguluni rectum velocitate acquisita 
cadendo ab infinita altitudine, vi oc -5 , circulum describat, cadit 

quaestio. 

Si in hoc casu nullum sit decrementum distantiae, valet conse- 
quentia. 

Si igitur area curvilinea eique aequalis sector circularis descriptus 
evanescat, hoc est corpus nunquam recedat a puncto projectionis, 
valent consequentia et argwmentum. 

Probo aliter: — 
Si in Spirali reciproca arcus « cc - , ideoque s oc -5 , cadit quaestio. 

Si fluxio temporis t semper x zx^, in hoc casu igitur f cc a;, valet 
co7isequentia. 

Si secundum Newtonum t -x x y. , valet consequentia. 

JABFB - ii 

Si vero JaBFD - ^ non sit constansQuantitas, vaZew^ consequentia 
et argumentum. 

1 Compare the specimen, &c. on p. succinct explanation. 

39. lu the note 2 at the foot of that ,*,.,, *i 

-, , ,1 3 L • I ^ 1- (antecedent) (consequent) 

page I fear the word minor has been jf ^ is i?, c is X>... Major Premis. 

used incorrectly. Also it would be A \s B Minor Premis. 

more correct to say that the proper .-. C is i)! Conclusion. 

meaning of consequentia being for- 
gotten it was sometimes used loosely The connexion between the Conclu- 
for consequens. In the latter days of sion and Premises is called the consc- 
the 'schools' there was considerable ^u??!tm,or in a Hypothetical Syllogism 
carelessness or ignorance of the termi- the term is also used of the connexion 
nology displayed. Professor Fowler between the Antecedent and Coni=e- 
has kindly furnished the following quent of the Major Premis. 

w. 24 



370 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Proho allter : — 
Si posito quod corpus describit semickculum ad centrum virium 

xy = - , cadit quaestio. 

sja^ - x^ 

X^ X 

Si igituT fluxio temporis t = — -^=::^ , valet consequentia. 

Si distincta hac fluxione in duas partes fiat 
X \la^ — ar a^ x 

valet consequentia. 

Si divisa etiam area VCI tempus repraesentante in duas partes, 
quorum altera est sector circularis, altera triaiigulum, fluxio sectoris 
sit aequalis parti ultimae hujus expositae fluxionis, fluxio autem 
trianguli non sit aequalis parti primae, valent consequentia et argu- 
mentum. 

Proho aliter : — 

Si aequatio ad Apsides sit hujusce formulae a;""*^ — ax^ + 6 = 0, cadit 
quaestio. 

Si posito 71 + 3 numero impari negative, et P maxima distantia 
plusquam infinita, fiat haec aequatio hujusce formulae 

x" - ex"'-' + d^0, 
valet consequentia. 

Si haec aequatio duas habeat possibiles radices affirmatiA^as, valent 
consequentia et argumentum\ 

[Probo] Contra Secundam [Quaestionem], 

Si crescente x uniformiter crescat x^ accelerato motu, cadit quaestio. 
Si totum iiicrementum of aequetur incremento genito velocitate 

^ The Caius collection contains an- tertio Propositionis quadra gesiinae pri- 

other paper of four arguments against viae in spirali Elliptica, anguhtvi de- 

Newton i. 8., inz, the 1st and 2nd of scrii^tum a Gorpore in Ti'ajectoria pro- 

the above repeated and two others aa portionalem esse seu in data Ratione 

follows : — ad Sectorem EUipticuin seu ad angxi- 

' Si Equatio Apsidum cum corpus lum correspondentem Circuli, posito 

projiciatur cum Velocitate per plus- qu6d Secans hujusce posterioris anguli 

quam Infinitam Distautiam cadeudo distantiae semper sit aequalis, cadit 

acquisitum (!) sit hujusce formulae quaestio. 

a.n+3 + rta;2 - 6 = 0, cadit quaestio Si posita hac Eatione 2 : 1 distantia 

r^n+3 , an+ia;2 _ ^n+1 . .,«+ l „2^oi corporis a centro fiat mfimta quando 

L 1"/' f -r • 1 i- jjj Trajectoria perfecerit duos rectos, 

Si posi to n= - 3 haec Equatio fiat .^alet consequentia. 

p2 Si ad hunc unguium distantia fiat 

aJ^ - 1 +- ^ • 2 - 0, valet consequentia. Ciuvae asymptotes, igiturque Velocitas 

„.,-,-,,. ... finita ad infinitam Distantiam sit ad 

_ Si ex hac Equations semper sit Ap- ^^;,, .,„,,„, g^i^am ad finitam Distan- 

sis, valent consequentia et argumentum . ^.^^^ .^ j^^^^^^^^ .^^^^. ^^^^^^^ ^^,^^^ 

Proho Aliter: consequentia et argumentum,^ 

Si sumat Newtouus in Corollario 



APPENDIX VIII. schools' ARGUMENTS, 1782. 871 

prima uniformi + incrementum' genitum acceleratione sola, valet con- 
sequentia. 

Si liaec incrementa sint fluxiones, prima et secunda, ideoque per 
methodum fluxionum totum incrementum x^ = 2x x + '2, ii' valent con- 
sequentia et argumentum. 

Proho aliter : — 

Si fluxio areae hyperbolicae inter 1 et 1 + x contentae, vel fluxio 

logaritlimi 1 + x, sit aequalis r-- — , cadit quaestio. 

Si liac in serie infinita extenso et snmptu fluenti, fiat fluens 

X^ S(? 

03 —„- + — — et cetera, valet consequentia. 

— X x^ a? 

Si eodem modo inventa fluens .; fiat -a; + ^-^ + ..., valet 

\-x 2 3 

consequentia. 

Si igitur sumpto x ex utraque parte 1, areae hyperbolicae inter 

ordinatas ad tria ista puncta ductas contentae, sint aequales : vel 

quod idem est Ratio l~x : 1 sit aequalis Rationi 1 : 1 + x, valent 

consequentia et argumentum. 

[Probo] Contra Tertiam [Quaestionem]. 

Si in pictura lineae inter se parallelae repraesententur lineis ad 
punctum quodvis convergentibus, cadit quaestio. 

Si nota sit talium linearum proprieta, quods utpote ex diversa 
parte eas spectes, nunc prorsum nunc retrorsum videntur convergere, 
valet consequentia. 

Si igitur hae lineae, mutate loco dissimiles figuras ad oculos, 
similem vero semper figuram ad tactum repraesentent, valent con- 
sequentia et argumentum. 

Wollaston, Sid. Coll. Opponat primus. Wilson, Trin, Coll. Respondeat. 

Oct'. 30, 1782. Gambier, Sid. Coll. 0pp. 2. 

7. Milner, Mod', Massey, Coll. D. Joh. 0pp. 3.' 



The above are the arguments which F. J. H. Wollaston, who 
came out senior wrangler in 1783 (and was Jacksonian pi'ofessor 
1792-1813) brought against Matthew Wilson of Trinity {aegrotat in 
the first class) when he kept his act under Milner of Queens' the 
senior moderator. It will be observed that as fii'st opponent he 
brought only five ' arguments ' against the Jlrst ' question ' ; but two 
against the second, and one against the third to make up the usual 
eight. (See above pp. 37, 38). 

Our next selection introduces Joseph Watson (also of Sidney) 
who was destined to be third wrangler in 1785 and fellow of his 
college, posing Sewell of Christ's who seems to have taken no degree. 
He was to be followed on the same side by Lax of Trinity (the senior 
wrangler, subsequently moderator) who when keeping one of his own 

^ The symbol + seems already to the genders and terminations in the 
have become prepositional. However MS. are hardly classical. 

24—2 



372 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

acts on another occasion, at an interval of a few weeks perhaps, met 
in Watson liis own 0])ponent. 

'Quaestiones Sunt. 

(1) Solis ParaHaxis ope Veneris intra Solem conspiciendae a 
Methodo Halleii recte determinari potest. 

(2) Recte statuit Newtonus in tertia sua Sectione libri primi. 

(3) Diversis sensibus non ingrediuntur Ideae communes. 



[Probo] Contra primam [Quaestionem]. 

Si asserat Halleius Venerem cum Soli sit proxima Londini visam, 
a centro Solis qnatuor minutis primis distare, cadit qiiaestio. 

Si in Schemute posuit semitam Veneris ad os Gangeticum qnatuor 
etiam minutis priniis distare, valet conseqnentia. 

Si spectatoribus jiositis in diversis parallelis Latitudinis non 
eadem appai-eat distantia atque non licet eaiidem visibilem sumere 
distantiam iu hisce duobus locis, valent consequentia et anjumentum. 

Aliter : 

Si in Figiira Halleiana centi'um Solis correspondeat cum loco 
Spectatoi'is in Tell u re, cadit quaestto. 

Si locus centri Solis a vero centro amoti ob motum Spectatoris fit 
curva linea, valet conseqnentia. 

Si com[)osito motu Veneris uniformi in recta linea cum motu 
Solari in curva. linea fit Semita Veneris in disco Solis curva linen, 
valet consequentia. 

Si Longitudo hujusce lineae non rect^ determinari potest, valent 
coJisequentia et argunientam. 

Aliter : 

Si Spectatori ad os Gangeticum posito ob terrae motiim motui 
Veneris contrarium contrahatur transitiis tempus integrum, cadit 
quaestio. 

Si assumat Halleius conti-actionem hanc duodecira minutis 
primis temporis aequalem, et delude huic Hypothesi insistendo 
eidem tempori aequalem probat, valent consequentia et argumentum. 

Aliter : 

Si posuit Halleius eandem visibilem semitam Veneris per Discum 
Solarem ad os Gangeticum et portum Nelsoni, et hanc semitam 
dividat in aequalia horaria sj)atia, cadit qicaestio. 

Si motus liorarius Veneris acceleratur vel retardatur per motum 
totum Spectatoris in medio transitu, quo magis autem distat, minus 
acceleratur vel retardatur, valet conseqiientia. 

Si igitur ob motum Veneris acceleratum ad os Gangeticum et 
retardatum ad portum Nelsoni hi motus non debent representari 
per idem spatium, valent consequentia et argumentum. 

Aliter : 
Si secundum constructionem Halleianam spectatori ad pdrtiim 
Nelsoni, posito tempore extensicjuis majore, major etiam fit transitus 
duratio, cadit quaestio. 



APPENDIX VIII. schools' ARGUMENTS, 1784 &C. 373 

Hi socunflum eandem constnictionem posito qnhd Spectatori ad os 
Gaiigeticum tein])us coutractionis majus sit duodeciiu miniitis priinis, 
evadat tempus durationis majus etiaiu, va/et consequeutia. 

Si bae duae conclusiones intei' se pugnent, valent coiisequentia et 
aryumentum. 

[Probo] Contra Secundam [Quaestionem]. 

Si vis iu Parabola ad lufiaitam Distantiara sit infinitesimalis 
secundi ordiuis, cadit quaestio. 

Si Vis sit F^ [or F** ; ? variabilis, or verticalis] igiturque a<l 
iufinitam distautiam sit iniinitesimalis quarti Ordinis, valent con- 
seqtcentia et a/rgum&titum. 

Aliter : 

Si Velocitates ad Extremitates axiura minorum diversamm Elli] - 
sium quaruui Latera recta aequantur sint inter se iuvex-se ut Axes 
minores, cadit quaestio. 

Si Locus Extremitatum omnium Axium minorixm sit Parabola, 
valet consequentia. 

Si Velocitas corpo7-is revolventis in ista Parabola sit ad Velocitatem 
ad mediam distantiam correspondentis Ellipseos ut ^2 : 1, valet 
consequentia. 

Si Velocitas in Parabola sit inverse ut Ordinata, valent consequzntia 
et arguvientum. 

[Probo] Contra Tertiam [Quaestionem] : 

Aut Cadit tua Quaestio aut non possibile est hominem ab 
ineunte aetate caecum et jam adultum visum recipientem visu 
dignoscere posse id quod tangendo prius solummodo dignoscebat. Sed 
poss. &c. 

Si eadem Ratio quae prius eum docebat dignoscere tangendo inter 
Cubum et Globum eum etiam docebit iutuendo recte dignoscere, 
valent minor et argumentum. 

Feb. 20. 1784 Sewell X*' Respond. 

"Watson P' Opp'. Lax Trin. 2^ 0pp. 

Riley S\ John's 31* Opp.' 



We will add in conclusion a specimen from the days when the 
* moral ' question (cp. pp. 37, 40) was the most insisted on. 

After owe argument against Maclauriu cap. iii. sectt. 1 — 8, 11 — 
22 ; on pulleys, there follow those against the second question ' Recte 
statuit Paleius de Criminibus et Poenis ' — there is no third question 
on the paper xinless the sections from Maclaurin counted as two. 

' Probo aliter ' contra secundam. 

Si, qui Facinus in Be admittit, Poenas isti Facinori adjudicates 
pendere debet*, cadit quaestio. 

] aliter: I suppose that the owner of 2 d^j^pt, as a matter of abstract justice 

this paper was uot the first oppoueut. visiting inherent guilt. Faley'x view 



374 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Si, Criminis partic^ps aequ6 culpabilis est ac qui Crimen per- 
petrat, valet consequentia. 

Si, verb secundum Paleium, qui primus Aedes alienas Furti 
Causa intrat majores hoc ipso Facto meruit Poenas, valent conse- 
quentia et argumentum. 

Probo aliter : 

Si, communi Bono potius quam Commodis privatis consulendum 
sit, caclit quaestio. 

Si, vita alteiius' est omnibus (al. Civitati) commune Bonum, 
valet consequentia. 

Si, exinde sequitur quod non debent malefacientes mortem 
unquam subire, valent consequentia et aryumentum. 

Probo aliter: 

Si qui in Insidiis incidunt non debent aeque multari ac si quid 
Mali ultro fecissent, cadit qtcaestio. 

Si, quo majore facilitate malefaciunt, eb gravioribus Suppliciis 
plectuntur Homines, valet consequentia. 

Si, secundum Paleium, qui ea quae Furti sunt obnoxia sui'ripiunt, 
Morti Jure damnantur, qui vero saepe pejora§ faciunt levins puni- 
untur, valent consequentia et argumentum. 

gPerjurum nimirum numella" includunt quod Ignominium so- 
lum affert. Mortis verb supplicium non solum infert Igno- 
minium (sic) sed etiam Vitae Privationem.' 

II. NAMES OF THE DISPUTANTS. 

* The asterisks de^iote fellows of colleges. 

Respondent Opponents 

-l"^^!---. C. Bucklaud, Sid. \ (^''^""*. 



(Nov. 27) ' ' * I nomina) 

1780 E Moises Ou pMont. P. Ainsley, Trin., S"-* wraugler. 

i/bU. Ji Moises V f j»^ Catton, Joh., 4'" wrangler, tutor. 

(Nov. 29) last wi'augier. >*» tit ^ tm ] ah l 

^ ' ^ (A. Wood, Maya., 6"^ seu. opt. 

{*F. J. H. WoUaston, Sid., senior wrangler, 
Jacksonian Prof. 
J. E. Gambler, Sid. 
Roger Massey, Joh. , last wrangler. 
- _Q , ( * Jo. Watson, Sid., 3'"'' wrangler. 

n? ! o'n\ W. SeweU, Chr. \*W. Lax, Trin., senior , Lownd. Prof. 

(^''^- 20) I *Ei. Riley, Joh., 5* 

was that punishments are merely con- Greek quotations spelt in western 

ventioual securities for social or poll- characters, for the convenience of any 

tical convenience. who shoiild aspire to the B.D. degree 

1 There are, or there were until with ' small latin and less greek.* 

lately, presei-ved in a college at Oxford - Numella, the pUlory, was the sta- 

certaiu traditional theses for common tuteable punishment for perjmy, a 

use in the Divinity Schools, through- more serious offence (it is ui'ged) than 

out which compositions the quantities some which were in those days visited 

oj all words were marked and the with capital punishment. 



APPENDIX VIII. NAMES OF DISPUTANTS. 



375 



*W. Lax, Trin. 
( ? ? ) senior wrangler, &c. 

1791. *T. Allsopp, Emm. 
(Nov. 15) 11"" wrangler. 

„ Ja. Stanley, Pet. 

(Nov. 18) < wooden-spoon'. 

„ F. C. Wilson, Trin. 

(Nov. 28) 3''<> wrangler. 

„ *G. F. Tavel, Trin. 
pec. 1) 2"<i wrangler, tutor. 



(Deo. 13) 
(Dec.' 14) 
(Dec.' 15) 



Ja. Legrew, Joh. 
last wrangler. 

W. Turner, Chr. 
12"» senior opt. 

?W. Evans jun., Chr. 



1792. *Goclf. Sykes, Sid. 
(Feb. 6.) 10''' wrangler. ' 

,, *W. Manning, Caius. 
(Mar. 8) 9"" wrangler. 

This was apparently a 
provisional memorandum, •■ 
from wliich the moderator 
selected Beacon, Herning, 
and Belcher as opponents. 

,, T. Fancourt, Qu. 

(Mar. 19) 8''' senior optim. 

„ *J. Maul, Chr. 
(Mar. 20) 1&^ wrangler, tutor. 

„ T. Fox, Cath. 

(Mar. 21) last wrangler. 



(*Jo. Watson, Sid., 3'-'^ wrangler. 

*Edm. Stanger, Joh., 6'" . 

[ * J. Boiirdieu, Glare, 7^ ■ • . 

(?Jos. Hargrave, Magd. 

\ W. Meyrick, Joh. 

{ E. Cuthbert, Jes., 10* senior opt. 

( E. G. Bhck, Pet. 

I J. Pepper, Jes. 

{ Jonath. Alderson, Pemh. 

( *E. Maltby, Pemhr. , 8"' wrangler, Bp. Durham. 

*T. Jack, Joh., 4"» . 

(*T. Allsopp, Emm., 11* . 

( T. Chevallier, Pemh., 14* senior opt. 
{*Jo. Allen, Trin., 7* wrangler, Bp. Ely. 

(*E. Maltby, Pemhr., 8* , Bp. Durham. 

(*J. Cubitt, Caius, 8* senior opt. 

\ T. Woodcock, Sid. (& Cath.), 15* wrangler. 

(*T. Comings, Trin., 5* wrangler, 

( J. H. S. Gary, Chr. , 14* wrangler. 

\ Adams, 

( Is. Nicholson, Qu., 6* senior opt. 

( J. Dickson (= Dixon), Qu. 

] C. Mules, Cath. 

{ Ja. Allison, Joh. 

\ Paul Belcher, Joh., 12* senior opt, 

\ J. Peers, Magd., 5* wrangler. 

( J, Hepworth, Caius, aegrotat in class 1. 



( ?? 



*C. Heberden, Joh. 
. 13* wrangler, 
^ senior medallist. 



?. Deacon, ?. ) 

*T. Dickes, Jes., 11* wrangler. > 1''. 

*S. B. Hemming, Joh. & Cai. ) 

*C. Isherwood, Magd., 5* wrangler |2nd 

H. Scott, Pemh., 3"-^ senior opt. \ 

Paul Belcher, Joh., 12* sen. opt. 3"\ 

*H. Atkinson, Caws, 6* senior opt. 
* J. G. Perigall, Pet. , 4* junior opt. 

Mountain, Corpus. (? = S. J. M. Caius.) 
[*T. Dickes, Jes., 11* wrangler. 

*H. Hasted, Chr., 6* 

I W. W. Ciu-rey, Qu. 

[ Paul Belcher, Joh., 12* senior opt. 

*C. Isherwood, Magd., 15* wi-angler. 
j *G. Grigby, Caius, 2"^ senior opt. 
i T. T. Fenwicke, Joh., 4* wrangler. 

J. Maule, Chr., 16* , tutor. 

' C. H. Wollaston, Sid., 14* . 



Tlie following is a list of the theses or questions mooted, in the 
Caius collection, so far as they can be easily ascertained. It will give 
a fair specimen of the subjects argued in the Cambridge arts or 
philosophy 'schools' in the last quarter of the eighteenth century. 

From Newton's Principia, Book I, Sections i ; ii and iii (1791) ; 
iii alone (1784, 1792); vii 1791 &c.; viii 1782, 1791 &c. ; xii Prop. 
1_5 1780 ; Prop! 39, 40 ; 6G and six foil, corolla ; 66 and seven- 
teen coroll/l780. Book ii. Prop. 34 (n. d.). 



37G UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

From Cotes Prop. 1 &c. ; Centripetal force; fiv^e trajectories 1791. 

Parabola of projection 1791. 

Halley's determination of the Solar Pai'allax 1784. 

Correction of the aberration of rays by Conic Sections. 

The method of Fluxions, 

Smith de focalibus distanfcibns. 

MaclmiHn (i9.\). iii. Sectt. 1 — 8, 11 — 22. 

Morgan on Mechanical forces ; on the Inclined Plane. 

Hamilton on Vapour. 

Berkeley on Sight and Touch 1782. 

Montesquieu Laws I. 1. 1791. 

From Locke Faith and Reason 1771 ; Can matter think? 1780; 
Signification of Words vol. ii. chh. 1, 2. 

Wollaston sec. 2. On Happiness. 

From Paley On Penalties; On Happiness 1791; On Promises 
1792. 

Free Press 1771. 

Imprisonment for Debt. 

Duelling. 

Slave Trade. 

Common Ideas do not enter by different Senses, 1784. 

Composite Ideas have no absolute existence. 

Immortality of the Soul may be inferred by the light of nature 
(two years). But no more than that of other animals (once). 

The Soul is Imnaaterial. 

Omnia nostra de causa facimus. 



APPENDIX IX. 



BRIEF ANNALS 

OF THE 

CAMBKIDGE UNIVEESITY PEESS, 



A CHKONOLOGICAL LIST OF CLASSICAL AND OTHER WORKS 

PRODUCED CHIEFLY AT THE UNIVERSITIES 

OR BY MEN OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION 

IN THE 18th CENTURY. 

THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 

Before coming to our chronological list (sucli as it is) of classical 
and other books printed at the Universities and elsewhei'C, I will put 
together a few notes relating to the University Press which have 
occurred in the course of my investigations, as any aderpiate account 
of this institution is still a desideratum, and materials for such a 
sketch are scattered, if not scanty. 

Edmund Carter in his Hist, of Camb. p. 4G7 (175.3), having 
thrown out a hint that Caxton (whom he calls a native of Cambridge- 
shire) might have erected a press here, states that ' the first Book we 
tind an Account of, that was Printed here, is a Piece of lihetoric, 
by one GuU. de Haon% a Minorite; Printed at Cambridge 1478; 
given by Archbp. Parker to Bemtet College Libraiy. It is in Folio, 
the Pages not Numbered, and without Ketch Word, or Signatures.' 

This statement has been shewn to be fallacious. Not only was 
Caxton on his own testimony a man of Kent, but this Rhetorica 
Nova though ' Compi latum ...in alma Universitate Cantaljrigie, 
Anno Domini 1478V was ' Impressum ... a]nid Villam Sancti 
Albani, Anno Domini 1480'.' 

While therefore we acknowledge that a printed book was pro- 
duced at Mentz in 1457, at Westminster in 1477, at Paris in 1470, 

' In 1480 (6. Nov.) it was forbidden In 1.510 Wynk^Ti deWorde printed in 

by statute for the keeper of the Caml). London liohcrti A II 1/711/ ton Oxoniensis 

I'uiv. Chest to accept books printed or Soplusnuita cum annirqaentiis : iu Ubiuu 

written on pnper as a caution or pledge. Bcholae CautabrigieuBie. 
(Cooper's Annals, 1. 224.) 



378 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

and at Oxford in 1478', Cambridge must fall back upon Carter's 
next jDaragraph. 

' There was one John Sibert, a Printer at Lyons, in the year 1498 ; 
who Probably was the John Siberch that Settled here, and stiled 
himself the First in England^ that printed both Greek and LatinJ' 

It does not appear that he printed any book here entirely in 
Greek character. He was a friend of Erasmus, who mentions him 
and his brother Nicholas in a letter written to Aldrich (afterwards 
Bp. of Carlisle) from Bale 25 Dec. 1525. Croke who lectured in 
greek is said to have brought him over. Siberch printed at Cam- 
bridge in 1521 (with the royal arms) 

Galen de Temperamentis, translated by Linacre, 

Abp. Baldwin de Sacramento altaris. (Trin. Coll. Lib. G. 8. 15.) 

Oratio ad Card. Wolseium per H. Bullock^, cum annotationibus marginalibus. 

Cantabrigiae, per Joaunem Siberch. (4to. S. John's Coll. Lib. S. 3. (1).) 
Erasmus de conscribendis epistolis, Cantabr. Mense Octobri. 

Watt records three other books under Sibert's name in this same 
year, and one (Papyrii Gemini Eleatis Hermathena) in the next. 
Mr Cooper {Amuds i. 304) says that he printed two books in 1522. 

No books of Siberch appear after 1522. Seven or eight years 
later the proctors' accounts mention proceedings against one Sygar 
Nicholson of Gonville hall, stationer of Cambridge, for harbouring 
lutheran books ; and faggots for burning them cost the university a 
groat*. About the same time, in the year 1529, the university petitioned 
Wolsey in the interest of sound doctrine, to procure the royal licence 
for three booksellers, men of reputation, gravity, and foreigners 
(under the provision 29 Ric. III. c. 9), who might value books 
properly and import foreign publications. In 1530 (4 May) the king 
summoned to London twelve commissioners from each university 
to consider the propriety of licensing certain theological works ^ 

In 1534 (20 July) the King by letters j^atent licensed the uni- 
versity to elect from time to time three stationers and printers who 
were to reside and to print and sell books licensed by the Chancellor 
and his vicegerent or three doctors. Accordingly Nicholas Speryng, 
Garrot Godfrey and Segar Nycholson were appointed". 

Nevertheless we find no record of any book printed after the 
days of Siberch 1522 till the year 1584^. At Oxford there was a 
still longer cessation (1519 to 1585). And at Cambridge it is said 
that the Stationers' Company on some complaint of privilege seized 
the university printing-press. 

1 Bowyer and Dyer pleaded for the ^ Annals, i. 342 — 3. 
correctness of the date mcccclxvui. on '^ Ibid. i. 368 — 9. Fuller {Hist. 
Jerome's Exposicio in Sinibolum, but Camb. § i) on the authority of Coke 
S. W. Singer's tract has confirmed the asserts that ' This University of Cam- 
opinion of Conyers Middleton. bridge hath power to print within the 

^ ' Jo. Siberch primus iitriusque liu- same " omnes" and " omnimodos li- 

guae in Anglia impressor.' bros" ; which the University of Oxford 

3 The Bovillus of Erasmus, fellow of hath not.' 

Queens' about 1506. 7 Dyer, Suppl. Hist. Camb.=Privil. 

* Cooper's Annals, i. 329. Athenae ii. fascic. iii. p. 17. 
I. 51. 



APPENDIX IX. THE CAMBRIDGE PRESS, 1521 — 88. 379 

"When Ro. Wakefield migi'ated from Cambridge to Oxford and 
delivered hebrew lectures, his oration de utilitate linguae arabicae 
et hebraicae was printed, in 1524, not at either university but in 
London l)y Wynkyn de Worde, and even there a third was omitted 
for lack of hebrew type : what he had was cut on wood. 

In 1577 (18 July) lord Burleigh wrote' to discourage our 
authorities who were proposing to employ Kingston (a London 
printer) under academical privileges to print psalters, prayerbooks, 
and other english books in spite of the royal patents of W. Seres, 
Ri. Jugge, J. Day, &c. He thought, however, that they might 
employ a man on schools' notices, &c. 3 May 1582 Thomas Thomas 
(Thomasius, called ' that Puritan Cambridge printer ' by Penry, 
Martin JIarpi-elate Ep. i.) was licensed sole printer at Cambridge. 
He was fellow of King's. While he was engaged on a book of 
Whitaker's and had other works announced, the press, &c. was seized 
by the Stationers' Company of Loudon ^ After some overtures for 
confei'ence and arbitration in the summer of 1583, lord Burleigh 
inspected the charter and gave his protection to the university 
printer in Mai'ch (? 1583-4:). About the same period the university 
authorities made regulations respecting booksellei's, bookbinders and 
stationers at Cambridge. 

The following books printed at Cambridge by Thomas are in 
Trinity College library. 

Yves Rouspeau and John De I'Espine. Two Treatises of the Lord his holie 

Supper. Translated from the French, small 8vo. 1584. [H. 2. 26.] 
An Exposition upon certain chapters of Nehemiah. ByBp. Ja. Pilkington. 4to. 

1585. [5. 16 a. 7.] 

Harmony of the Confessions of Faith of Christian and Reformed Churches. 8vo. 

1586. [D. 1 a. 14.] 

Thei'e is a full notice of Thomas in Coopei"'s Athenae Cantab, ii. 
29, 543. 

As Wolsey had anticipated that the introduction of printing 
would strike a blow at the peace of the church, so the fears which 
[mutatis mutaiulis) Abp. Whitgift entertained were verified in the 
printing of a book in the presbyterian interest by Walter Travers. 
It was seized while in progress at Legatt's press in 1584^ 11 Feb. 
1585 — 6, the senate followed the example of Oxford in prohibiting 
the purchase of such books as were printed in London, &c., when an 
edition had ah-eady been brought out, or should be in contemplation 
at the university presses*. In 1586 Abp. Whitgift wrote to pro- 
hibit the publication at Cambridge of the Harmony of Confessions 
which had been stopped in London. Mr Cooper sugge.sts ^ that he 
afterwards revised and passed it. At all events there is the copy 
already mentioned in Trinity library. On May-day 1588 the V. C. 
and heads wrote to lord Burleigh to complain that the Loudon 
Stationers had pii'ated the latin dictionary of which Thomas the 

^ Cooper's Annals, ii. 357. (p. 424) the Star-chamber had most 

- Ihld. II. 393, sq. ^ Ibid. Ii. 400. narrowly restricted the number of 

* Ibid. II. 415. presses and apprentices at each Uuiver- 

^ Ibid. II. 425. Six weeks earlier sity to ' one at one tyme at tlie most.' 



380 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Cambridge printer himself was compiler, and other books, whereby 
he was 'almost utterly disabled'.' 

Thomas died soon afterwards, having injured his health by the 
assiduity with which he compiled his dictionary ^. He was buried in 
Great S. Mary's Church, 9th Aug. 1.588. He was succeeded at the 
university press by John Legatt or Legate, a London Stationer, who 
married Agatha, daughter of Chr. Barker, the royal printer. 

Copies of Legatt's small Terence were seized in London by the 
Stationers' Company, who threatened again to reprint Thomas' 
dictionary in 1589 — 90. The university invoked the aid of lord 
Burleigh and of J. Aylmer, Bp. of London^ In 1591 Legate in his 
turn was accused by the Stationers of having violated Barker's pri- 
vilege to print the Bil)le and N. T., and Day's by publishing the 
Psalms in metre*. Sir Ro. Cecil vindicated the university and her 
pi'inter. At the close of the year (6 Dec. 1591), the Stationers 
passed a self-denying ordinance, granting to Cambridge the privilege 
of choosing foreign books from the Frankfort mart for reprinting \ 
Li 1596 (22 Nov ) the Ecclesiastical Commissioners charged the 
university printer with having infringed the right of the Queen's 
patentees by printing the Grammar and Accidence, but after diligent 
search no copies could be reported ". 

Among books printed at Cambridge before the close of the six- 
teenth century by the elder John Legatt (who was the first to use 
the device of the Alma Mater Cantahrigia and Hinc Lucem et 
Pocula Sacra round it) were the following. (Watt sujjplies a list four 
times as long; Bibl. Brit. ii. 595 y — 596(7.) 

Terentii Comoediae (nonpareil roman). 24to. 1589. 

Ciceronis de Oratore (copies described as 18mo. Trin. Coll. 24to, Queens' Coll. , 

32° Cracherode ap. Dibdin.) 1589. 
W. Perkins' Golden Chaine, transl. R. Hill. 12mo. 1592. 
G. Sohn's A Briefe and Learned Treatise of the Antichrist. Transl. from the 

Lat. by N. G. 12mo. 1592. 
Dr Cowell's Antisanderus. II. dialop^os continens Venetiis habitos. 4to. 1593. 
The Death of Usury ; or the DisK^'ice of Usurers. 4to. 1594. 
W. Whitaker's Pro Auctoritate S. Scriptnrae adv. T. Stapletou. 1594. 
W. Perkins' Exposition of the Creed. 1595. 
I. R. De Hypocritis vitandis. 4to. 1595. 
R. Abrahami praecepta in monte Sinai data Judaeis negativa et affirmativa ; 

Lat. Phil. Ferdinand. 4to. 1597. 
W. Perkins' Exposition of the Creed. Now edition. Svo. 1597. 

A Reformed Catholike, Svo. 1598. 

De Praedestinatiouis Modo et Ordine, &c. 18mo. 1598. 

Job and Ecclesiastes paraphrased, &c. Theod, Beza. 12mo. 1600. 

Although John Legate did not die until 1626 Cantrell Legge 
(called Legate by Dyer) succeeded him in 1607 or 1608. John 

' Ibid. II. 456, 7. English Latin dictionary. 

" Thomas' dictionary went throiigh ^ Cooper's Annah, ii. 477, 478, 

five impressions in eight years (1580 — * Ibid. ii. 491, 492. 

88). To the 10"' was added, beside ^ //,/,;. u. 510, 511. 

Ijegate's improvement, a supplement " Ibid. 11. 559. 
by Philemon Holland with a new 



APPENDIX IX. THE CAMBRIDGE PRESS, 1588 — 1G37. 381 

Legatt the younger having obtained a licence to print Thomas' 
dictionary went and settled in London. 

Iq 1620 — 21 (29 Jan.) the university by G. Herbert confided 
their apprehensions from the Stationers, who were grasping at a 
monopoly for foreign books, to Abp. Abbott and Ld, Ch''. Yerulam '. 
In 1621 and the following year the university obtained redress by 
the king's grant for selling their cheap and correct edition of Lilly's 
grammar, but J. Bill, Bonham Norton, \V. Barrett, Clement Knight 
and other London printers combined to refuse the book ^ ; whereupon 
the university ordered all graduates to use no other edition than their 
own, and university authors to offer their copy in the first instance 
to the university press : copy-right, &c., to be enjoyed by the printer 
only while he remained in office and not to descend to his family. 

A royal proclamation, 1 April 1625, in answer to the represen- 
tation of the universities, forbad the importation of cheap and inferior 
reprints of latin books. This was repeated 1 May, 1636^. 

About 1627 Thomas Buck of Catharine-hall and Roger Daniel 
entered into partnership as university printers. In 1628 — 9 they 
(with John Buck) were accused by the Stationers of having broken 
a decree of the Star Chamber, but the lord Chief Justices, after 
consultation with six other judges, advised the Privy Council (18 
March) that no patent for sole printing restrained the privileges of 
the university press under the licence of the Chancellor or Y. C. and 
doctors*. However in 1629 (16 April) the Privy Council limited the 
privilege of the university to a yearly impression of 3,000 Lilly's 
Grammars ; and Common Prayers with singing -psalms in 4to. and 
medium folio, without restraint of number, only on condition that 
the Bible was bouud with them *. 

In 1632 Buck used beautiful hebrew type for the quotations in 
Mede's Clavis Apocalyptica. In the same year he printed an 8vo. 
Greek Testament'^. In 1635 Dr Beale, V. C, was blamed for 
licensing Five Discourses by Ro. Shelford of Peterhouse, on account 
of their anti-puritanical tendency '^. 

In 1637 the Star Chamber defined the jurisdiction of university 
licences", and exempted from their cognizance * Bookes of the 

1 Ibid. in. 138, 139. that were not required in Cambridge 

" Ibid. III. 142—4. itself. (Gutch, Collectanea, i. 284, 

3 Ibid. III. 175, 17fi; 275. quoted in Cooi^er's Annals, in. 266.^ 

4 See the charter of 6 Feb. 1627—8, About 1636-7 the Stationers hired 
ilnd. III. 199. these monopolies for a term of three 

6 Ihid. III. 218. years. — Cooper's Annals, in. 285. 

6 In 1634 when ' the practice held in '' Cooper's Annals, in. 268. 
Cambridge for printing almanacks, &c.' ^ Ayliffe in his Antient and Present 
was drawn up for the information of State of Oxford, Part 3, Vol. ii. p. 242, 
Oxford, the following particulars were informs us that the University of Cam- 
added — All other school books so many bridge was more prudent and observant 
as they can print with one press : and than his own in having the defect in 
almanacks (such copies as are brought the charter of 14 Hen. VIII. rectified so 
them) without restraint of number. as to secure great privileges for the 
There was then however a three years' Press. King Charles I. in 1635, at 
covenant to print only 500 reams the suggestion of Abp. Laud, enlarged 
yearly, the Londoners to purchase all the privileges of the Oxford printers. 



382 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Common Law, or matters of State '.' Roger Daniel was summoned 
before the Commons and reprimanded in 1642 (Aug. and Sept.) for 
printing *tlie Book set forth in the Defence of the Commission of 
Array ^.' A few months later he was arrested for printing Resolves 
in Cases of Conscience by Dr H. Fern, afterwards Bp. of Chester. 
The blame was shifted to the V. C. Dr Holdsworth, and Captain 
Cromwell was instructed to send the doctor njj in safe custody at his 
own charges. In 1649 a parliamentary ordinance (29 1 20 Sept.) 
recognized the universities (with London, York and Finsbury) as 
privileged printing places^, and this was more clearly asserted 7 Jan. 
1652— 3 \ 

It was in 1642 that Buck and Daniel printed a fine edition of 
Beza's Greek and latin Testament*. Ten years later Buck sent forth 
exquisite and correct editions of Gataker's Antoninus and the Poetae 
Gh-aeci Minores : also Stephens' Statins a little earlier. In 1650 
Buck had become sole printer, but he resigned in 1653 (though he 
survived till 1688) and was succeeded by John Field. 

Field took a lease of the ground near Queens' College and built 
the house and printing-office, which was in use until the present 
century. 

In 1662 — 3 there were unsatisfactory overtures between oiir 
printers and the London Stationers relative to the Order in Council 
of April 1629, in which lord chancellor Clarendon and Dr Sancroft 
(Emm.) &c. corresponded ^ 

Field printed a good variorum edition of Andronicus Rhodius in 
1679, but his attention was mainly devoted to small Bibles and 
Prayer Books (of which he executed a greek edition). Twelve errata 
in the Cambridge 4to Bible (1663) are noted on a page in vol. xviii. 
Letters and MSS. of the D. of Northumberland at Alnwick Castle. 
Ri Atkyns' work on the Origin of Printing came out in 1664. 

About 1669 'it appears that there was a treaty pending between 
the London Printers and the University, which was broken off on 
the 7th of July, when the Heads agreed that John Hayes should 
have the printing for £100 a year^ Carter mentions Edward Hall 
as a printer about 1688 : he says also that while Hayes was still 
printing in the house which Field had built, Cornelius Crownfield, a 
dutch soldier, was at work in 1696 in another building (which was 
known afterwards as ' the Anatomy School and Elaboratory ') until 
Hayes' death in 1707, when he removed to what then became the 
only university printing-house. Jonathan Pindar seems to have had 
some status as a Cambridge printer; he lived a few months after the 
death of Crownfield, who was an excellent typographer. 

Crownfield had printed Joshua Barnes' Uuripides (1694) which 
was considered a very fine edition. Two years later Bentley worthily 

1 Cooper's Annals, in. 287, 288. ^ Ibid. in. 429, 453, 

This was more clearly expressed after ^ As to the Saxon type about this 

the Kestoration by a temporary act in period see above p. 159. 

1662. ibid. 501. « Cooper's Annals, in. 506, 507. 

- Ibid. III. 332. 7 Ibid. iii. 537. 

3 Ibid. HI. 336, 337. 



APPENDIX IX. THE CAMBRIDGE PRESS, 1G42 — 1700. 383 

directed his energy to renovating the university press'. Improve- 
ments were made in the bviildings, presses and type obtained by a 
public subscription, aided by a loan of <£1,000, secured by the Senate ; 
and Syndics of the Press were appointed by a Grace of 21 Jan. 
1697 — 8^, which is given below. 

Crownfield appears to have been * Inspector of the Press' both 
before and after the death of Hayes ; his stipend in that capacity was 
fixed 9 Nov. 1698 at lOs. a week to be paid monthly or quarterly, 

Bentley, to whom a complimentary grace had given absolute 
discretion in this particular, prociu-ed from Holland ' those beautiful 
types ^ which appear in Talbot's Horace, Kuster's Suidas, Taylor's 
Demosthenes, &c.' (Monk i. 74.) 

It appears* that Matthew Prior of S. John's (the poet) was 
engaged A. D. 1700 in a negotiation for procuring greek type for us 
from the Paris Press. 

' " With the History of the Cambridge press," adds [T. Philipps] 
the Historian of Shrewsbury, " I am not acquainted. In the year 
1700, that learned Body applied to the French Ministry for the use 
of the Greek Matrices, cut by order of Francis I. This application, 
owing to national vanity, proved unsuccessful. See extracts of 
French King's MSS. Vol. i. p. 101. But the Unirersity appear to 
have procured others of greater beauty, from that country. The type 
of Dr Tayloi^'s Demosthenes is precisely the same which John 
Jullieron, printer of Lyons, employed in 1623 in Nicholas Ase- 
manni's Edition of the Anecdota of Procopius for Andrew Brugiotti, 
Bookseller at Rome.'" Nichols' Lit. Anecd. iv. 663, 4. 

The following extract, which is taken from the preface to the 
Medea and Phoenissae of Euripides edited by W. Piers ^, Cantabr. 
Typis Academicis, 1703, and dated 'e Coll. Emman. Cantabr. 
3 Novembi'. 1702/ testifies to the advance which was made at this 
time. 

' Si Typorum elegantiam mireris, gratias meritb ingentes habeto 
Illustrisshno Fi'incipi Carolo Duci Somersetensium munijicentissimo 
nostrae Academiae Cancellario, cui Cordi est wosirwwi imo suum dQiiuo 
revixisse Typographeum *.' 

1 Monk's Bentley, i. 73, 74, 153 — 6. Annesley, Representative for the Uni- 
Cooper's ^jinaZs, IV. 34. varsity; and Virqil by J. Laughtou 

2 Theta, p. 428. of Trinity.' Monk's Bentley, i. 154. 
There is another grace 2 Dec. 1749 Watt Bihl. Brit, attributes the Virgil 

(Kappa, p. 123). See also the year 'Henr. Lonthouo'. These classics (in- 

1737. eluding an edition of Talbot's Horace) 

^ 'Already (1701) some handsome came out in 4 vols. 4'° 1701. 

editions of Latin Classics had been * Manuscrits de la Bibliotheque du 

printed with those types and dedicated Roi, Paris, 1787, i. xciii. seq. 

to the use of the young Duke of Glou- ^ The editor wrote his name Peirs 

cester. Terence 1701 had been edited (A.B.) 1684, and Peii-se (A.M., S.T.B.) 

by Leng of Catharine Hall, afterwards 1688, 1695. He was fellow of Emman. 

Bishop of Norwich; Horace [1699 4'° ; and rector of N. Cadbmy. 

and 1701 4'° and 12"">] by Talbot, the ^ There was printed twice at least at 

Hebrew Professor; Catullus Tibullns Oxford a 'Specimen of the Several 

and Propertius by the Hon. Arthur Sorts of Letter given to the University ' 



384 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Here the earliest extant minute-books of tlie Curators of the 
Cambridge Press supply some interesting information about this 
revival of typography which was promoted, as we have just seen, 
under the noble patronage of the Chancellor by the agency of 
Dr Bentley, who as yet had his residence in his 'librarian's lodgings' 
at St James', when he was employed to order types on behalf of the 
Senate. 

Bentley was preaching the Commencement Sermon the Sunday 
after the Duke of Somerset wrote the following letter; — which, with 
the other extracts, Mr Clay has with the permission of the Syndics 
of the Press kindly copied from their Order Book \ 

Petxworth June the 29"" 1696. 

Gentlemen, 

As I have y° honour to be a servant to you all, soe am I 
ever thinking of w' may be most for y' interest, and for y® support 
of that reputation, and great character w""*" ye University have soe 
worthily deserved in y^ opinion of all good, and of all learned men : & 
in my poore thoughtes, noe way more effectuall, than the recovering y* 
fame of y*" own printing those great, and excellent wri tinges, y' ai'e soe 
frequently published from y® Members of y' own body; w"*" tho' very 
learned, sometimes have been much prejudiced by y'' unskillfull 
handes of uncorrect printers. Therefore it is, y' I doe at tliis time 
presume to lay before you all, a short, and imperfect Scheame (here 
enclosed) of some thoughtes of mine, by way of a foundation, for you 
to finishe, and to make more perfect ; w''*' tho' never soe defective at 
present, yett they have mett with aprobation among some publick 
spirited men (much deserving the name of friends to us) who have 
freely conti-ibuted eight hundred pounds towards y® Carying on this 
good, and most beneficiall worke. 

Now, Gentlemen, their is nothing wanting of my part, to en- 
deavour the procuring the like sunie againe from others, but y' apro- 
bation, and consent, to have a Presse once more erected at Cambridge : 
and when that shall bee resolved on, then to give a finishing hand 
(like great Masters as you are) to my unfinished thoughtes, that I may 
bee proude in having done some thing, y' you think will bee for 
your service; w''*' I doe hope will bee a meanes to procure mee a 
general pardonn fx'om you all, for laying this Matter before you, 
having noe other ambition, than to bee thought your most obedient 
and most faithfuU humble servant, 

Somerset. 



of Oxford, by Bp. Fell, i'" 1695, 8'" Saxon type of tins time see above 

1706. p. 160 ?i. 

The Clarendon Printing-House was i For the knowledge of the exist- 

eommenced 22 Feb. 17-J4. (Ayliffo's ence of these interesting records I am 

Antient and Present State of Oxford, indebted to the observation of Mr 

Tart n. Vol. i. pp. 176, 7.) On the C, J. Clay, M.A. University Printer. 



APPENDIX IX. THE CAMBRIDGE PRESS, 1C96 — 8. 385 

Grace for appointment of Syndics 

Placeat vobis, ut D°"' Procancellarius, Singuli Collegiorum 
Praefecti, D"' Professores, M' Laugliton Coll. Trin. Academije Archi- 
typographus, D' Perkins Regin. M' Talbot and M' Lightfoot Trin. 
M' Nurse Job. M' Beaumont Petr. M' Moss CCC. M' Banks Aul. 
Pemb. M' Leng Aul. Cath. M' Pierce Eman. M' Wollaston Sidn. 
M'" Gael Regal, aut eorum quinque ad minus, quorum semper unu3 
sit D''"' Procancellarius, sint Curatores Prteli vestri Typograpbici. 
lect. & concess. 21 Jan. 169|- 
[Tbe names of T. Bennett, T. Sberwill, and Laughton of Clare 
were added by a Grace of Oct. 10]. 

Aug. 23^M698 

1 Agreed tben at a meeting of y^ Curators of y" University- 
Press, y' M' Jacob Tonson have leave to print an edition of Virgil, 
Horace, Terence, Catullus, TibuUus and Propertius in 4'" with y" 
double Pica Letter: he paying to such persons as shall be appointed 
by y^ said Curators 12* p. Sheet for y° impression of 500 copies: 14* 
for 750; and so in proportion for a greater Number': and y* D"" 
Mountague, D' Covell, M^ Leng, M' Laughton and M' Talbot shall 
sign y* Articles of y^ agreement above mentioned, on y^ part of y° 
University. 

2 Agreed at y^ same time, y* M' Edmund Jeffries have leave to 
print an Edition of TuUy's works in 12'"° with the Brevier Letter: 
he paying V, 10'. y^ sheet for 1000 Copies. 

3 That Cornelius Crownfield have leave to send to Roterdam 
for 300' weight of y" double Pica letter in order to y^ Printing of 
Virgil, Horace, &c in y® manner above mentioned. 



Placeat vobis, ut Auditores Cistaj communis audiant etiam quot- 
annis computum officinee typographicse 
lect. & concess. 10 Octob. 1698. 



Octob. 17. 98. 

Present D' James Vicechancellour, D' Covell, D' Blithe, D' 
Roderick, D' Smoult, D' Perkins, M' Barnet, M^ Laughton, M' Leng, 
M'' Beaumont, IVP Pearse, M/ Wollaston, M^ Talbot, M' Bennett. 

1 Agreed y' all resolves made at any meeting of y*" Curatours 
for the press be entered in y'' Register for y^ Press. 

2 That y ' Major part of y*= Curatours present at any Meeting shall 
determine who shall write y^ resolves then made into ye said Register. 

1 A few weeks later (9 Nov.) it was at y^^ press' Is. 6d. a week, 
ordered that the compositor should An earlier and fuller statement on 

receive 4s. 6d. and the corrector 9d. the cost of printing, drawn up by the 

per sheet. The press man 2s. 8d. per Cambridge University printer in 1622, 

'PJieam' for printing both sides of forms part of Mr Thompson Cooper's 

each sheet. communication to the Bookseller, 24 

The next week they found they must Feb. 1860. 
allow ' a boy for attending y'' workmen 

w. 25 



386 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

3 That all graces granted by y" Senate I'elating to y^ Press be 
entered into y^ said Register. 

4 That there shall be a general meeting of y^ Curatovirs upon 
y* first Wednesday in every Month. 

5 That y® general monthly meeting shall determine, \v* persons 
shall be delegates for y^ said Month. 

6 That the s** delegates appointed by them shall meet weekly 
on Wednesdays at 2 of y^ clock in y* afternoon. 

7 That every Editour shall appomt his own inferiour Correctovir 
to attend y* press. 

8 That no Editonr shall have power to appoint any inferiour 
Correctour to attend y^ Press, but such as shall be ap})roved by the 
delegates, & y' y^ allowance for y*^ Correctours labour be set by y° 
delegates. 

The delegates for this month are M'' Vice-Cliancellour, M'' Peirse, 
M' Leng, M'' Talbot, M' Bennett. [Piers, Laughtou, Banks and 
Bennett were ordered to attend the next month.] 



Wednesday Octob. 26. 1698. 

1 Ordered, y* M' Cornelius Crownfield do go to London to 
procure an Alphabet of Box flourish't Letters, and to retain Work- 
men for the Press, and to take care for y^ Carriage of M"' Tonson's 
Paper : and to hasten y® return of y" double Pica Letter from Holland. 

2 Upon y« proposall of M' Talbot of B' Penny' to be his 
correctour for y" edition of Horace with y® approbation of y" dele- 
gates; agreed, y' the said D^ Penny be spoken to to undertake y" said 
office of Correctour. 



Wedn. December y« 7^^ 1698 

Mem'^"'^ That C James [the ex-V.C] delivei-ed in a number of 
papers & letters (which had been in his custody) relating to y*^ press, 
which were put in a paper box to be kept in y** drawer. 



January y« 4'*^ 1698 

At a meeting of Eight of y® Curators — 

Ordered that Mr Talbot have full power to treat al^out & procure 
a Kolling press fit for y^ service of y® Printing house the charges 
thereof to be defrayed out of such money as he shall receive upon 
subscriptions to y^ press at London. 

^ At the next meeting, this young general meeting!?, 

ptudent of Queens' (afterwards pre- Will this circumstance in any way 

bendary of Norwich) was assigned [dd. , account for the paradox started by 

or] I of the compositor's allowance Prof. A. De Morgan in Notes and 

for each sheet carefully corrected. Queries (3"' S. vol. iv. p. 170,) that 

At the same time (2 Nov. 1693) Ro. ' Maps' (John Nicholson, son-in-law of 

Nicolson was appointed ' Messenger of Ro. Watts) was porter of the university 

the Press ' to summon the Curators library all his life ? 
(not being Heads or Professors) to the 



APPENDIX IX. THE CMIBRIDGE PRESS, 1G98— 1708. 387 

Agreed also that 4 pence n week for copy money be allowed to 
y= workmea at y'' Press & half a crown p Quarter for cleaning y** 
Pi'ess. 

March 4 1G98 

1 Orderd, that a particular account of each Body of Letter, & 
of all Tooles & Moveables belonging to y'^ New Printing House be 
taken in writing in y*' presence of the Delegates for y® weekly 
meetings of this Month, and y' it be entered into y"' Journal Book 
by y^ person appointed to keep that Book : and y' y** said account be 
sign'd by y® Delegates, & Mr Crownfield y'' Printer 

3 Order'd, That all Combinations, Verses, and other exercises 
upon Public Occasions be printed only at y*^ University's New 
Printing House. 



May 3'^ 1C99 
Ordered— that 400 lbs. weight of Paragon Greek Letter be sent 
for to the Widow Voskins iu Holland. 

At a general meeting of the Curators June 7*^^ 1699 
Order'd that D"" Green & D"" Oxenden or either of them do ex- 
amine D"" Bentley's account in relation to our Press, and upon his 
delivery of the Youchers relating to it, and all other things in his 
hands belonging to the University Press ; give him a full discharg ; 
and likewise take a discharg of him for the Summ of four hundred 
and thirty three pounds received by him of the University. 



1 ' At a General Meeting of the Curat" SepteV y« G^i^ 1 699 'twas 
then agreed y' Mr Crownfield be order'd to buy twelve Gallons of 
Linseed Oyle and a rowl of Parchment. 

2 Order'd y* y" Sashes be renew'd 

3 Order'd y* twenty shillings per aunu be allow'd to Printers 
for their weigli-goes',' 



'Feby 12"" 170| Agreed then also y' foreign booksellers be 
treated with for an exchange of an hundred Suidas's, for a number of 
bookes w'^'' shall be esteem'd of equal value, & y*^ Catalogues of 
proper bookes w**" their respective prises, be procur'd from them to be 
appro v'd of by y" CJniversity.' 

(At p. 31 of the Syndics' Minute Book is given a list of books to 
be sent over by Mr Wetstein in exchange for 100 copies of Suidas.) 
'June 15"" 1708 Agreement with Profr. Barnes to print the 
Odyssee & Iliad of Homer. 

1 The printers' jvay-goose, or jour- memorated in Hone's Every-day Book 

neymen's entertainment, allowed origi- i. 1133. Halliwell lias ' Way-goose. 

naily for making new paper windows An entertainment given by an appreu- 

at Bartleray-tide, has been duly com- tice to his fellow-workmen. JVest.' 

25—2 



388 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

'Marcla 2'^'^ l^'^if Agreed y* Mr Crownfield have leave to publisli his 
proposals for y' Reprinting Rob*. Stejihens's Thesaui'us of y® 
Lat: Tongue, Dr Kuster of Rotterdam Editoi*. 

'March 31, 1725 Entered then Terence in 4*° with Dr Bentley's 
notes for M' Crownfield.' 

Many of the publications of the press after this period will be 
found recorded in the following pages'. There are however no 
entries in the minute-book from Api*il 24, 1725, to Jan. 15, 173f. 
In 1735 Conyers Middleton wrote on the origin of printing. 
In 1737 a syndicate was appointed with plenary powers for three 
years^. Within that period (viz. 12 Geo. II.) an Act of Parliament 
repealed the clause of the Copyright Act of 1710 (8 Ann. c. 21) 
whereby vice-chancellors had been empowered to set and reform the 
prices of books ^ 

A grace of 27 May, 1752 {Kappa p. 184) provides that the major 
part of a quorum of the Press Synclics (five, including the V. C.) have 
power to transact business. (Gunning, Cerein. p. 406.) 

"When Cx'ownfield died in 1742* his successor had already been 
found, viz. Joseph Bentham. He was appointed ' Inspector of the 
Press in the room of M"^ Cornelius Crownfield' by an order of the 
Curators (28 March 1740"*), on condition that, if the profits of the 
place should not arise to £60 ^:)er annum, the Univ. should make 
good the deficiency. 

The following entries are taken from the Curators' minute-boob. 
* Memorandum— Jan. 26, 1741—2 

Mony due to the University Deer 24, 1741 from the Jour- 
neymen in the Printing House being chiefly what was 
advanced to them in the time of the Frost last winter, and 
when there was a deficiency of work.' 
'Deer. 15, 1742 Entered the ninth edition of D'^ Bentley's Phile- 

leutherus Lipsiensis, for Mr Thurlbourn.' 
Feb. 19, 1749 Amongst other books is entered 'Mr Masters's List 
of y^ Members of CCC 

Joseph Bentham" was free of the Stationers' Company. Carter 
says [Hist. Camh. 1753, p. 470) of him : 'He is allowed by all 
Judges to be as great a Proficient in the Mystery as any in England; 
which the Cambridge Common Prayer Books and Bibles, lately 
Printed by him, will sufficiently evince.' Thus in his time the 
Curators agreed (11 Dec. 1740) to print small Bibles 9000 price 2s. 

1 Bentley's iTorrtcctOTe?r?!C(?,Davies' ^ Nichols, Lit. Anrcd. viii. 451. 
& Pearce's editions of works by Cicero, Dyer, Priv. Camb. Vol. ii. fascic. ii. 
Taylor's Demosthenes and Lysias may p. 85 : fascic. iii. pp. 24, 25. He 
be here mentioned. jirinted his brother James' history of 

2 Monk's Bentley, i. 156 n. Ely their native place in 1765. Their 

3 Cooper's Annals, iv. 241. ibid. 96. other brother was Dr E. Bentham, of 
* He was buried in the chancel of Ch. Ch., C. C. C, and Oriel, editor of 

S. Botolph's. Orationes Funebre.^i, and some instruc- 

5 Carter says Hist. Camb. that Ben- tive works, 
tham was ' chose in 1739.' 



APPENDIX IX. THE CAMBRIDGE PRESS, 17jf — 82. 389 

and 1000 on large paper at 2^. 6d. Half a year later, nonpareil 
Bibles 11000 small paper, 1000 large paper. 

Dyer mentions S. Squire's Plutarchns cle Iside et Osiride, wliich 
was printed in 1744 by Bentham, In 1743 a bill was filed against 
him by T. and Ro. Baskett the royal printers, for having brought out 
in 1741 an abridgment of certain Acts of Parliament. After pro- 
tracted hearings it was decided in the Court of King's Bench (24 
Nov. 1758) that the University is 'intrusted with a concurrent 
Authority to print Acts of Parliament and Abridgments ' within the 
university, by letters patent of K. Hen. VIII. and K. Chailes I. \ 

In 1775, in consequence of a decision in the Common Pleas ^, by 
which it was ruled that the Crown has no control over the printing 
of almanacks, the Company of Stationers ceased to pay the annual 
sum (above £500) for which they had hired the University's share of 
the monopoly (which Ld. North attempted to re-establish in 1779^). 
In the same year an Act of Parliament * secured for the universities 
the copyright of school-books, &c., bequeathed to them. 

Bentham died 1 June 1778, after which John Archdeacon (a 
native of Ireland) conducted the typographical department for 
Cambridge. 

In 1781 Gutch's Collectanea Curiosa, containing inter alia (i. 282 
seqq.) several papers and documents on the subject, was published at 
Oxford. In tliat year (though Mr T. Carnan the litigious bookseller 
of S. Paul's Churchyard had twice overthrown the universities' pri- 
vilege) a new almanack duty act * granted £500 per aimuyn to each 
university, which sum was at Cambridge by the grace of 11 June, 
1782, placed at the disposal of the Syndics of the Press for the publi- 
cation of new works or editions of old works. The grace is printed 
in Gunning's Ceremonies, p. 407, and in Ordinationes Academiae 
Cantabrigiensis, (7«p. ix. Sect. 2. v. 5 (1874, p. 153) as follows : 

June 11, 1782. 

'Government Annuity. 

Cum ad gi'aves librorum imprimendorura sumptus sublevandos 
omnigenaeque adeo eruditionis studium promovendum, annuo quin- 
gentarum librarum reditu Academiara nuper auxerit munificentia 
publica ; ne aut nostra negligentia deflorescat tantns publico habitus 
Uteris lionos, aut in alios usus transferatur quod doctrinae ampli- 

1 Cooper's Annals, iv. 301. (Stat. 21 Geo. III. c. 24) allowed a 

2 Ihid. IV. 374 ; cp. 390, 391. drawback to the Universities in respect 

3 Basil Montagu {Enquiries, &c. re- of paper used in jDriutiug books in t]ie 
spectiug tlie Univ. Libr. 1805, p. in.) latin, greek, oriental or northern Ian- 
attributes to Bp. Law a pamphlet guages. Cooper's ^HHrt/.s, iv. 402. lu 
Observations conccrnhu/ Literary Fro- 1794 another act added 'Bibles, Testa- 
pertij. Cambridge, 1770. ments. Psalm-books, and Books of 

•^ Stat 15 Geo. III. c. 53. Common Prayer' to the list. ibid. iv. 

5 Cooper's Annals, iv. 390 n., 401. 451. Since the abolition of the paper 

Stat. 21 Geo. III. c. 56. duty this advantage has been lost to 

The paper duty act of the same year the University. 



390 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

ficandae sacrum esse oporteat; placeat vobis ut Typographici Preli 
Curatores in hac etiam parte Syndic! vestri constituautur, atque ut 
quingentae quotannis librae, si ipsis necessarium videatui*, vel in 
novas veterum scriptorum editiones apparandas, vel in recentiorum 
opera divulganda insumendae iis boc nomine e Communi Cista ero- 
gentur ; ita tamen lit singulis annis ante finem mensis Junii quicquid 
ab iis in hujusce negotii procuratione factum fuerit ad vos in scripto 
referre teneantur.' 

Dr Eo. Plumptre, Pre* of Queens', in his Hints concerning Uni- 
versity Officers, 1782, p. 10, suggested that the Vice-chancellor 
should be exempted from his official presidency of the Press Syndi- 
cate. It appears from Porson's history that in 1783 a syndic of the 
Press did not understand the distinction between collating and col- 
lecting mss. Watson's Forson, p. 39. 

In 1783 the University Statutes were printed in 4to, 
Dr Webb's Collection (Univ. Lib.) contains a copy of the grace of 
1782 concerning the £500. Also a V. C's notice to the Syndics of 
the Press in the autumn of that year. A grace-paper proposing to 
appoint more competent syndics 23 Dec. 1784, on the ground that 
the house purchased (in 17G2) in Silver St. was damp, and injury 
had been done to the contents. In the same collection among docu- 
ments belonging to the year 1785 there are a few whicli relate to the 
management of the press, viz. ; 

(rt) A grace to regulate the Press Syndicate, appointing for 
three years only. 

(h) Eemarks by the proposers (4to. pp. 3). 

Of the existing Syndicate 3 were appointed in 1761. 

3 „ „ „ 1765. 

3 „ „ „ 1776. 

7 „ „ _ „ 1782. 

(A duplicate is filed s. a. 1790 probably by mistake). 

(c) Dr P. Plumptre who had been V.C. in 1762, made answer 
(7 Feb. 1785) in four 4to psges, that only £20 damage had been 
reported in 1778, and no fiu'ther mischief had occurred. He would 
gladly be dismissed, but not with disgrace. 

{d) In rejoinder the complainants assert that substantial repairs 
had never been made in the Silver Street buildings. (4to. pp. 3.) 

The last page (56) of Considerations on the Oaths (1787) displays 
the following ' Extract from the Account of the Syndics, laid on one 
of the tables in the Senate House, June 27, 1787. 

£ s. d. 
To Mr Eelhan towards the expences of printing 

his Flora Cant 50 

To Sig. Isola towards printing a new edit, of 

Tasso's Gierusalemme Liberata . .50 
To Profess. Waring new edit. Med. . . .52 

Prof. Cook's ed, Arist. Poet. . , . .25 









10 





8 


11 



APPENDIX IX. THE CAMBRIDGE PRESS, 1782 — 1800. 391 

£ s. d. 
Mr Ludlam's Introd. to Algeb. and an Introd. 

to the first six books of Euclid . 24 5 11 

Mr Ormerod's Rem. 14 Sect, of Dr Priestley's 

Disquisition . . . . . 4 19 

Tliis is an account of the expenditure of the Government annuity 
commuted as we have seen from the almanack-duty and augmented 
in 1782. 

To a grant made by the Syndics from this fund the publication 
of the present Compilation is due. 

Some objections were made against the title of the University 
to enjoy this grant by the writer of Considerations on the Oaths, 
Lond., 1787, p. 39. He objected also to the way in which it had 
been spent ; viz. upon the ^facsimile of the Beza manusci-ipt,' and 
' Italiau sonnets.' Dr T. Kipling's iiei'formance as editor of the former 
of these productions was at the time severely criticised from various 
quarters, and Mr Scrivener on a closer examination (in emendandis) 
has seen cause to confirm that censure which in the first instance 
■was probably provoked as much by the man and his preface as by 
the exercise of any powers of discernment in Kipling's contempo- 
raries such as Porson then, and our modern critic more recently has 
brought to bear upon his work. But this is a topic for the study of 
Divinity, the Frend controversy, &e. 

However, so far as the press is concerned, the ' facsimile ' in 
2 vols, folio in 1793, is a very fine piece of work in uncials. 

Sig. Agostino Isola's Tasso {f(jr which £b() was granted) was 
grudged also by the writer of Strictures on the Discipline of the 
Univ. of Cambridge, 1792, p. 47. Dyer also complained in 1824, 
Frivil. Camb. Yol. n.fascic. iii. p. 36, that the fund (which he says 
was called the Poor's fund) was devoted to printing 5 vols, of Simeon's 
Skeletons of Sermons, 1796, and Joseph Milner's History and Sermons, 
while it had been refused to Gilbert Wakefield for the 4th and 
5th numbers of his Silva Critica. But Dyer would have been 
shocked to hear from the later editor of Lucretius that Wakefield 
was a poor Scholar in more senses than one. 

In the latter part of the eighteenth century W. Ludlam (Joh.) 
complained that the press was extremely defective in mathematical 
types', so that he was actually obliged to make many a brass rule 
himself. This (says Dyer) had been fully remedied before 1824 when 
he wrote. 

For some time (e.g. in 1794) J. Burges' name was coupled with 
J. Archdeacon's, and when the former retired Burges succeeded to 
his post". 

1 Nichols' Lif.^?!CC(r7. VIII. 414, Dyer, Rudivients of Mathematics for the use 

Privil. Camh. Vol. ii. fasc. iii. p. 25, of Students in the Universities. 1785. 
Ludlam published at Cambridge, i)/«t«i?- ^ Mr Ai'clideacon retired to Heming- 

maftcaZ £.ssrt-!/s (Ultimate Ratios, Power ford, Hunts., where he was buried as 

of the Wedge, &c. &c.) 1770, 1787. Joshua Barnes had been. 



392 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

In 1800 tlie university nndertook the publication of Hooge- 
veen's Dictionarium Analogicum in 4to'. 

The celebrated english Porson greek, or ' Great Person Greek ' 
type was designed by its eponymous hero, (who like the late Mr 
Shilleto was as fine a calligrapher as he was a scholar,) and cut under 
his direction by Austin of London, with the assistance of Mr Watts, 
then University Printer^. However it was not used until after 
Porson's death. Monk's IIi])pol>/tus (1811), and the second edition 
of C. J. Blomfield's Prometheus (1812), were the earliest works 
on which it was employed. 

In 1804 the secret of the method of maniifacturing stereotype 
plates was bought from Mr Wilson, of Duke St., Lincoln's Inn 
Fields, and he was employed to teach the process, and two presses, 
Earl Stanhope's invention, were purchased. 'At the same time 
too ' (says Dyer) ' it was agreed u2)on by the Syndics, that certain 
premises which hitherto had served the purpose of a warehouse 
should be converted into a printing-office, the old printing-office 
being then in a ruinous condition ; which appointment therefore 
gives at the same time the date of the first designing of a new 
printing-house by the University, and of their commencing the 
stereotype printing ; — for they agreed upon both at the same time^'— 

In the same year (4 Mar. 1804) the privilege of the Universities 
solely to publish Bibles, New Testaments, and Common Prayer 
Books was upheld in the House of Lords against the Richardsons 
and Tegg, who had sold in London such books printed by the King's 
printer in Scotland*. 

In 1805 Basil Montagu (Chr.) published a pamphlet (pp. 1 — 21, 
1 — 20) of Enquiries and Observations respecting the univ. library, and 
its right to a copy of eveiy book published *. 

It was resolved at a meeting at the Thatched-House Tavern at 
whicli the Marquess Camden presided (18 June, 1824), to apply 
part of the surplus fund contributed for the Statue of Pitt erected in 
London, to the building a new Univei-sity Press in Cambridge. On 
1st July the Senate appointed a Syndicate to purchase the houses 
in Trumpington Street, between Silver Street and Mill Lane. The 
first stone of the Pitt Press (designed by E. Blore) was laid 18 Oct. 
1831, and it was opened (also by the Marq. Camden) 28 April, 1833, 
and the key was formally delivered to Dr Webb the vice-chan- 
cellor". 

1 Oxford hacT done as mucli for Wyt- ^ Cooper's Annals, iv. 480. 
tenbach's Plutarch, 1795, &c. and ^ A copy iuPeterhouse library E. 10. 
afterwards published Caravella's Index 23 (12). B. Montagu shews that legis- 
Aristophanis, Creutzer's Plotimis, and lation (1662 — 1775, and the case of 
Beveral editions by Bekker and Din- Beckford v. Hood 1798,) had not di- 
dorf. minished the privileges of the three 

2 Dyer [Privil. ii. iii. 33) speaks of libraries, but that not six per cent, of 
a ^brevier Porson greek' used in Lon- the books published in London about 
don for Valpy's Stephani Thesaurus, 1803 (he gives a list) were in the 
and a fount of ' great Porson greek ' Cambridge University Library. 

cast for tlie Clarendon Press at Oxford. ^ Cooper's Annals, iv. 572, 573. 

3 Dyer, Privil. Camb. u. iii. 30, 31. 



APPENDIX IX. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRINTERS. 393 

The following list of — 

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRINTERS 

may perhaps provoke those who are able to correct and complete it. 

[John Siberch 1521 and 1522] 

Nic. Speryng ) 

Garratt Godfrey [ 1534 

Segar Nicholson, Gonv. ) 

Kic. Pilgrim ) .„q 

Kichard Noke i ^^'^^ 

Peter Shers 1546 

John Kingston 1577 

Thomas Thomas, King's 15S2— 8 ('15S3' B.; '1584' Carter) 

John Legate 1588—1607 

[John Porter 1593] 

Cantrel Legge 16U7— 27 ('1606' i?. ; '1608' Z)//^r) 

Thomas Brooke, Clare, esquire bedelF, cir. 1614 

Leonard Green 1622 

John Buck, Cath. esquire bedell, 1625 

Thomas Buck, Cath. esquire bedell, 1627— 53 ('1625' 7?.) 

Roger Daniel 1627—50 ('1632' B.; cf Cooper's Annals in. 21.3), 

Francis Buck 1630 

John Legate 1650 (B.) Carter calls T. Buck ' sole printer' at this time. 

John Field 1653 ('1655' B.; '1654' Carter and Dt/er) 

John Hayes 1669—1707 

Matthew Whinn, Joh. registrary, 1669 

John Peck, Juh. esquire bedell, 1680 

Hugh Martin, Pemb. esquire bedell, 1682 

Dr James Jackson 1683 

Jonathan Pindar 1686, died in 1743 

[Edward Hall, cir. 1688] 

Henry Jenkes 1693 

Cornelius Crownfield 1696 — 1742, 'Inspector of the Press' 1698— 

1740 ('1706' B. ; 'sole printer 1707 ' Carter) 
Joseph Bentham, Inspector of the Press 1740 — 78 ('1739' Carter) 
John Baskerville 1758 
John Archdeacon 1766—1793 

John Burgess 1793 — 1802 (' Burges' Univ. Calend.) 
Richard Watts 1802—1809 
John Smith 1809—1836 
Ji.hn WiUiam Parker 1836—1854 
Charles John Clay 2, Trin. 1854. 

Eor several of the earlier names in the above list I am indebted 
to a paper on the Cambridge University Press in the Bookseller of 
24th Feb. 1860, contributed as I understand by Mr Thompson 
Cooper. Where a date differed from what I had put down indepen- 
dently, I have added it with the letter B. I have omitted 'John 
Deighton 1802' as belonging more properly to the list of Agents. 

* For the convenience of university nership with Mr Clay and Mr G. 

business, when the working manager Seeley, under a Grace passed 3 July 

was not a matriculated person, it 1854, Mr Seeley acting as the London 

seems to have been a common practice Agent. On Mr Seeley's retiring in 1856 

in the 17th century, before a Press a new partnership between the L'ni- 

Syndicate was in existence, to nomi- versity and Mr Clay was effected by a 

nate a university officer as Inspector Grace of 12 Mar. 185G, which has bteu 

of the Press. confirmed by subsequent deeds of part- 

■■^ The University entered into part- nership. Cf. Gunning's Ccrcm. 248. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF ENGLISH XVIII™ CEN- 
TURY EDITIONS OF ANCIENT CLASSICS, &c. &c. 

The following list lias been corapiled in tlie main from the annals 
of Bowyer's ])ress, Nichols' Lit. Anecd. vols. I — iii., Saxii Onomasticon 
Lilerarium, Dibdin's Introduction to a Knowledge of Rare Classics, 
&c., edd. 1802, 1827. The Classical Collector's ^Vade-Mecum, 1822, 
Watt's Blhliotheca Brltannica 1824, Dr P. Bliss' Sale Catalogue 1858, 
and some MS. collections kindly lent by Professor J. E. B. Mayor. 

A few patristic, literary and scientific bonks are included, as well 
as the titles of other educational books mentioned already in the body 
of this volume. 

Names belonging to Oxonian (or continental) editions are printed 
in italics, since it is supposed that the list will give a tolerably fair 
impression of the proportion of classical works produced each year or 
series of years in the several English universities, or by men of 
university training or connexions. 

It will be observed that if Oxford was behind-hand in developing 
her educational system as a universiti/, she was none the less most 
productive of individual literary enterprise. 

When no size is registered the book is inferred to be in octavo ; 
the compiler however does not feel perfect confidence in his authori- 
ties on this score, as accuracy is not very common in this particular, 
8vos being often described as 4tos, and 4tos as folios. One is tempted 
to think that the collectors sometimes classed their books according 
to the sizes of the shelves which their extra large 2^ci,p^'>' copies 
occupied unread and undisturbed. 

1701 Catullus Tibullns et Propertius. 4to. Camb. 
Horace. Ja. Talbot (Trin.). 2 eclds., 18mo. Camb. 
Orationes ex Poetis Latinis. Oxon. 

Phaedrus. T. Jobnsou (King's and Magd.). Eton. 

Puffendorf de Off. Homiuis et Ciuis. Ed. 6. Camb. 

Eoman History. W. Wotton (Job.). 

Sallust. W. Ay erst {Univ.). Oxon. 

De Snida Diatribe. L. Kuster (Camb.). 4to. Camb. 

Terence. J. Leng (Catb.). 4to and 8vo. Camb, 

Yirgil. J. Laughton (Trin). 4to. Camb. 

"Vii-gil (Tonsou). Camb. 

Cosmologia Sacra, Nebem. Grew (Pemb.). Lond. 

De Veteribiis Cyclis. H. Dodwell (T. C. D. and Oxon.). 4to. Oxon. 

Geograpby. E. Wells (C/i. C/i.). Oxon. 

Introdnctio ad veram Pbysicam. J. Keill (Ball.). 

Vocabiilarium Giil. Sumner, cura T. Benson (Qu.). 

1702 Catullus Tibullus et Propertius. A. Anuesley, earl of Anglesea (Magd.). 

4to. Camb. 



APPENDIX IX. PUBLICATIONS. 395 

Epictetns, Cebes, &c. Gr. Lat. 18mo. Oxon. 

Eaclia, Tacquet. W. Whiston (Clare). Camb. 

Ireuaeus. J. E. Grabe {Oxon.). Fol. Oxoii. 

Lycophron, ed. 2. J. Potter (Line). Fol. Oxon. 

Annales Tbucj'd. et Xeuoplion. H. Dodwell (T, C. D. and Oxon.). Oxon. 

Virgil. 4to and 8vo. Camb. 

Cartesius De Metbodo. Camb, '. 

Clareudon's History (1702—4). Oxon. 

Conic Sections. Ja. Milnes (Oxon.). Oxon. 

Astrouomia, D. Gregory (Edinb. and Oxon.). Fol. Oxon. 

1703 Novum Test. Graecmn. J. Gregory (Maqd. H.). Fol. Oxon. 
Cyril Hierosol. T. Milles (3 indices T. Hearne). Fol. Oxon. 
Apjaian. Translated by J. Dryden (Trin. ), 

Ascbami et Stm-mii Epistolae. Oxon. 

Euclidis Opera. D. Gregory (Edinb. and Ball.). Fol. Oxon. 

■ Tacquet. W. Whiston (Clare). Camb. 

Enripidis Medea et Pboeuissae. W. Piers (Emm.). Camb. 
Eutropius and Messala Corvinus. T. Hearne (Edm. H.). Oxon. 
Geograpbi Minores. J. Hudson (Qu. Univ. and <S'. Mary H.). Ed. 2. 
lustitutiones Jm'is ex Grotii De J. Belli ac Pacis excerptae. 12mo. 

Camb. 
Justinus. T. Hearne (Edm. H.). Oxon. 
Justin Martyr Ajiol. H. Hutchinson. Oxon. 
Maximus Tyrius. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. 

Plini Caec. Secundi Ejiist. et Panegyr. T. Hearne (Edm. H ). Oxon. 
Xenophontis et Cicerouis Oecon. E. Wells (Cli. Ch.). Oxon. 
Xenopbontis Opera. 5 vols. E. Wells (Ch. Ch.). Oxon. 
Auti Scepticism (on Locke's Essay). H. Lee (Emm.). 
Genders of Latin Nouns. Pd. Johnson (Job.). 
A Jom-ney to Jerusalem. H. Maundrell (Exon.). Oxon. 
Liuguarum Septentrional. Thesaurus. G, Hickes (Joli., Magd. C, Magd, 

H., and Line). Oxon. 

1704 M. A. Antoninus. Oxon. (After the Camb. Gataker of 1652.) 
Introductio Chronologica. W. Holder (Pemb. and Oxon.). Ed. 2. Oxon. 
Ductor Historicus. Vol. 2. T. Hearne (Edm. H.). Oxon. 

Dionys. Halicarn. J. Hudson {Qu., Univ. and ,S'. Mary H,). 2 vols. 

Dionysius Periegetes. E. Wells (Ch. Ch.). Oxon. 

Geoponica. P. Needham (Joh.). Camb. 

Herodian. Ed. 3. Oxon, 

Homeri Ilias. Oxon. 

Lucian. E. Leedes (Pet.). Camb. 

Peculiar Use, &c. , of certain Latin Words (for Exercises). W. Willymot 

(King's). Camb. 
Foedera. T. Eymer (Sid.) [1704, &c., vols. 16, 17, after his death in 1714, 

by Eo. Sanderson (Line.)]. 
Euclid, CI. Fr. M. De Challes (Tm-inV Oxon. Ed. 2. 
Optica. Is. Newton (Trin.). Lond. 
Praelectiones Chymicae. J. Freind (Ch. Ch.). Oxon. 

1705 De Bibliorum Textibus. H. Hody (Wadh.). Fol. Oxon. 
Ductor Historicus. Vol. 1. ed. 2. T. Hearne (Edm. H.). Loud. 
Auacreon. Joshua Barnes (Emm.). Camb. 

Auacreon Christianus (psalms, &c.). Joshua Barnes (Emm.). 12mo. 

Camb. 
Homeri Odyssea. Oxon. 
Justinus. T. Hearne (Edm. H.). Oxon. 

Linguarum Septentrion. Thesaurus. G. Hickes (Line. &c.). Oxon. 
Litania et Ordo Caenae Dom. Oxon. 
H. Liikin de Religioue. S. Priest (Queens'). Oxon. 
Ovid Tristia (Delphini). Camb. 
Eeflexions on Ant. and Mod. Learning. W. Wotton (Joh). Ed. 3, with a 

Defence. 



896 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Sophoclis (4 plays). T. Jolinson (King's and Magd.). 2 vols. Chcon. 

Siiidas. L. Kuster (Camb.). 3 vols. fol. Camb. 

Catoptricks, &c. D. Gregory (Edin. and Oxon.) eugl. W. Browne (Pet.). 

Loud. 
Physica. J. Le Clerc (Geneva). Camb. Ed. 2. 
Posthumous Works of Eo. Hooke {Ch. Ch.). Lond. 

1706 Lexicon in N. Test. Gr. lat. Dawson. Camb. 
Academiae Francofort. ad Viadr. Encaenia. Oxon. 
Antiquities of Greece. J. Potter {Line). 2 vols. 

ApoUonius Pergaeus de Sectione Rationis. E. Halley (Qn.). Oxon. 

Athenagoras de Resurrect., &c. E. Decliair {Line). Oxon. 

Caesar. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. 

Ciceronis Oratioues (Delpbiui). Camb. 

Cicerouis De Oratore. T. Cockmau {Univ.). Oxoti. 

Graecae Linguae Dialecti. Mich. Maittaire {Ch. Ch.). Lond. 

Terence, Andria, Adelplii and Hecyra. W. Wiliymott (King's). 

Grotius Baptizat. Puer. Instit. et Eucharistia. Oxon. 

On the Being and Attributes of God. S. Clarke (Caius). London. 

Introductio ad Linguas Orientales. S. Ockley. (Qu.). Camb. 

Pro Testimonio Fl. Joseph! de Jesu Christo. C. Daubuz (Qu.). Lond. 

Newton's Optics. Lat. S. Clarke (Caius). 

King's College Anthems. Camb. 

1707 Biblia Graeca. J. E. Grabe {Oxon.) 4 vols., 1707—20. Oxon. 
Novum Test. Graecum. J. MUl {Qu. and Edm. H.). Fol. Oxon. 
Epictetus et Theophrastus. H. Aldrich {C]i. Ch.). Oxon. 
Encj'clopaedia, a Scheme of Study. Ro. Green (Clare). 4to. 
Horatius cum lectionibus variis. 12mo. Camb. 

Minucius Felix. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. 

Sallust. Jos. Wasse (Qu.). 

Theodosii Sphaerica. Gr. Lat. J. Hunt (? Ball.). Oxon. 

Virgilius ex edit. Emmesiana. Camb. 

Litterae a pastoribus et professoribus Genev. una cum respons. univ, 

Oxon. Fol. Oxon. 
Praelectiones Astronomicae. W. Wliiston (Clare). 
Newtoui (Trin.) Arithmetica Universalis. W. Wliiston (Clare). 

1708 Cicero Disp. Tusc. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. 
Compendium of Hickes {Joh., Magd. C, Magd. H. and Line). 
Corpus Statutorum Oxouieusium. 12mo. Oxon. 

Ignatii Epistolae. A. M. Salvini. Oxon. 

Livius. T. Hearne {Edm. H.). 6 vols. Oxon. 

Nepos. Ed. 2. Oxon. 

Some Thoughts on the Study of the Laws of England. T. Wood {NeiD C). 

Oxon. 
Sophoclis Antigone et Trachiniae. T. Johnson (King's and Magd.). Camb. 
Lexicon Technicum. J. Harris (Job.). 

1709 Novum Test. gr. eugl. E. WeUs {Ch. Ch.). Oxon. 

Antonini Iter Britannicum. T. Gale (Trin.) [edidit Rog. Gale (Trin.) fil.]. 

4to. Lond. 
Cicero Quaest. Tusc. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. 
Dionysius Periegetes, gr. lat. E. Wells {Ch. Ch.). Oxon. 
Ephrem Syrus. E. Thwaites {Qu.). Oxon. 
Hierocles Philos. P. Needham (Job.). Camb. 

Ignatii Epistolae. J. Pearson (King's), and T. Smith {Qu.). 4to. Oxon, 
Leland Script. Britt. A. Hall {Qu.). Oxon. 

Menander et Philemon, Le Clerc. Ei. Bentley (Joh. and Trin. ; Wadh.). 
Oxford and Camb. Miscellany Poems. Lintot (Nichols' Lit. Anecd. ix. 1G4). 
Spelman's Aelfred. T. Hearne {Edm. //.). Oxon. 
Chemistry Lectures. J. Freind {Ch. Ch.). 

1710 ApoUonius Pergaeus. Edm. Halley {Qu.). Fol. Oxon. 

Anuot. in 2 priores Aristophauis Comoedias. Ri. Bentley (Joh., Trin. and 
Wadh.). Fol. Amst. 



APPENDIX IX. PUBLICATIONS. " 397 

Synopsis Canonum Eccl. Latinae. Laiir. Howell (Jes.). 

Dioiiysii Orbis Descript. commeut. Eustatliii. Oxon. 

Historical Account of the Heatlieu Gods aud Heroes. W. King {Ch. Ch.), 

Longiuus. J. Hudson {Qu., Univ. and S. Mary H.). Oxon. 

Lucian. E. Leedes (Pet.). 

Emeudationes in Menaud. et Philemon. Philel. Lips. [Bi. Bentley] Traj. 

ad Elieu. 
Sallust, &c. Jos. Wasse (Qu.). Camb. 
Triglanilii Paedia Juris. Oxon. 

Cosmologia Sacra. Neh. Grew (Pemb.). Ed. 2. Lond. 
Euclid, Tacquet. W. Whiston (Clare). Camb. 
• Praelectiones Physico-Mathematicae. W. Whiston (Clare). Camb. 

1711 Autiquitates Kutupiuae. J. Battely (Trin. C. Camb.). Oxon. 
Herodotus, Vita Homeri. 4to. Camb. 

Homer. Joshua Barnes (Emm.). 2 vols. 4to. Camb. 

Horace. Ei. Bentley (Job., Trin. and Wadh,.), 2 vols. 4to. Camb. 

Juvenal Trausl. J. Drydeu (Trin.). 

Orationes ex Poetis Latiuis. Oxon. 

Oratio in publicis Acad. Oxon. Scholis in laudem T. Bodleii. Edm. Smith 

(Ch. Ch.). Lond. (Bowyer.) 
Ovid's Metamorphoses, engiished by Su* S. Garth (Pet.), &c. Fol. Lond. 
Plautus. 2 vols. Loud. (Tonson.) 
Pomponius Mela. J. Keynolds (King's). 4to, Exeter. 
Praelectiones Poeticae. Jos. Trapp. [Wadh.). Oxon. 
VeUeius Paterculus. Oxon. 
Symposium Luciani, Platonis, Xenophontis, Plutarchi. C. Aldrich 

(Ch. Ch.). Oxon. 
Grammatica Anglo- Saxonica. C. Thwaites (Qu.). - 

1712 Essay on 2 Ai-abic MSS., Bodl. J. E. Grabe (Oxo^. 
Chrysostom de Sacerdotio. J. Hughes (Jes). Camb, 
Caesar. S. Clarke (Cains), Fol. Loud. 
Dionysius Periegetes. J. Hudson (Qu., &c.). Oxon. 
Minucius Felix. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. 

Moeris Atticista. J. Hudson (Qu., Univ. and S. Mary H.). Oxon, 

De Graecarum Litt. Pronunc. G. Martin. Oxon, 

De Ordine Vocabulorum, &c. J. Ward. Loud. 

Oratio Inauguralis. Simon Ockley (Qu.). 4to. Camb. 

Theophrasti Characteres, variorum. P. Needliam (Joh.). Camb. 

Vareuii Geographia. Ja. Jurin (Trin.). Camb. 

Maps of Anc. aud Mod. Geography. E. Wells (Ch. Ch.). 

A New Institute of Imperial or Ci-vil Law. T. Wood (New C). Bowyer, 

Lond. 
Conic Sections. Ja. Milnes (Oxon.). Oxon. 
Principles of Natural Philosophy. Ko. Green (Clare). Camb. 

1713 Newtoui Principia. Ed. 2. Eoger Cotes (Trin.). Camb. 

Horace. Ed. 2. E. Bentley (Joh., Trin. aud JVadh.). 8vo. Camb. ; also Amst. 

Horace. T. Bentley (Trin). 12mo. 

Emendation of Menander and Ep. ad Millium (reprint). E. Bentley. 

Dissert, on Ep. of Phalaris. E. Bentley (Joh., Trin. and Wadh.). 

Menander et Philemon, gr. lat. J. Clerc. Ed. E. Bentley. Camb. 

Codex Juris Eecles. Augl. Edm. Gibson (Qu.). Lond. 

De Parma Equestri Woodward. H. Dodwell (T, C. D. and Oxon.) aud T. 

Hearne (Edm. H.). Oxon. 
Plato de Eepublica. varior. Edm. Massey. Camb. 
Poetae Vett. Lat. Mich. Maittaire (Ch. Ch.), Lond. 
Justinus. Lucretius. ,, „ ,, 

Paterculus. Phaedi'us. ,, ,, ,, 

Sallustius. ,, ,, „ 

Compendium Ethices. D. Whitby (Trin.). Oxon. 
Physico-Theologia. W. Derham ('Trin.). Lond. 
Principia Mathem. Is. Newton (Trin.). Ed. 2, Camb. 



398 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

1714 N. Test. Graecnm. Superiutended by Maittah-e. Lond. 
EeasoBableuess and Certainty of tiie CLiistiau Religion. E. Jeukiu 

(Job.). Ed. 4. 
Spicilegium SS. Patrum, &c. J. E. Grabe {Oxon.). Oxoii. 
Astro-Tbeologia. W. Derbam (Trin.). Loud. 
Cicero de Oratore. Ja. Proust. Oxon. 
Homer IHad. Morel. Oxon. 

Tbeopbrastiis transl. Eustace Budgell {Ch. Ch.). Lond. 
Geograpbia Vareuii. Ja. Jurin (Trin. ). Camb. 
Sbort lutrodiiction to Grammar. Oxon. 
Grammatica Latiua. Oxon. 

Ductor Historicus. T. Hearne (JSrfm. Ji".). Complete. Lond. 
Trigonometry. E. Wells (Ch. Ch.). Lond. 

1715 Greek Testament. 12mo. Bowyer. Lond. 

Acta Apost. Gr. Lat. litt. maiusc. cod, Laudiau. Bodl. T. Hearne (Edm. 

H.). Oxon. 
Commentaries on S. Paul's Epp. E. Wells [Ch. Ch.). Oxon. 
A Help for Underst. H. Scriptures. E. Wells (67;. Ch.) 7 vols. 4to. Oxon. 
Aristeas. Hist. lxx. luterpp. Grabe, transl. Lewis. 12mo. Oxon. 
?Irenaeus. .Jo. Pottauus. 2 vols. Fol. Oxon. [Watt. i. 535 «.] 
Clem. Alexandr. J. Potter (Line). Oxon. 
Vindication of Sibylline Oracles. W. Wiiiston (Clare). 
Liberty and Necessity. Ant. Collins (Iviug's). 
Epist. de Legibus Attractiouis. J. Keill (i>aZ7.). Oxon. 
Introd. ad Pbys. Lect. J. Keill (Ball.). Oxon. 
Demostbenes et Aescbines de Corona. P. Eoulkes and J. Friend (Ch. Ch.). 

Ed. 2. Oxon. 
Cicero de Fiuibus. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. 

. de Oratore. Ja. Proust. Ox-on. 

Doctrina Pbilosopborum ex Cicerone. Oxon. 
Epictetus. E. Ivie (Ch. Cli.). Oxon. 

Euripidis Medea and Pboeniss. Josbua Barnes (Emm). Lond. 
Herodoti Cbo. Camb. 

Musaeus Hero and Leauder. Engl. Verse. A. S. Calcott. Oxon. 
Catullus, TibuU. Propert. Micb. Maittaire (Ch. CIi.). 12mo. Loud. 
Virgil. Id. 
Florus. Id. 
Ovid. Id. 3 vols. 
? Horace, Id. 
Nepos. Id. 

Dictionary of Classical Geography. L. [and S.] Eacbard (Chr.). 
S/ceXeros (Jautabrigieusis. Ki. Parkeri. Ed. T. Hearne. Oxon. 
Puffendorf de Oil'. Camb. 
Euclidis Elem. J. Keill (Ball). Oxon. 
Catoptricks, etc. D. Gregory (Edinb. and Ball.), engl. ed. 2. W. Browne 

(Pet.). Lond. 
1716 N. T. Coptice. David Willdns (Camb.). Oxoji. 
Aristotelis Etbica. var. G. Wilkinson. Oxon, 
Cicero De Oliiciis, var. ? J, Cockmau ({7»('ti.). Oxon. 
■ De Senectute, engl. S. Hemming (Qu.). Oxon. 

De Oratoi'e. Zacb. Pearce (Trin.). Camb. 

De Claris Oratoribus. Ja. Proust. Oxon. 

Horatius. Micb. Maittaire (Ch. Ch.). 12mo. Loud. 
Caesar. Id. 

Q. Cm-tins. Id, 

Juvenal. Id. 

Martial. Id. 

Atlieuae Britt. History of Oxford and Cambridge Writers. Miles Davies. 

Lond. 
De dea Salute. G. Musgi'ave. 0.ton, 
Hist. Plant. Succulent, (decas i.). B. Bradley (Camb,). 4to. 



APPENDIX IX. PUBLICATIONS. 399 

1717 Baskett's Imperial Bible (vellum). 2 vols. Folio. Oxon. 
Ai'istotelis Ethica Nicom. W. Wilkinson (Qii.). Oxon. 
Cicero De Officiis, &c. T. Tooly [Joh.). Oxon. 

■ De Amicitia, &c. T. Tooly [Joli.). Oxon. 

Dionysius Periegetes. J. Hudson {Qn., Univ. and S. Mary II.). Oxon. 

Ovid Metamorpli. transl. S. Gartli (Pet.). Fol. Lend. 

Aristarcbus Anti-Bentleianus. Ei. Johnson (Joh.). 

Autieut and Present Geograi^by. E. Wells [Ch. CIi.). 

Musae Anglicauae. Oxon. 

ElKihv HcoKpaTLKri. S. Catherall. Oxon. 

Treatise on Opticks. Is. Newton (Triu.). Bowyer. Loud. 

1718 Aesop. J. Hudson {Qu., Univ. and S. Martj !£.). Oxon. 
Aesop. 12mo. Oxon. 

Cicero De Nat. Deor. J. Davies (Qu. ). Camb. 

De Fiuibus. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. 

. De Finibus, Paradoxa. T. Beutley (Triu.). Camb, 

Ebetorica. Ja. Proust. Oxon. 

Horace Odes, engl. H. Coxwell. 4to. Oxon. 

Louginus, J. Hudson {Qu., Univ. and S. Mary 11.). Oxon. 

Phalaris. C. Boyle [Ch. Ch.). 

Physica Aiistotelica mod in usum Juv. Acad. Taswell. Bowyer. Loud. 

Miscellanea in Usum Juvent. Acad. J. Pointer [Mert.). Oxon. 
Virgil Aen. engl. Jos. Trapp (Jfadh.). 
Remarks on Italy. Jos. Addison [Macjd.). Lond. 
. Optica Newton., lat. S. Clark (Caius). Ed. 2. Bowj-er. Lond. 
Pharmacopoeia Bateana. T. Fuller, M.D. Cantab. Bowyer. Loud. 
Clemens liomanus. H. Wotton (Job.). Camb. 
Lactautius. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. 
Kay's Correspondence. W. Derbam (Trin.). Lond. 
Pbysica Ja. Kobault. S. Clarke (Cai.). Ed. 4. 

1719 Apostolical Fathers, &c. W. Wake [Ch. Ch.). Ed. 3. Bowyer. Loud. 
Ignatius, &c. 

Justin M. Dialogues. S. Jebb (Pet.). Bowyer. Loud. 

Clavis Ling. Sanctae. Nic. Trott [D. C. L.). Fol. Oxnn. 

Dissert, ad J. Clericum Epist"^. de QuinctUiano. Mich. Maittaire (Ch. Ch.). 

4to. Lond. 
De Asse. J. Ward (Gresbam). Lond. 
Hierocles. P. Needham (Job.). Camb. 
Lucan. M. Maittaire (Ch. Ch.). 12mo. Lond. 
Pomponius Mela. J. Reynolds (? King's). 4to. Lond. 
Saxon Homilies. W. Elstob (Cath. H., Qu. and Univ.), &c. 

1720 Vet. Test. Vob 3. ?G. Vv^igan (C7f. C7t.). Lond. 
Bibliotheca Biblica. B. Parker (B. N. C). 4to. Oxon. 
Cambridge Concordance. Fol. 

Origines Ecclesiasticae. Jos. Bingham (C7?iU'.). Bowyer. Lond. 

Theologia Speculativa, Body of Divinity. Ei. Fiddes (Univ.). Lond. 

Valesii, Eusebii, &c. Hist. Eccl. W. Beading. 3 vols. Fol. Camb. 

De P. Pilati epist. T. Woolston (Sid.). Loud. 

Cebetis Tabula. T. Johnson (King's and Magd.). Eton, Lond. 

Cicero De Senect. &c., eugl. S. Parker (B. N. C.). Oxon. 

Josephus. J. Hudson (Qa., Univ. and S. Mary H). 2 vols. Fol. Oxon. 

Textus Roffensis. T. Hearue (Edm. H.). 

Chrouologieal Tables. A. Blaudy (Pemb.). Oxon. 

Institute of the Laws of England. T. Wood (New C). 

Canons Ecclesiastical. J. Johnson (Magd. and Benet.). 

1721 Proposals for Gk. Test. E. Bentley (Job. and Triu.). 4to. Lond. 
Anacreon. Josh. Barnes (Emm.). Ed. 2. Camb. 
Batracbomyomachia gr. lat. M. Maittaire (Ch. Ch.). Lond. 
Cicero De Divinat. et De Fato. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. 
Demosthenes Fals. Legat. H. Brooke {B. N. C. and All S.). Oxon, 
Demostbenis Orationes lxii. Oxon. 



400 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Inscriptio Sigea. Edm. CliishuU {Corpus). Lond. 

Carmina Comitialia. V. Bourne (Trin.). 

Introduction to True Astronomy. J. Keill {Ball.). 

On the Usefulness of Matliematical Learning. Ed. 2. M. Strong {Line). 

0x0 n. 
Petra Scandali (Schism. Eccll. Orient, and Occident.). Arabic version. 

J. Gagnier. Oxon. 
Leges Saxouicae. D. Wilkins. (Camb.) 

1722 Inquiry into Authority of Complutensian N. T. Ei. Bentley (Joh. and 

Trin. and Wadh.). Lond. 
Beda Hist. Eccl. J. Smith (Joh.). Bo^v3^er. Lond. and Camb. 
A Kempis Imit. Xti. and Three Tabernacles. W. WiUymot (King's). 

Bo\vyer. Loud. 
Eibliotheca Litteraria I. II. S. Jebb (Pet.), &e. (Camb.). Bow'yer. Lond, 
Justin M., Trypho. Stj'an Thiiibj' (Jes.). London. 
Tertulliau adv. Haeret. et Tiieophili Apol. J. Betty {Exon.). Oxon. 
Theophilus ad Autol. engl. Jo. Betty {Exon.). Oxon. 
Aelius Ai-istides. S. Jebb (Pet.). 2 vols. 4to. Oxon. 
Oppian Haheutica. W. Diaper and J. Jones {Ball.). Oxon. 
PUni Epp. et Panegyr. M. Maittaire {Ch. Ch.). Lond. 
Vidae Poemata. T. Tristram {Pcmb.). E. Owen (Joh.). Oxo7i. 
Miscell. Graecor. Scriptt. Carmina, gr. lat. Mich. Maittau'e (Ch. Ch.). 

4to. Lond. 
De Obligatione Juramenti. Eo. Sanderson {Line). Lond. 
Euchd. Andr. Tacquet (Antw.), W. Wliiston (Clare). Ed. 3. Camb. 

1723 Ai-etaeus Cappadox (medical). J. Wigan {Ch. Ch.). Fol. Oxon. 
Bibliotheca Litteraria III. — VI. S. Jebb (Pet.). Bowyer. Lond. 
Cicero (Manutii). F. Hare (King's). Camb. 

Disp. Tusc. J. Davies (Qu.). Ed. 2. Camb. 

Epictetus. E. Ivie {Ch. Ch.). Ed. 2. Oxo7i. 

Epistola Critica ad F. Hare (King's), Jer. Markland (Pet.). Camb. 

Euripidis Medea et Phoeniss. W. Piers (Emm.). Ed. 2. Camb. 

Terentius. J. Leng (Cath.). Camb. 

Carmina Quadragesimalia. C. Este {Ch. Ch.). Oxon, 

Vida de Arte Poetica. 12mo. Oxon. 

Hemiugii Chartularium Vigorn. T. Hearne {Edm. H.). 

English Particles. W. Willymott (King's). Lond. 

Conic Sections. Ja. Milnes (Oxon.). Oxon. 

1724 Anthol. Graec. Delectus Westmonast. Oxon. 
Antiquitates Asiaticae. E. ChishuU (Corpus). 
Bibliotheca Litteraria VII. — X. Bowyer, Lond. 
Britannia Eomana. J. Pointer {Mert.). Oxon. 
Longinus. Zach. Pearce (Trin.). Lond. 
Terence. Fr. Hare (King's). 4to. Lond. 
Eeligion of Nature Delineated. W. Wollaston (Sid.). 

1725 Anacreon. Mich. Maittaixe (Ch. Ch.). Lond. 
Anthol. Poem. Gr. Minor. Westmon. Oxon. 
Cicero Quaestt. Acad. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. 
[Horace. John Pine. 2 vols. Loud.] 

Phileleutherus Lipsiensis on Collins' 'Freethinking.' Ei. Bentley (Joh. 

Trin. and Wadh.). Ed. Camb, 
Theophrastus trausl. H. Gaily (Benet), Lond. 
Vida Christiad. E. Owen (Joh.). Oxon, 
Gradus ad Parnassum. Lond. 

New Theory of the Earth. W. Whiston (Clare). Ed. 2. Lond. 
172G Ignatius. Oxon. 

Sum and Substance of IV Evangelists. Oxon, 

Liber Precum Eccl. Catliedr. Oxon. Oxon. 

Petra Scandali. J. Gagnier. Ed. 2. Oxon. 

Three Sermons and Preface. Jos. Butler (Oriel). 

Euripidis Hec. Orest. Phoeu. J. King (King's). 2 vols. Camb. 



APPENDIX IX. PUBLICATIONS. 401 

Isocratis, &c., Orationes Selectae. Phil. Fletcher. Oxon. 

Demosth. et Aeschinis Oratt. P. Foulkes and J. Freind {Ck. Ch.). 

Oxon. 
Terence, Phaedrus and Publ. Syi'us. E. Bentley (Trin.). 4to. Camb. 
Sibylla Capitoliua. Oxon. 
Poemata Card. Maffaei Barberini. Jo. Brown (Qu.). Oxon. 

Urban VIII. 
Tasso's Aminta. P. B. Du Bois {S. Manj H.). Oxon. 

J. Faber. Oxon. 
Astro-Theologia. W. Derham [Trin.). Lond. 
Terrae Filins. N. Amhurst [Joh-I. 
Ai-ithmetick. E. Wells (Ch. Ch.). Lond. 
Geography. E. Wells [Ch. Ch.). Oxon. 
Principia Mathem. Is. Newton (Trin.). Ed. 3. Camb. 
1727 Holy Bible. 2 vols. fol. Oxon. 

^ arranged for the Clementine Libr. by E. Warren {^ Bras.). 

4to. Oxon. 
The Sacred Classics defended and illustrated. Ant. Blackwall. Lond. 
Caesar. J. Davies (Qu.). Ed. 2. 4to. Camb. 
Cicero De Legibus. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. 

Cato Major, &c., engl. S. Parker {Bras.). Oxon. 

Xenophon Cyropaed. T. Hutchinson (Line). Oxon. 

and Anabasis. T. Hutchinson (Line). 4to. Oxon. 

Oeconomics, engl. Ei. Bradley (prof. Camb.). Lond. 

Journey of Cyrus, engl. Oxon. 



Physico-Theologia. W. Derham (Trin.). Lond. 

Catalogue of Oxford Graduates, 1603 — 1726. Oxon. 

Principles of Philos. of Expansive and Contractive Forces. Eo. Green 

(Clare). Camb. 
Vegetable Staticks. Ste. Hales (Benet.). Lond. 

Historiae Plantarum Succulent, decas 5ta. Ei. Bradley (prof. Camb.). 4to. 
1728 De Bened. Patriarchae Jacob conjeett. G. Hooper yC/i. Ch.). 4to. Oxon, 
Novatian. J. Jackson (Jes.). Lond. 

Antiquitates Asiaticae. Edm. Chishull (Corpus). Bowyer. Lond. 
Aristotelis Poetica, editio 2do Goulstoniana. Camb. 

Ehetorica, var. ? W. Beattie (Magd.). Camb. 

Cicero De Finibus. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. 
Dionys. Halicarn. Ja. Upton (King's). Bowyer. Lond. 
Q. Horatius Flaccus (an edition of Bentley's). Amst. 
Plato Parmenides. J. W. Thomson. Oxon. 
Statii Silv. Jer. Marklaud (Pet.). Bowyer. Lond. 
Foundation of Moral Goodness. J. Balguy (Job.). 
Annals of University Coll. W. Smith. Newcastle. 
System of Opticks. Eo. Smith (Trin.). 
Optice Newtoni. S. Clarke (Caius). Lond. 

1729 Common Prayer. 07:o7i 8vo. and 12mo. 

Antiquities of Constantinople. J. Ball (Corpus). Bowyer. Lond. 

Aeschylus Choe. ; Soph, and Eurip. Electra Westmonast. Oxon. 

Ciceronis Orationes. Delphin. Camb. 

Homer. Vol. I. S. Clarke, sen. (Caius). 4 vols. 4to. 

Isocrates, var. Vol. I. (see 1749). W. Battle (King's). Camb. 

Plutarchi Vitae (1723—9). Aug"^. Bryan (Trin.). 5 vols. 4to. Lond. 

Sophocles engl. G. Adams (Joh.). Bowyer. Lond. 

Instit. Logicae. J. Walhs (Emm. and Qu. and Oxon.). Oxon. 

De Laude Univ. Oxon. Metrice. Ed. T. Hearne (Edm. H.). Oxon. 

Parecbolae Statut. Univ. Oxon. Oxon. 

Ambr. Bonwicke (Joh.), A Pattern for Young Students. Lond. 

1730 Aelius Aristides. 3 vols. 4to. Oxon. 
Cicero De Divinatione var. ) 

Tusculan. Disp. > J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. 

Philosophica. ) 

w. 26 



402. UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Longinus. J. Hudson (Qn., Univ. and S. Mary II.). Ed. 2. Oxon. 
Luciau. N. Kent (King's). Camb. 
Sallust (Minelli). 24mo. 0.mn. 

Xenopbou Cyropaedia. T. Hutcbiuson {Line). Lond. 
Viudiciae Antkiiiit. Acad. Oxon. T. Cai. Ed. Hearne. 2 vols. Oxo7i. 
Keill's Oxf. Astron. Lectures. Edm. Halley (Qu.). Bowyer. Loud. 
Cambridge Lectiires on Materia Medica. Prof. Ei. Bradley. Bowyer. 
Musick Speecbes by J. Taylor (Job.) 
Scripture Cbrouology. A. Bedford (Bra-^.). 
Articuli XXXIX. E. Welcbman {Mert.). Ed. 5. Oxon. 
A System of Ecclesiastical Law. Ri. Grey {Line). 

A New Institute of Imperial or Civil Law. T. Wood {New C). Ed. i. 
Bowj'er. Lond. 

1731 Cicero's Dialogues (s. a. 1727) tr. S. Parker (7?ra.s-.). 4to. O.ron. 
Demostbenes Select Oratt. var. R. Mounteuey, Cambr. Oxon. 
Horatii Carmina. G. Wade (Cbr.). Bowyer. Lond. 
Tbucydides. Jos. Wasse (Qu.) and Duker. 2 vols. fol. Amst. 
Observatioues Miscellaneae (Dutcb Pbilol. Journ.) trausl. J. Jortiu (Jcs.), 

&c. (Camb.) 
Conic Sections. L. Trevigar. Camb. 

Eternal and Immutable Morality. Ka. Cudwortb (Emm., Clare and Cbr.). 
Tertullian adv. Praxeau. Camb. 
Euclid. O.xon. 

On Moral Obligation. T. Jobnson (Iving's and Magd.). Camb. 
Origin of Evil. W. Iving (T. C. D.). Engl. Edm. Law (Job., Cbr. and 

Pet.). 4to. 

1732 Apparatus ad Ling. Graec. G. Tbompson, assisted by Prof. Pilgrim 

(Trin.). Bo^^'J'er. Lond. 
Cicero De Oratore. Z. Pearce (Trin.). 2 ed. Camb. 

De Nat. Deor. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. 

Offices, trs. T. Cockman {Univ.). Ed. 8. Bowj'cr. Lond. 

Homeri Uias. Vol. 2. S. Clarke (Caius). 

Gemmae Antiquae. G. Ogle (? Sid.). Paris (see 17-11). 

Livy. Micb. Maittaire {Ch. Ch.). 6 vols. 

Loiiginus. Z. Pearce (Trin.). 

Marmora Oxoniensia. Ed. 2. Micb. Maittaire {Ch. Ch.). Fol. Bowyer. 

Harmouia Mensurarum. Hog. Cotes (Trin.). 4to. Camb. 

Hortus Eltbamensis. J. J. Slierard Dillenius (Job.). 

Oratio Woodwardiana. Convers Middleton (Trin.). Bowyer. Lond. 

Origin of Evil. W. King (t. C. D.). Engl. Edm. Law"(Joli-. ^^^^'- and 

Pet.). Ed. 2. 2 vols. Lond. 
Observatioues in Comment. Gr. Demosth. Ulpiano v. adscriptae. J. Cbap- 

man (King's). 
Oxonia Depicta. W. Williams. Fol. 
Quaestiones Pbilosopbicae in Usum Juvent. Acad. T. Jobnson (King's 

and Magd.). Camb, 
Tbucydides (Duker). 

1733 Indices III. ad Cyrillum. T. Hearne {Edm.). 0.ron. 
Appendix ad Marmora Oxoniensia. Bowyer. Lond. 
Bacon Opus Majus. S. Jebb (Pet.). Fol. Bowyer. Lond. 
Bellus Homo et Academicus, etc. Bo\vj'er. Lond. 

Cicero Nat. Deor. Ed. 3. J. and Ei. Davies (Qu.). Camb. 

Epist. Critica. Jer. Markland and Fr. Hare (Horace emended). Camb. 

1734 Some Tbouglits concerning... stuelying Divinity. W. Wotton (Job.). 
Anacreon. Josb. Barnes (Emm.). Loud. 

Pandect and Parergon. J. Ayliiie {Nmu C). 2 vols. Fol. 
Poematia. V. Bourne (Trin.). Westmon. 
Historia Plantarum Succulent. Ei. Bradley (prof.). Eeprint. 
Matbematical Lectures. Is. Barrow (Trin.). Bo^v;v'er. Lond. 
Oratio Woodwardiana. C. Mason (Trin.). 4to. Camb. 
Inquiry into tlic Ideas of Space. J. Clarke, E. Law, &c. 



APPENDIX IX. PUBLICATIONS. 408 

1735 BiLliotheCca Biblica. S. P.arlver. 5 vols. 4to. Oxon. 

Tho. h Kempis' Cliristian Pattern. J. Wesley {Ch. Ch., Line). 

Eo. Stepliani Thesaurus Ling. Lat. Augmented and emended by Edm. 

Law (.Job., Chr., Pet.), J. Taylor (.loli.), T. Johnson (King's, Magd.), 

and Sandys Hutchinson (bibl. Trin.). 
The Scholar's Instructor, Hebrew Grammar. Isr. Lyons. Camb. 
Ant. Blackwall De Praestantia Classic. Auct. trs. G-. H. Ayrer. Lipsiac. 
Usefulness of Mathematical Learning. Is. Barrow. Tr. J. Kirkby (.Joh.). 
Enquiry into the Life and Writings of Homer. Ant. Blackwall (Emm.), 
Josephus, transl. W. Whiston [Clare]. Bowyer. Lond. 
Origin of Evil. W. King (T. C. D.). Engl. Camb. 
Puffeudorf De Off. Hominis et Civis. Johnson. Camb. 
Quaestiones Philosophicae. T. Johnson (King's and Magd.) Camb. Ed. 2. 
Xenophon Anabasis. T. Hutchinson (Line). 4to. Agesilaus. 8vo. Oxon. 
Catoptricks, &c. D. Gregory [Ch. Ch.). Pieflecting Telescopes, &c. J. T. 

Desaguliers [Cli. Ch., Hart. H.). Lond. 
Critical Eemarks on Capt. Gulliver's Travels. E. Bentley (Trin.). Camb. 

1736 S. Scripturae Versio Metrica. J. Burton {CorpuH). Oxon. 
Dissertationes et Conjectt. in Librum Jobi. S. Wesley (Exon.). Bowyer. 
Solomon de Mundi Vauitate. Mat. Prior (Joh.), W. Dobson (? Nexo C), 

4to. Oxon. 
Psalmi Hebr. Lat. Fr. Hare (King's). Lond. 
Cicero Academica. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. 
Lysias. Jer. Markland (Pet.). Loud. 
Newton's Fluxions. J. Colson (Sid. and Emm.) 
Praelectiones Poeticae. Jos. Trapp (IFarf/(.). 2 vols. Loird. 
Catalogue of Oxford Graduates. Oxon. 

1737 Graecae Linguae Dialecti. Mich. Maittaire (C/j. C/f.). Ed. 2. Lond. 
Hesiod. T. Eobinscn (Line, Mcrt.). 4to. Oxon. 

Xenophon Cyr. T. Hutchinson (Li/ic). 4to. Oxon. 

La Secchia of Tasso. 2 pts. 1 vol. Oxon. 

On the Sacrament. D. Waterland (Magd.). 

Poems. W. Shenstone (Pemh.). Oxon. 

Concilia. D. Wilkins (Camb.). 4 vols. 

New Theory of the Earth. W. Whiston (Clare). Camb. 

1738 Catalogus luterpp. S. Script. Bodl. Eo. Fysher (C7t. 67;.). 2vols. fol. Oxon. 
Census habitus uascente Christo. J. Eeinoldius (? King's, and 0.roH.). Oxon. 
Cicero Disp. Tusc. em. Bentl. J. Davies (Qu.). Ed. 4. Camb. 
Lingua Etruriae. J. Swinton (CTi. C/*.). Oxon. 

The Scholar's Instructor, Hebrew Grammar. Isr. Lyons. Ed. 2. Camb. 

Bodleian Catalogue. Oxon. 

Travels in Barbary. T. Shaw [Qu. and Edm. Hall). 

Hydrostatical and Pneumatical Lectures. Eog. Cotes (Trin.). Bowyer. 

Complete System of Opticks. Eo. Smith (Trin.). 2 vols, Bowyer. Loud. 

1739 Discourse on Anc. and Mod. Learning, from MS. of Jos. Addison (Magd.). 
De antiq. et util. Ling. Arabicae. T. Hunt (Ch. Clt,., Hart H.). Oxon. 
Epictetus. Ja. Upton (Exon.). Loud. 

Epictetus, Cebes and Theophrastus. Jos. Simpson (Qu.). Oxon. 
Lysias. J. Taylor (Joh.), Jer. Markland (Pet.). Bowyer. Lond. 
Manilius. E. Bentley (Joh., Trin. and Wadh.). 4to. Lond. 
Pomponius Mela. J. Eeynolds (King's). 4to. ed. 3. Lond. 
Tryphiodorus Troja. J. Merrick. Oxon. 
Origin of Evil. W. King (T. C. D.). Engl. ed. 3. Edm. Law (Joh., Chr. 

and Pet.). Camb. 
Astronomy of the Moon and Tables of the Moon's Motions. E. Dun- 

thorue (Pemb. Lodge). Camb. 

1740 Historiae Litterariae. Ed. 2. Vol. 1. W. Cave (Joh.) and H. Wharton 

(Caius). Oxon. 
Anacreon. Mich. Maittaire (C/(. C/i.). Ed. 2. Lond. 
Epictetus, Cebes, Prodicus and Theophr. Jos. Simpson (Qu. ). Oxon. 
Eefl. on Logickm the Schools. E. Bentham (CJi. Ch., Corpus, Oriel). Oxon. 

26—2 



404 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Lysiai5. J. Taylor (Job.). Camb. 

Maximi Tyrii Dissertt. J. Davies (Qn.), Jer. Marklaud (Pet.). Bowyer. 
On Antique Paiutiug. G. TurnbiiU ('? Exon.). Lond. 
Historia Museornm. J. J. Sberard Dillenius (Job.) 

N. Sanderson's (Cbr.) Palpable Aritb. and Algebra. J. Colson (Sid. and 
Emm.). 4to. Camb. 
1741 Callimacbus Tbeognis, Galen of Pergamos, &c. T. Bentley (Triu.). Loud. 
Cicero De Finibus, var. J. Davies (Qu.). Ed. 2. Camb. 

De Diviuatione. J. Davies (Qa.). Ed. 3. Camb. 

De Legibns, &c. Camb. 

Epistola. Ja. Tunstal (Job.) ad Middletonnm, e. dissert, de aetata 

Ciceronis de Legibus. J. Cliapman (King's and Oxoii.). Camb. 
Defence of tbe Autient Greek Cbronology, and Enqiiiry into tbe Origin of 

tbe Greek Language. S. Squire (Job.). Camb. 
Carmina Quadragesimaba. Vol. i. ed. 2. C. Este {Ch. Ch.). Lond. 
Epictetus and Ai-rian. Ja. Upton {Exon.). 2 vols. Lond. 
Gemmae Antiquae. G. Ogle (? Sid.). Ed. 2. Lond. 
Plutarcbi Apopbtbegmata Regum. Micb. Maittaire {Ch. Ch.). Lond. 
Trypbiodorus, var. tr. Ja. Merrick {Trlii.). 0.coii. 
Virgil's Georgicks, engl. J. Martyn (Emm.). 4to. 
Xenopbon Memorab. Gr. Lat. Bolton Simpson {Qu.). Oxon. 
Elements of Algebra. N. Saunderson {Chr.). "Witb memoir. 2 vols. 4to. 
Logicae Artis Compendium. R. Sanderson {Line). Oxon. 
Quaestiones Plxilosopliicae. T. Jobuson (King's and Magd.). Camb. 

Ed. 3. 
Expence of Univ. Education Reduced. Ri. Newton {Ch. Ch., Hart. II.). 
ed. 4 (ed. 1. 1727). O.ron. 

1742 Nov. Test. Graec. J. Gambold. 12mo. 0.wn. 
Anacreou, gi'. lat. Camb. 

Cicero and Brutus. Conyers Middleton (Trin.). Lond. 

Commentarius ad Legem Xviralem, &c. J. Taylor (Job.), R. Bentley 

(Job., Trin. and Wadh.), &c. Camb. 
De Graccis lUustribus. Hum. Hody {Wadh.). Bowyer. Lond. 
Observations upon Liberal Education. G. Turnbull (? Exon.). Lond. 
Pliilo Judaeus. T. Mangey (Job.). Bowyer. Lond. 

Poetry Lectures in Scbol. Pbilos. Oxon. Jos. Trapp {Wadli.). Bowyer. 
Astronomy. Roger Long (Pemb.). 4to. Camb. 

1743 Cave Historia Literaria. 2 vols. fol. Oxon. (s. a. 1740.) 
Demostbenes in Midiam and Lycurgus c. Leocr. J. Taylor (Job.). Camb. 
Junii Etymologicon. E. Lye {Hart. H.). Fol. Oxon. 

Marmor Sandvicense et De iuope Debitore dissecando. J. Taylor (Job.). 

Camb. 
Ordo lustitutionum Physicarum. T. Rutberford (Job.). 

1744 Cicero De Nat. Deor. var. Ed. 2. Camb. 

De aetate Ciceronis De Legibus. J. Cliapman (King's and Oxon.). Camb. 

On tbe Geniiineness of Cicero's Epp. ad Brutum, Ja. Tunstall (Job.), 
agamst Middleton, and On tbe Numerals of tbe Legions. J. Cliap- 
man (King's and Oxon. ). Bowyer. Lond. Cf. 1741, 

Jurisprudentia Pbilologica. R. Eden {Line, Unii\). 4to. Oxon. 

Antiquities near Bisbopsgate. J. Woodward, M.D., Oxon. (Ed. 1. 1712.) 

Marmor Estonianum in agro Nortbampt. J. Nixon (? King's). Lond. 

Plutarcb Vitae Parallelae Demostb. Ciceron. gr. lat. P. Barton. (?) Oxon. 

Plutarcb De Iside et Osiride. S. Squire (Job.). Camb. 

Nature and Obligations of Virtue. T. Rutberford (Job.). 

Genuineness of Clarendon's Hist. J. Burton {Corpus). Oxon. 

Sbakespeare. ed. Sir T. Hanmer {Ch. Ch.). C vols. 4to. 0.con. 

Harmonics. R. Smitb (Trin.). Camb. 

Astronomic Doubts. P. Parsons (Sid.). Camb. 

1745 Cicero De Officiis. Z. Pearce (Trin.). 

De Legibus, var. J. Da^^es (Qu.). Ed. 2. 

De Oratore, var. Lond. 



APPENDIX IX. PUBLICATIONS. 405 

Remarks ou the Ei)istle3 of Cicero and Brutus, aucl four Orations. Jer. 

Markland (Pet.). Bowyer. Lond. 
Dissertations of Bentley exam''. C. Boyle (Ch. CIi.). 
Ethices Comjjendium. 12mo. Oxon. 
Laugbaeuii Ethices Compendium et Methodus Ai'g. Aiistot. J. Hudson 

{Qu; Univ., S. Marij II.). 24mo. Oxon. 
Xeuophon's Anab. T. Hutchinson (? I,<«c.). Ed. 2. Oxon. 
Miscellanea Critica. It. Dawes (Emm.). Camb. 
Moral Philosophy. E. Bentham (Ch. Ch., Corpus, Oriel). Oxon. 
Platonis Dialogi v. var. Nat. Forster {Corpus). Oxon. 
Mithridatium et Theriaca. W. Heberden (Joh.). 2 vols. Lond. 
Ent^uuy into Anglo-Saxon Government. 8. Squire (.Joh.). 

1746 Specimen of an Ed. of Aeschylus. Ant. Askew (Emm.). Lug. Bat. 
Cicerouis Quaestt. Acad. var. Camb. 

De Priscis ilom. litteris. J. Swinton (Ch. Ch.). Oxon. 
Sophocles Tragg. VII. T. Johnson. Bowyer. Lond. 
Thucydidis, Platonis Lysiae, Orationes Funebres. Oxon. 

, Engl. Notes. E. Bentham (Ch. Ch., Corpus, Oriel). Oxon. 

Virgil's Georgicks. J. MartjTi (Emm.). Lond. 

Pope's Ode on S. Caecilia's Day, lat. Chr. Smart (Pemb.). 4to. Camb. 

Two Letters to M. Folkes. G. Costard (Wadh.). 

Appendix Liviana. N. Forster (Co/7:>«s). O.ron. 

1747 Calasio's Hebrew Concordance. W. Romaine (Ilert. and Ch. Ch.) and 

E. R. Mores (Qit.). 4 vols. 4to. Lond. 
Demostheuis Selectae Orationes. Ri. Mounteney (King's). Bowj'er. Loud. 
Demosth. Aesch. Deinarch, &c. J. Taylor (.Joh.). 3 vols. Camb. 
Polymetis. Jos. Speuce (New Coll.). Fol. 

Travels in Turkey and back. E. Chishull (Corpus). Ed. Ri. Mead, M.D. 
Xenojahon Cyropaedia. T. Hutchinson (? Line). Ed. 4. Lond. 
Euclid. J. keill (Ball.). Ed. 4. Oxon. 
Historia Astronomiae. Ra. Heathcote (Jes.). Camb. 
Observations on Job. G. Costard (JFarf/t.). Oxon. 
On S. John ch. VI. 'R.'ELntclihis (All S., Line). Oxon. 
Euclides. Oxon. 
Rules and Statutes for Hertford College. Ri. Newton (Ch. Ch., llert.). 

Oxon. 
Isis. W. Mason (.Joh,, Pemb.). 
Triumph of Isis. T. Warton (Trin.). 

1748 Aristarchus. T. Bowles (Oxon.). 

Bion and Moschus, var. J. Heskin (Ch. Ch.). Oxon. 

Carmina Quadragesimalia, vol. ii. A. Parsons (Ch. Ch.). 

Demosthenes and. Aeschiues. J. Taylor (Joh.) (no vol. i.) (Ch. Ch.) Oxon. 

System of Natural Philos. T. Rutherforth (Joh.), Camb. 

Harmonia Trigonometrica. H. Owen (Jes.). 

De Patrum Auctoritate. J. Bear (? £.ro». ). Oxon. 

De Doctorum Auctoritate. C. Whiting (Trin., Oriel). Oxon. 

De Usu Dialectt. Orientalium. T. Himt (Hart H., Ch. Ch.). 4to. Oxon. 

Astronomy among the Autients. G. Costard (JFad/;.). Oxon. 

Letter to a Young Gentleman. E. Bentham (Corpus, Oriel). Oxon. (and 

1749.) 
Epistolae II. E. Bentham (Corpus, Oriel). O.von. 
Nomina NobQium, sub Edv. IH". G. R. Mores (Qu.). 4to. (and 1749.) 

1749 Cicero Ad Familiares. J. Ross (Joh.). Camb. 

Isocrates. W. Battle (King's). Vol. 2. See 1729. Bowj-er. Lond. 
Pindar, &c., engl. verse. Gil. West (Ch. Ch.). Lond. 
Virgil's Bucolicks, engl. J. Martyu (Emm.). 4to. Lond. 
Xenophon Memorabilia, var. Bolton Simpson (Qu.), Ed, 2. Oxon. 
Harmonics. Ro. Smith (Trin.). Camb. 
Tabulae Astronomicae. Edm. Halley (Qu.). 4to. Lond. 
Ob3ervati(ms on Man. D. Hartley (.Jes.). 2 vols. 
Josephus' Account of Christ, N, Forster (Corpus). Oxon. 



406 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem, Easter, 1G97. H. Maundrell (Exon.). 

ed. 7. O.von. 
Poetae Eleg. and Lyr. Miuores. 
Xenophou's Memorabilia, var. Bolton Simpson (Qu.). Oxon. 

1750 Biblia Hebraica sine iiunctis. N. Foster [Corpus). 2 vols. 4to. Oxon. 
Evaugeliorum V. Gothica. E. Lye {Hart H.) Oxon. 

New Testament. 12mo. T. Baskett (also 1763). O.ron. 

Catalogue of the Bodleian Coins. F. Wise (I'vin.). Oxon. 

Homer Odyssea. Oxon. 

Metilia...e uumis vet. et Inscriptiones Citieae accedit De Numis Samarit. 

et Plioenieiis. J. Swinton (CT. C/;.). Oxon. 
On the Eoman Senate. T. Chapman (Magd.). Camb. 
Vii-gil. G. Sandby (Mert.). 
Xenophon Oeconomicus, gi'. lat. Oxon. 

Elogium Jacci Etonensis. E. Bentham (Ch. Ch., Corpus, Oriel). Oxon. 
Notae in Terentium. J. Graevius (Devent., Utr.j. Oxon. 
Persiau-Ai'ab.-Engl. Dictionary. J. Richardson. Oxon. 
Delineation of Universal Law. Fettip. Belters. Oxon, 
Turnus and Drances. W. Beare (Corpus). Oxon. 
Artis Logicae Compendium. H. Aldrich (Ch. Ch.). Oxon. 
Olvos KpWivos. S. Rolleston {Or., Mert.). 4to. Oxon. 
De Tabe Glandular! et Atjua Marina. Ri. Russell (M.D. Camb.). Oxon. 

also nm. 

Essay on Collateral Consanguinity. W. Blackstone {Pemh., All S., Qu., 

Neiv C). Oxon. 
Several Cambridge Pamphlets, 1750 — 52, are noted in Wordsworth's Univ. 

Life, pp. 613—632. 
The Student or Oxford (and Cambridge) Monthly Miscellany. Ri. Raw- 

linson (Joh.), T. Warton (Trin.), S. Johnson (Pemh.), B. Thornton 

and G. Colman (Ch. Ch.), and Chr. Smart (Pemb. Hall). 2 vols. 

1750—51. 

1751 Elihu, Luiuiry on Job. W. Hodges (Oriel). 

Some Conjectures on a Coin found at Eltliam in Kent. C. Clarke (Ball.). 

Horace ad Augiistum et ad Pisones. Ri. Hurd (Emm.). Bowyer. Lond. 

Dissertatio de Oriuua Carausi Uxore. C. Clarke (Ball.). Lond. 

In Pindari Pyth. L ? W. Barford (Qu.). Camb. 

Terence. G. Sandby (Mert.). 

The Theology and Pliilos. in Cic. Somu. Scip. explained (anti-newtonian). 

G. Home (Magd.). Lond. 
Grammatica Hebraea sine punctis. G. Wilmot (? Wore). Oxon. 
Originals Phys. and Theol. B. HoUoway (Line). 2 vols. Oxon. 
Pindar's Isthmian Odes in engl. v. 4to. Oxon. 
Modius Salium. Ant. Wood (Mert.). Oxon. 
Drj'den's Alexander's Feast, lat. J. Hughes (?). 4to. Oxon. 
Argument from Prophecy. J. Rotheram (Qu.). Oxon. also 1754. 
Interpretation of 'Elohim.' W. Hodges ('? Ortc?). 4to. Oxon. 

1752 M. Aiitoniuus. T. Gataker (Job., Sid.). Camb. 

Inscriptt. Gr. Lat. Numism. Ptolemaeorum. Ri. Pococke (Corpus). Fol. 

Hist. gr. et lat. Litt. et Vita Homari. J, Reynolds (King's, Oxon). Eton. 

Elfrida. W. Mason (Joh. and Pemb.). 

Translations in Verse. T. Tyrwhitt (Qu., Mert.). Lond. 

Astronomical Tables. Edm. Halley (Qu.). 4to. Loud. 

Aristotle's De Vu-t. et Vitiis. S. Fawconev (3Iert.). Oxon. 

Plato's Dialogues. N. Forster (Corpus). Oxon. 

Memoirs of Learned Ladies. G. Ballard. 4to. Oxon. 

1753 State of the Hebrew Text. B. Kennicott (Wadh., Ex. and Ch. Ch.). Oxon. 
De S. Poesi Hebraeorum. Ro. Lowth (Neiv C). Oxon. 

Eu(iuiry into Anglo-Saxon Government. S. Squire (Job.). 
Horace. Ri. Hurd (Emm.). Ed. 2. (See 1751.) 
Ruins of Palmyra or Tadmor. Ro. Wood. Loud. 
Progymnastica Hellenica. R. Hiugeston (Pemb.). Camb. 



APPENDIX IX. PUBLICATIONS. 407 

Virgil. Jos. Warton (Oriel) nnd Cbr. Pitt (Nnv C). 

'Fair. ..State of Case betw. Newton and Hutchinson.' G. Home {Elagd.). 

III. Quaestioues [de baptism.] in Vesp. Comit. H. Savage {Bras.). 4to. 

O.von. 
Letter and Spu-it. B. Holloway {Line). Oxon. 
Theological worlis of J. hotter {Univ., Line). 3 vols. Oxon. 
AoyoL iiriTacpioi (see 1746, 1768), gr. lat., uotis angll. E. Beutbam {Cor- 

jnis, Oriel). Oxon. 
Virgidemiarum Satires. Jos. Hall (Emm.), ed. Oxon. 
175-1 Homer. S. Clarke (Caius). Ed. 2. 4 vols. Lond. 
Institutes of Natural Law. T. Rutherford (Job.). 
Theoplirastus, Gr. Lat., engl. notes. Ri. Newton (Hart H.). Oxon. 
Dissertation on Greek Accents. H. Gaily (Benet.). Lond. 
The Sacred Hebrew (against Hunt). B. HoUoway {Line). Oxon. 
De Ling. Graecae Institutionibus (from Iter Surriense, Lond. 1752). J. 

Burton {Ch. Ch., M.D. Rheims). Oxon. 
Xenoi:ihon's Opuscula. Bolton Simj^son {Qu.). Oxon. 
Antiquities of Cornwall. W. Borlase {Exon.). Oxon. 
Several Pamphlets relating to Exeter College. 1754 — 5. 

1755 Aeschines and Demosthenes De Corona, engl. Portal. 
Greek Accents. H. Gaily (Benet.). Ed. 2. Lond. 

Roger Long (Pemb.). Oxon. 

Phaedrus Fables, Lat. Eng. Camb. 

English Dictionary. S. Johnson (Pemb.). 

W. King and the ' Society of Informers.' 

Justin Martyr c. Tryphou. trs. H. Brown (Line. ). 2 vols. Oxon. 

Advice to a Young Student. D. Waterland (Magd. Camb.). 2nd ed. Oxon. 

Sale Catalogue of Library of Roger Bouchier {Olo. II.). Oxon. 

On Logick. E. Bentham (Corpus, Oriel). Oxon. also 1740, 

De Aqua Marina. J. Speed (Joh.). Oxon. 

MeXeTT^fjLara. J. Burton (Cli. Ch., M.D. Rheims). Oxon. 

1756 Euripides Hippolytus. S. Musgrave (Corpus, Univ.). Oxon. 
Justinian, engl. G. Harris (Oriel). 4to. Lond. 
Institutes of Natural Law. T. Rutherford (Job.). 

Ordo Instit. Physicarum in privatis Lectionibus. T. Rutherford. Ed. 2. 

4to. Camb. 
Compendium Anatomico-Medicum. C. Collignon (Trin.). 
Apology for the Hutchinsonians. G. Hodges (CIi. Ch.). Oxon. 
Reply to Huddesford on Delegates of the Press. Ben. Buckler (Or., All 

S.). 4to. Oxon. 
Ben Jonsou's Works. 7 vols. Oxon. 
Letter to Univ. of Camb. on a late Resignation (D. of Newcastle's). Oxon. 

and Loud. 
Observations on the Island of Scilly. W. Borlase (Exon.). 4to. Oxon. 

1757 Demosthenes and Aeschines. Vol. 3. J. Taylor (Job.). Camb. 
Horace, with notes, 2 vols. Ri. Hurd (Emm.). Camb. 

Travels in Barbary and the Levant. T. Shaw [prof. Gr. Qu. and Edm. 

H.). Ed. 2. Bowyer. Lond. 
On a Parthian Coin. J. Swinton (Ch. Ch.). Lond. 

The Scholar's Instructor, Hebrew Grammar. Isr. Lyons. Ed. 3. Camb. 
Poems. W. Thompson. Oxon. 
Sacerdos Paroecialis. J. Burton (Corpus). Oxon. 
Works of bp. G. Hooper (Ch. Ch.). fol. Oxon. 
Comment, in Plutarchi Demosth. and Cic. P. Barton (? Neio C). Oxon. 

1758 Dio. Halicarn. (preface and Gk. Accents). E. Spelman. 
Imitations of Horace. T. Nevile (Emm., Jes.). Bowyer. Lond. 
De Literarum Graec. lustitutione. J. Burton (Corpus). Oxon. 
Pentalogia (Greek Plays). J. Burton (Corpus). Oxon. 

Discourse on the Study of Law. W. Blackstone (Pemb., All S., Qu. and 

New Inn). 4to. Oxon. 
Menelai Sphaerica. E. Hallcy (Qu.), G. Costard (IVadh.). Oxon. 



408 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Origin of Evil. W. Kiug (T. C. D.) eug. Edm. Law (Job., Chr., Pet.). 

Camb. 
Plan of Cbemistry Lectures. J, Hadley (Qu.). Camb. 
The Negative Sign in Algebra. F. Maseres (Clare). 
Tracts by W. Hawkins [Pemb.). 3 vols. O.von. 
Praelectiones Poeticae. W. Hawkins (Pemb.). O.von. 
Poems by W. Hawkins (Pemb.). Oxon. 
Poems by W. Thompson (Qu.) Oxon. 
Homer's Iliad. Oxon. 

Nat. Hist, of Cornwall. W. Borlase (Exon.). fol. Oxon. 
Analysis of Laws. W. Blackstone (Pemb., All S., Qu., Neiv C). ed. 3. 

Oxon. 
First Inhabitants and Language of Europe. F. Wise (Trin.). Oxon. 
1759 State of the Hebrew Text of 0. T. B. Kennicott (IVadh., Ex. and Ch. Ch.). 

2 ed. Oxon. 
Aristotle Elietorica (from the Camb. ed. of 1728). Oxon. 
Xeuophon Memorabilia. Bolton Simpson (Qu.). Ed. 3, Oxori. 
Clarendon's History. 7 vols. Oxon. 
Elegiaca Graeca. Oxon. 

General State of Education, to Dr Hales. Ri. Davies, M.D. (Qu.) 
Treatise on Fluxions. Isr. Lyons, junior (Camb.). Bowyer. Lond. 
Harmonicks. R. Smith (Trin.). Ed. 2. Camb. 
Tablet of Cebes. T. Pov.js (Joh.). Oxon. 
Poetae Elegiaci et Lyrici. Ri. Chandler (Magd. ). Oxon. 
Cicero De Amicit. &c. T. Tooly (Joh.). 
Xenophon's Memorabilia. Oxon. 

Law of Descent in Fee Simple, 8vo ; Charters (the Great and Forest). 4to. 
Analysis of Laws of England. W. Blackstone (Pemb., All S., Qu., Netv I.). 

Oxon. 
Autobiogi-aphy of E. Hyde Earl of Clarendon (Magd. IL). Fol. and B 

vols. 8vo. Oxon. 

1760 Aristotle Poetica. ? Ri. Chandler (? Magd.). 0.wn. 
Cicero Orationes. Delphin. Camb. 

Life of Erasmus. J. Jortin (.Jes.). Lond. 

Lithophylacii Brit. Iconographia. E. Lhuyd (Jes.). Oxon. 

Luean, typis Hor. Walpole (King's). Strawberry Hill. 

Emendationes in Suidam. Jonath. Toup (Exon. and Pemb., Camb.). 

Bowj'er. Lond. 
Theocritus Bion and Moschus. T. Martin (Ball.). Lond. 
Harmonicks. Eo. Smith (Trin.). 
Observations on Waring's 'Misc. Analyt.'. W. S. Powell (Job.). Bowyer. 

Lond. 
G. Home v. Kennicott on the Hebrew Text. Oxon. 
Hist. Relig. Persarum. T. Hyde (King's, Qu.). ed. 2. G. Costard. 4to. 

Oxon. 
Advice to a Young Man of Quality. Camb. 

1761 Account of Collation of Hebrew MSS. i. B. Kennicott (Wadh., Ex. and 

Ch. Ch.). 
Life of Clarendon. Oxon. 
Catalogue of Oxford Graduates. Oxon. 
Codex Juris Eccles. AngUcani. E. Gibson (Qu.). Ed. 2. 2 vols. Fol. 

Oxon. 
Justinian, engl. G. Harris (Oriel). Ed. 2. 4to. Lond. 
Calendar of Flora. B. Stillingfleet (Trin.). 
Harmonics. R. Smith (Trin.). Ed. 3. 

Pomponius Mela. J. Reynolds (King's). 4to. Ed. 4. Eton. 
Ornaments of Parish Churches (St Margaret, Westmr.). T. Wilson (Ch. 

Ch.). Oxon. 
Catalogue of Ant. Wood's MSS. W. Huddesford (Trin.). Oxon. 

1762 Ace' of Collat" of Hebrew MSS. ii. B. Kennicott (Wadh., Ex. and Ch. Ch.). 
Essay on Natural Philosophy. W. Jones. Oxon. 



APPENDIX IX, PUBLICATIONS. 409 

Thesaurus Graecae Poeseos. T. Morell (King's). 4to. Eton. 
Prologomena in Libr, V. T. Poeticos. T. Edwards (Clare). Camb. 
Notae at Lectiones ad Aeschylum, Soplioclem, et Euripidem. Ben. Heath. 

(Oxon.). Oxon. 
Exercitationes in Euripidem. S. Musgrave [Corpus, Univ.). Lug. Bat. 
On the Different Natiu-e of Accent and Quantity. J. Foster (King's). 
Medit. Algebr. ed. 1. Misc. Analyt. de Aequationibus &c. E. Waring 

(Magd.). Camb. 
Heuocbismus. Jos. Hall (Emm.). l'2mo. Oxon. 
Pliny's Pauegyr. Lipsius (Traj. ad Eben.). 12mo. Oomu. 
Proposals for Theo]3hrastus for the benefit of Hertf. Coll. Ei. Newton 

[Ch. Ch., Hert.). 12mo. 
A Companion to the Guide or a Guide to the Companion. T. Warton 

{Trin.). Oxon. 

1763 Account of Collation of Hebr. MSS. iii. B. Kennicott. (Wadh., Ex, and 

Ch. Ch.). 
Greek Testament. Baskerville. 4to. and 8vo. Oxon. 
Accent and Quantity", Dissertation ii. H. Gaily (Benet.). Lond. 

Ed. 2. J. Foster (King's). Eton. 

Apologia pro Mediciua Empirica. S. Musgrave. 4to. Lug. Bat. 

Euripides Supi3lices. Jer. Markland (Pet.). Bowyer. Lond. 

Horace (an edition of Bentley's). 2 vols. Lips. 

Juvenal and Persius. G. Sandby (Mert.). Oxon. 

Marmora Oxoniensia. R. Chandler (Magd.). Fol. Oxon. 

Plantae et Herbationes Cantabr. T. Martyn (Emm. and Sid.) 

Fasciculiis Plantarum c. Cantabr. Isr. Lyons. Bowyer. Loud. 

Harmonics. E. Smith (Trin.). Ed. 4. 

Poems on Sacred Subjects. Ja. Merrick {Trin.). Oxon. 

Jacob and Moses to the xii. D. Durell {Pemb., Hert.). 4to. Oxon. 

In R. Lowth. Praelectt. D. Michaelis (Gott.). 2 vols. Oxon. 

Chrouol. Annals of the War, 1755—62. W. Dobson (? New C). Oxon. 

1764 An enquiry into structure of Human Body. C. CoUignon (Trin.). Camb. 
De Studiis Theol. Praelect. E. Bentham (Ch. Ch., Cor^nts, Oriel). 

Oxon. 
De Rebus Gestis Ricardi Regis in Palaestina, Abulpharagii. P. Ja. Bruna 

(Oxon. and Hclmstadt) Oxon. See 1780. 
Accentus Eedivivi. W. Primatt (Sid.). Camb. 
The Human Eational Soul. Z. Langton (Magd. H.). Oxon, 
Hist, and Chronol. of Bacchus, Heracles, &c. F. Wise (Triu.). 4to. Oxon. 
Life of Card. Pole. T. Phillips (S. J.). 4to. Oxon. 
State of the R. Thames. J. Biirton (Corims). Oxon, 
Astronomy. S. Bamfield (of Honiton). Oxon. 
The Oxford Sausage. Edited by T. Warton (Trin.). 12mo. O.von, 

1765 Platonis Dialog! v., Gr. Lat. N. Forster (Corpus). Oxon. 

Excerpta quaedam e Newton. Princip., G. Wollaston (Sid.). J. Jebb, 

Ro. Thorp (Pet.). 4to. Camb. 
Stemmata Chiceleana. B. Buckler. 4to. Oxon. (Sujipl. 1775.) 
Eo. Lowth V. Warburton. 

1766 Directions to Young Students in Divinity. H. Owen (Jes.). 
Cephalae Anthol. Gr. J. J. Reiske (Leips.) Oxon. 

On Phillips' Hist, of Reg. Pole. Tim. Neve (Corpus). Oxon. 
Observations and Conj. on Shakespeare. T. Tyrwhitt (Qu., Mert.). Oxon. 
Proceedings and Debates, 1620—21, fr. Queen's Coll. MS. T. Tyi'whitt 

(Qu., Mert.). 2 vols. Oxon. 
On Jurisprudence (iutrod. to Lectures). T. Bever (Or., All S.). Oxon. 

1767 Critica Hebraea (Diet. Hebr.-Engl.). JuUus Bate (Joh.). Bowyer. Lond. 
Account of CoUation of Hebrew MSS. vii. B. Kennicott (Wadli., &c.). 
Six Assemblies... of Learned Arabians. Leo. Chappelow (Joh.). Camb. 
Syntagma Dissertationum. T. Hyde (lung's, and Qu. Oxon.). cd. Greg. 

Sharpe (Aberd.). 2 vols. 4to. Oxon. 
Clarendon State Papers. Oxon. 



410 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Epistola Critica ad Episc. Glocestr. Jonathan Toup (Exou., Pemb. 

Cainb.). Bowyer. Loud. 
Statius Tliebaid, Eugl, W. L. Lewis (Pemb.). 2 vols. Oxon. 
Virgil Georgics, Engl. T. Nevile (Emm. and Jes.). Camb. 
History of Astronomy. G. Costard {JJ^uDi.). 
Improvement of Koads. H. Homer (Magd.). Oxon. 
1768 Account of Hebrew MSS. viii. B. Keunicott (Wadli., Ex., Ch. Ch.). 

Justiu Martyr Dialog. C. Ashtou (Qu. and Jes.). ed. E. Keller (Jes.). 

Camb. 
Aristophanes Plutus. Eton. Oxon. and Camb. 
Cicerouis Opuscula. 

Euripides Iphigeniae. Jer. Marldand (Pet.). Bowyer. Loud. 
Elementa Ehetorica [Cicero and Quiutiiian]. 
Orationes Funebres, c. notis angl. [E. Bentham, Ch. Ch., Corpus, Oriel] 

Oxon. (See 1746, 1753, 1776, 1780. Ci. 1775.) 
On Virgil. E. Holdsworth {Magd.). Bowj'er. Lend. 
The Commentaries. W. Blackstone (Pemb., All S., Qu. and Neio Inn). 

4 vols. Oxon. 
Institutiones Metallurgicae. Hi. Watson (Trin.). 
Bp. Hall's Enoch, trs. H. Brown (Line.) Oxon. 
Leland's Itiuer. 9 vols. ed. 3, Oxon. 

Plutarchi Apophthegmata. Steph. Pembertou (Wore, Or.). O.von. 
Corpus Statut. Acad. Oxon. 4to. Oxon. 

Whole Doctriue of Parallaxes (transit of Venus and Mercury). Oxon. 
1709 Holy Bible. Eefs. revised by B. Blayney (Jf'orc. and Her//.). Oxon. 
An Enquiry into the Septuagint. H. Owen (Jes.) 
Demosthenes De Cor. and Fals. Leg. Gr. Lat. var. J. Taylor (Joh.). 2 vols. 

Camb. 
Ionian Antiquities. Ei. Chandler (Macjd.). Lond. 
Cambridge Astronomical Observations. W. Ludlam (Joh.). Lond. 
Imitations of Juvenal and Persius. T. Nevile (Jes.). Bowyer. Lond. 
Medical and Moral Tracts. C. CoUignon (Trin.). 
John the Baptist. G. Home (Univ., Marjd.). Oxon. Also 1777. 
Des. Jacotius. De Pliilos. Doctr. ex Cicerone. Ed. 2. Oxon. 
Euripidis Hippolytus. F. H. Egerton (Ch. Ch., All S.). 4to. O.von. 
1770 Collected Accounts of Collation of Hebrew MSS. B. Kenuicott (Wadh., 
Ex. and Ch. Ch.). 
Litania et Ordo Caenae Domin. Oxon. Common Prayer. Fol. 
Historiae sive Synopsis Conchyliorum, auct. Martin Lister (Joh., Camb. 
and Oxon.), 'ed. altera' [? tertia]. W. Huddesford (Trin.). Fol. 
Oxon. 
Elementa Logicae. J. Napleton. Oxon. 
Extracts from Hippocrates. T. Okes. Camb. 
Eegistrum Privil. Univ. Oxon. 4to. Oxon. 
Theocritus. T. Warton (Trin.) [Jonathan Toup. (Exon. and Pemb. H.), 

and Ja. Saintamand (Line.)'] . 2 Vols. 4to. Ox:m. 
Meditationes Algebraicae. E. Waring (Magd.). ed. 2. 4to. Camb. 
De Eelig. Sonnitic. arab. J. Ury. 4to. Oxon. 

Apollarius Pergaeus. S. Horsley (Trin. H., Ch. Ch.). 2 vols, 4to. Oxon. 
Homer. 5 vols. Oxon. 

Leland's Itinerary. 9 vols, in 5. ed. 3. Oxon. 
Commentaries. W. Blackstone (Pemb., All S., Qu., Neio I.), i vols. 

Oxon. 
Oratio Harveiana. Swithin Adee (Corpus). Oxon. 
Warm Bathing in Palsies. Eice Charleton (Qu.). Oxon. 
De Descensu Gravium. Eoger Cotes (Trin.). 4to. Camb. 
The Mechanic Powers. C. Morgan (Clare). Camb. 
1771 Catalogus LibroruminBiblioth. Aul.D.Cath. Cant. C. Prescot(Cath.). 4to. 
Study of Divinity, with Heads. E. Bentham (Ch. Ch., Corpus, Oriel). 

Oxon. 
Demostheuis Orationes Selectae. E. Mounteney (Qu.). Ed. 5, 



APPENDIX IX. PUBLICATIONS. 411 

Euripides Iphigeniae. Jer. Marldand (Pet.)- Bo-wyer. Lond. 

Clavis Homei-ica. S. Patrick (?). Bowyer. Lond. 

Plato Dialogi in. W. Etwall (Magd.). Oxon. 

An Enquiry into the Structiue of the Body. C. CoUignon (Trin.) Ed. 2, 

Canib. 
Artis Logicae Compendium. Oxon. 

Catalogus Horti Botanic! Gantabr. T. Martyn (Emm. and Sid.). Camb. 
Hadley's Quadrant, with Supplement. W. Ludlam (Joh.). Lond. 
? Plut. ? Opusc. Misc. J. Burton (Corpus). Oxon. 
Epist. Turc. ; Narr. Persicae. J. Uri. Oxon. 
Tracts by Sir W. Blackstoue (Pemb. All S., Qu., Neio I.) Ed. 3. 4to. 

Oxon. 
Shakespeare's Works. 6 vols. Sir T. Hanmer (C/i. C/;.). Oxon. 
Specimen of the Lusiad trs. W. J. Mickle (Edinb.). Oxon. 
Pamphlets on Subscription. By J. Jebb (Pet.), &c. Camb. 
— on Annual Examination. By J. Jebb, PoweU, &c, Camb. 

1772 Hist. Univ., Oxon. Sir J. Peshall. Oxon. 
Asseri Alfred. Fr. Wise (Trin.). 

Indices in Longinum, Eunapiiim et Hieroclem, cura E, Robinson. 

0X071. 

Anglo-Saxon and Gothic Dictionary. E. Lye (Ilert.), 0. Manning (Qu.). 

Leges Saxonicae. 0. Manning (Qu.). 

Longinus, Gr. Lat. R. Robinson. Oxon. 

Xenophon Memorabiha, var. Bolton Simpson (Qu.). Ed. 4. Oxon. 

Institute of the Laws of England. T. Wood (Neio Coll.). Ed. 10. 

Poems. Sir W. Jones (L^H if.). Oxon. 

Catalogirs Horti Botan. Cant. T. Martyn (Emm. and Sid.). Ed. 2. Camb. 

Catalogue of Oxford Graduates. J. Chalmers (Joh.) 

Proprietates Algebr. Curvarum. E. Waring (Magd.). 4to. Camb, 

On the Power of the Wedge. W. Ludlam (Joh.). Lond. 

Hagiographa. D. Durell (Pemb., Hert.). 4to. Oxon. 

Animadversions on Baker's Chronicle. T. Blount. Oxo7i. 

Lives of Leland, Hearne and Wood. 2 vols. Oxon. 

The Oxford Sausage. Ed. 2 [T. Warton, &c.]. 12mo. Oxon. 

Notae in Tragg. Graec. B. Heath (Univ.). 4to. Oxon. 

Platonis v. Dial, N. Forster (Corjms). Ed. 3. Oxon. 

Xenophon Cyrojj. T. Hutchinson (? Line), ed. Oxon. 

Expeditio Cyri. Oxon. 

1773 Antiquities of Herculaneum, Vol, I., Engl. T. Martyn and J. Lettice 

(Sid.). Bowyer. Lond. 
Letters concerning Homer the Sleeper in Horace, &c. Kenrick Prescot 

(Cath.). 4to. Camb. 
Introd. to Logic. E. Beutham (Ch. Ch., &c. ). 
Fragmenta II. Plutarchi. T. Tyi-whitt (Qu., Mert.). Lond. 
Xenophon, the Socratic System. E. Edwards (? Jes.). Oxon. 
Considerations on the Exercises for Degrees. Oxon. 

1774 Critica Sacra, Hebr. H. Owen (Jes.). 

A New System or Analysis of Anc. Mythology. Vols. i. ii. Jacob Bryant 

(King's). 
Demosthenes and Aeschines. J. Taylor (Joh.). 4to. Camb. 
History of English Poetry, Vol. i. T. Warton (Trin.). Oxon. 
Inscrijitiones Antiquae in Asia M. &c. Ri. Chandler (Magd.). Fol. Oxon. 
Selecta Poemata Auglorum. E. Popham (Oriel). Bath. 
Analysis of Roman Civil Law. S. Hallifax (Jes. and Trin. H.). 
Reflexions and Heads of Divinity. E. Bentham (Corpus, Or.). Oxon. 
Vindication of the Liturgy. G. Bingham (Ch. Ch., All S.). Oxon. 
Leland's Collectanea. T. Hearne (Edm. H.). 6 vols. Oxo7i. 
Considerations on Residence required. Oxon. 
Fariugdon HHl. H. J. Pye (Macjd.). 2 vols. O.ron. (Also 1778.) 

1775 On the Gospels. Jos. Trapp (Wadh.). Oxon. 

De Utilitate Lingu. Arab. Jos. White (Wadh.). Oxon. 



412 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Travels in Asia Minor. Ri. Chandler (Magd.). Lond. 2 vols. 4to. Oxon. 

Lexicon Aegyi:)t, Lat. Lacroze, Sclioltz and Woide. Oxon. 

E. Spelmau on Greek Accents. G. "VV. Lemon (Norwich). Ed. Jacob 

Bryant (King's). 4to. Lond. 
On the Genius of Homer. Ed. 2. Eo. Wood. 

A New System of Mythology. Vol. i. Ed. 2. Jacob Bryant (King's). 
tvoikIXt) IffTopia ex Aeliano, Polyaeno, Aristot., Max. Tyrio &c., and Orationes 

Funebres. Ja. Upton (King's). Eton. 
Pomponius Mela. J. Reynolds (King's). 4to. Ed. 5. Eton. 
Electa ex OviJio et Tibullo. Eton. 

Ovidii Metamorph. Eton. 

Elements of Nat. Hist. [Mainmalia] . T. Martyn (Emm. and Sid.). 

Camb. 
Book of Proverbs. T. B.\mt (Ch. Ch., Hcrtf.). Oxon. 
Beauties of Homer. W. Holwell (Ch. Cli.). Oxon. 
Elegia (Gray's) lat. verse. Gil. Wakefield [Jes.]. Camb. 
Praelectiones Poeticae. Ro. Lowth [New C). Oxon. 
De Rhythmis Graecorum. W. Cleaver [Magd., Bras.). 12mo. Oxon. 
The Lusiad trs. W. J. Mickle (Edinb.). Oxon. 
Commentaries. Sir W. Blackstoue {Femb., All S., Qu., Neio I.). 4 vols. 

0X071. 

1776 Vetus Testamentum Hebraicum. B. Keunicott [IVadh., Exon. and Ch. 

Ch.). Vol. I. 
Commentary on the Psalms. G. Home (Univ. and Magd.). 2 vols. 4to. 

Fol. Oxon. 
De Babrio. T. Tyrwhitt (Qii. and Mcrt.). Bo^vyer. Lond. 
Cicero De Officiis, Engl. T. Cockman (Univ.). 12mo. ed. 9. Camb. 
Poemata et in Horatium Observationes. G. Wakefield [Jes.]. Camb. 
Travels in Greece. Ri. Chandler (3Iagd.). Lond. 
Vindiciae Flavianae. Jacob Bryant (Iviug's). 2 vols. 
Xenophon Anabasis, Engl. E. Spelman. Camb. 

Meditationes Analyticae. E. Waring (Magd.). 4to. (1773 — 5). Camb. 
De Util. Ling. Arabicae. J. White (11'adli,). Oxon. 

Luciani Quomodo Hist. Conscr. F. W. Rioally (T. C. D. , Hertf.). Oxon. 
Sophoclis Oed. Tyr. , eng. T. Francklin (Triu.). Camb. 
Funebres Orationes. lat. E. Bentham (Ch. Ch., Corpus, Oriel). Camb. 
Elementa Logices. J. Napleton (Bras.). Oxon. 
Nethei'by, a Poem. T. Maurice. Oxon. 

1777 Commentary on the Gospels and Acts, with new transl. 1 Cor. Z. Pearce 

(Trin.). J. Derby. Lond. 
Apollonius Rhodius. J.Shaw. Ja. Saintamand. (Line). 2 vols. 4to. 

Oxon. 
Phalaris with a Latin version of Bentley's Dissertation and Boyle's notes. 

J. D. a'Lennep and Valckenaer. Groningae. 

Dissertation. R. Bentley (Joh. and Trin.). Lond. 

Cicero De Officiis. Z. Pearce (Trin.). Ed. 3. 

Decretum Lacedaemoniorum. W. Cleayer (Magd., Bras.). Oxon. 

Epistola ad J. D. Michaelis. B. Kennicott (U'adh., Ex. and Ch. Ch.). Oxon. 

Xenophon Anabasis. T. Hutchinson (? lAnc). Ed. 3. 1st Camb. ed. 

Nov. Test. Vers. Syriaca Philoxen. J. White (Wadh.). 4to. Oxon. 

Grammat. Aegypt., Scholtz et Woide. Oxon. 

John the Baptist. G. Home (Univ., Magd. Coll.). Oxon. 

Persian- Arab. -Engl. Dictionary. J. Richardson. Oxon. 

Collectio Seutentiarum in usum Juveut. J. Bennet. Camb. 

Juvenal trs. Camb. 

Persius trs. T. Sheridan (D.D., T. C. D.). ed. 3. Camb. 

Xenophon's Anabasis engl. E. Spelman. Ed. 3. 2 vols. Camb. 

Letter to Adam Smith on Hume. G. Home (Univ., Magd.). Oxoji. 

William of Wykeham. R. Lowth (New C). Ed. 3. Oxon. 

Locke's Common Place Book improved by a Gentleman of Camb. Univ. 

Fol. and 4to. Camb. 



APPENDIX IX. PUBLICATIONS. 418 

1778 Euripides. S. Musgrave (Corpus, Univ.). 4 vols. 4to. Oxon. 
Louginus. Jonathan Toup (Exon. and Pemb. Camb. ) and D. Buhnken. 

4to. and 8vo. Oxon. 
Observationes iu Tragoedias Burtoni 'Pentalogia' comi^lexas. T. Burgess 

[Corpui^'). 
Albucasis de Cbirurgia, Arab, Lat., J. Cbanning {Ch. Ch.). Oxon, 
Elementary part of Smith's Optics (Trin.). T. Kipling (Job.). 

1779 Apollouius Rbodius, J. Shaw (Magd.). Ed. 2. 2 vols. 8vo. Oxon. 
Homeri Ilias, S. Clarke (Caius). Ed. nova. Loud. 

Burtoni Pentalogia. Ed. 2. T. Burgess [Corpus). 

Theocritus, T. Edwards (Clare). Camb. 

On Versions of Scripture, &c. Jos. White {Wadh.). Oxon. 

Locke's Essay abridged. 12mo. Camb. 

Analysis of Iloman Civil Law, S. Hallifax (Jes. and Trin. H.). 

IV. Evang. MSS. Eidl. 2 vols. 4to. Oxon. 

On the Gospels, &c. T. Townson (Ch. Ch., Magd.). 4to and 8vo. Oxon. 

Dissertation on Language, Literature and Manners of Eastern Nations. 

J. Eichardson. Oxon. 
Alfred and Six Sonnets. E. Holmes (xVcit? C, C/t. C/(.). 4to. Oxnn. 
Commentaries. W. Blackstone (Pemb., All S., Qu., New I.). 4 vols. 

Oxon. 
Institutes of National Law, Grotius. T. Eutberford (Job.). Ed. 2. Camb. 
On the last ii chapters of Gibbon. Ja. Chelsum (Ch. Ch.). Oxon. 
Fluxions. Isr. Lyons, jun. Camb. 

1780 Biblia Hebraica, JB. Kenuicott (Wadh. Ex.). Vol. ii., fol. Oxon. 
Aristotelis Poetica, var. T. Winstanley (Hert.) Oxon. 

engl. Theod. Goulston (Mert.). Oxon. 

Aristophanes' Frogs engl. C. Dunster (Oriel, Trin.). Oxon. 

Caesar Oudendorp. Oxon. 

G. Abulpharagius de E. Gestis Eic. Eegis. P. J. Bruns (Oxon.). Oxon. 

Homer. J. A. Ernesti (Leips.). Oxon. 

J. WaU's Medical Tracts. Mart. Wall (New C). Oxon. 

Locke's Essay, with abstract. Camb. 

Index Homericus. W. Seber. Oxon. 

Institutes of Timour. Jos. White (Wadh.) 0.r-on. 

Oratioues Crewianae. W. Crowe (New C). Oxon. 

Oratioues Funebres, engl. E. Bentham (Ch. Ch., Corpus, Oriel). Camb. 

Xenophou Memorabilia, var. Bolton Simpson (Qu.). Ed. 5. Oxon. 

On Newton's 2ud Law of Motion. W. Ludlam (Job.). Loud. 

1781 Collectanea Curiosa. J. Gutcli (All S.). Oxon. 

Linguae Hebraicae Studium. G. Suhh (Clt. Ch.). 4to. Oxon. 

Enchiridion. T. Walgrave (? Line, Magd.). Oxon. 

Dio. Halicarn. E. E. Mores (Qu.). Oxon. 

Miscellanea Critica. Ei. Dawes (Emm.). Ed. 2. T. Burgess (Corpu.'t). Oxon. 

Mason's Caractacus in Greek verse. H. G. Glasse. Oxon. 

Orphica De Lajudibus. T. Tyrwhitt (Qu. and Mert.). Lond. 

Euclid I — VI. Examined by W. Austin (JFafWi.). Oxon, 

Euclid. J. Williamson (? Alb., Hertf.). Oxon. 

Xenophou Cyropaedia. T. Hutchinson (? Li)ic.). Camb, 

Chemical Lectures. Ei. Watson (Trin.). 

Conic Sections. S. Vince (Caius). Camb. 

1782 N. T. Quotations compared -with Hebr. LXX. J. Eandolph (C/(. C7«.). Oxon. 
On the Study of Antiquities. T. Burgess (Corjnis). Ed. 2. Oxon. 

The XIX Tragedies and Fragments of Euripides, engl. Mich. Wodhul 

(£ras.). 4 vols. 
De Graecae Ling. Studio praelect. J. Eandolph (Ch. Ch.). 
Introd. to writing Greek for Winchester. G. Is. Huntingford (Netv C). 

2 parts. Oxon. 
Syllabus of Lectures. Martin Wall (Neic C). Oxon. 
Homeri Odyssea, Gr. Lat. Ed. 2. Oxon. 
Chemical Lectures. Ei. Watson (Trin.). 



414 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Experiments on Mercury. Ja. Price (? Marjd. H.}. Oxon. 

Heads of Lectm-es on Botany, Nat. Hist, and Fossils. T. Martyu (Emm. 

and Sid.). 
Meditationes Algebraicae. E. Waring (Magd.) Ed. 3. 

1783 Praxis [latin exercises]. H. Bright (New C). Oxon. 
Preacher's Assistant. J. Cooke. 2 vols. Oxon. 

Progress of Refinement, a poem. H. J. Pye (Magd.). 4to. Oxon. 
Cicero. J. T. Oliveti (.S". J.). 10 vols. Oxon. 
In Strabouem conjecturae. T. Tyrwhitt (Qa. and Mert.). Lond. 
Gemmarum Antiquarum Delectus. Jacob Bryant (liiug's). 
Blackstone's Commentaries. Ri. Burn (Qu.). 4 vols. Oxon. 
Dissertations in Chemistry and Medicine. Mart. Wall (New C). O.ron. 
De Graecae Ling. Studio praelect. J. Randolph (Ch. Ch.). 4to. O.von. 
A Fair Statement on Celibacy. Camb. 

1784 Analysis of Greek Metres. J. B. Seale (Chr.). Camb. 

Jeremiah and Lamentations, tr. B. Blayney (Wore, and Hcrt.). 4to. 

Oxon. 
View of our Saviour's Ministry and Mission. T. Randolph (Corpus). Oxon. 
Manners and Government of the Greeks, De Mably, tr. Chamberland. 

Oxon. 
Cure of Apoplexies and Palsies. B. Chandler. Camb. 
Plato Euthydemus et Gorgias. Martin Jos. Routh (Magd.). Oxon. 
Plan of Education. G. Croft (Univ.). Wolverhampton. 
Letters on Infidelity. G. Home (Univ. and Magd.). 8vo. and 12mo. 

Oxon. 
Rectilinear Motion. G. Atwood (Trin.). Camb. 
Analysis of Lectures on Nat. Philos. G. Atwood (Trin.). 
Astronomy. Roger Long (Pemb.). 2 vols. Camb. 
Mechtationes Analyticae, E. Waring (Magd.). Ed. 2. 4to. Camb. 

1785 Aristotle Poetica. W. Cooke (King's). Camb. 
Greek Metres. J. B. Seale (Chr.). Camb, 
Roman Law. A. C. Schomberg. Oxon. 

Xenophon Auab. var. T. Hutchinson (? Line), R. Person (Trin.). Camb. 

Memorabilia. E. Edwards and H. Owen (Jcs.). Oxon. 

Moral and Political Philosophy. W. Paley (Chr.). Lond. 

Flora Cantabrigiensis. R. Relhan (Trin.). Camb. 

Rousseau's Letters on Botany. T. Martyn (Emm. and Sid.). 

Rudiments on Mathematics. W. Ludlam (Job.). Lond. 

System of Mechanics and Hydrostatics. T. Parkinson (Chr.). 2 vols. 

4to. Camb. 
Prize Essays on Gambling, Duelling and Suicide. Ri. Hey (Sid., Magd.). 
Camb. 

1786 Euripides Hippolytus. Hon"" F. H. Egertou (Ch. Ch., All S.). Oxon. 
Shakespeare. Jos. Rann (Trin.). Oxon. 

Diversions of Purley. J. Home [Tooke] (Job.). 

History of Oxford. A. Wood (Mert.) J. Gutch (All S.). 2 vols. 4to. 

Oxon. 
Maritime Laws of Rhodes. A. C. Schomberg. Oxon. 
Clinical Observations on Opium. Mart. Wall. Oxon. 
Chemical Lectures. R. Watson (Trin.). 
Florae Cantabrigiensis I. R. Relhan (Trin.). Lond. 

1787 Catalogue of Oriental MSS. Oxon. J. Uri. fol. Oxon. 

Historical Account of Textus Roffensis with mem. of the Elstobs and J. 

Johnson. S. Pegge (Job. ). 
Heads of Botanical lectures. R. Relhan (Trin.). Camb. 
Rudiments of Mathematics. W. Ludlam (Job). Lond. 

1788 Conspectus Critt. Observationum in Scripturas, Gr. and Lat. T. Bm-gess 

(Cor2)us). 
The Proverbs from the Hebrew. Ber. Hodgson (Ch. Ch., Hert.). 4to. Oxon. 
Initia Homerica. T. Burgess (Corpus). 
Longinus. Jonathan Toup (Exon. and Pemb., Camb.). 4to. Oxon. 



APPENDIX IX. PUBLICATIONS. 415 

Scntentiae Philosophorum ecod. Leidensi Vossiano. T. Burgess (Corjnts). 

12mo. 
Milton's Samson Agonistes in Greek Verse. J. H. Glasse (Ch. Ch.). Oxon. 
Virgil Georgicon. Gil. Wakefield (Jes.). Camb. 

Xeuopbon Anabasis. T. Hutcliinson, &c. Memorab. B. Simpson. Oxon. 
Anticpiariau Tracts. F. Wise {Trin.). 2 vols. Oxon. 
Italian Selections transl. by Camb. gentlemen. Ag. Isola. Camb. 
XXXVm Botanical Plates. T. Martyn (Emm. and Sid.). 
Considerations on the Oatbs and Discipline. By a Member of the Senate. 

Camb. 
Kemarks on Enormons Expence in Cambridge. 

1789 Aristotle's Poetics. T. Twining (Sid.). 4to. Oxon. 
Aualj'sis of Greek Metres. J. 13. Seale (Cbr.). Camb. 
Ariosto. Orlando Furioso. Ag. Isola. (Camb.). 

Elementa Arcbitecturae Civilis. H. Aldrich (Ch. Ch.). P. Smyth. Oxon. 

SaUust. H. Homer (Emm.). 

Silvae Criticae I. Gil. Wakefield (Jes.). Camb. 

Elements of .Jurisprudence. Ri. Woodeson (JIagd.). 

General Astronomical Catalogue. F. Wollaston (Sid.). Lond. 

Bibliotheca Classica. J. Lempriere [Pcmh.). 

1790 Pentateuchus Hebr. Samarit. charact. Hebr. B. Blajiiey. (Wore, and 

Hert.). Oxon. 
Ecclesiastes, from the Hebrew. Bern. Hodgson (Ch. Ch., Hert.). Oxon. 
Marmorum Oxon. Inscrr. Graecae. W. Roberts (? Pemb. H., Mert.). Oxon. 
Sophocles Oedipus, engl. G. S. Clarke (Trin.). Oxon. 
Emendationes in Suidam et Hesych., &c. Jonathan Toup (Exon. and 

Pemb. Camb.). T, Tyrwhitt (Qu. and Mert.). E. Person (Trin.) 

4 vols. Oxon. 
Tacitus. H. Homer (Emm.). 

On Practical Astronomy. S. Vince (Cai. and Sid.). Camb. and Lond. 
Treatise on Gaming. C. Moore (Trin. ) 

1791 A List of Books for the Clergy dio. Chester. W. Cleaver (Magd., Bras.). 

Oxon. 
Demosthenis Orr. selectae. Hi. Mounteney (Iving's). Eton. 
Marmorum Oxon. Inscriptiones. W. Roberts (? Pemb. H., Mert.). Oxon. 
Plutarch de Educ. Liberorum. T. Edwards (Clare, ? Jes.). Camb. 
Shakespeare's Plays. Jos. Rann (Trin.). 6 vols. Oxon. 
Trypbiodorus. T. Northmore, F. S. A. Oxon. 

1792 The Book of Daniel Translated. T. Wintle. 4to. Oxon. 

A List of Books, &c. Ed. 2 with Dodwell's. W. Cleaver (Magd., Br.). 

Oxon. 
Enchiridion Theologicum (tracts). J. Randolph (Ch. Ch.). 5 vols. Oxon. 
Ai'chimedes. J. Torelli (Padua). Fol. Oxon. 
Aristotle's Poetics gr. lat. T. Tyi-whitt (Qu., Mert.). Oxon. 
Maured Allatafet...Annales Aegypt. J. D. Carlvle (Chr. and Qi;.). 
Flora Rustica. T. Martyn (Emm. and Sid.). Vol. 1. Lond. 
Grayinae Opuscula. T. Burgess (Corpus). 
Horace. Combe. 2 vols. Lond. 
Musei Ox,ou. fasc. 1. T. Burgess (Corpus). 

Strictures on the Discipline, Cambridge. [W. Heberden (Job.)]. Lond. 
Tour from Oxford to Newcastle on Tyne in the Long Vacation. J. Briggs 

(S. 3Iarij H.). Oxon. 
Herodotus, trs. with notes. Vol. 1. J. Lempriere (Pemh.). 

1793 ArticuU XXXIX. E. Welchman. Oxon. 
Works of Ri. Hooker (Corjnis). 3 vols. Oxon. 
Flora Cantabrigiensis iii., R. Relhan (Trin.). Lond. 

Silva Critica iv. &c. quibus accedunt Hymni Orphici tres. Gil. Wakefield 

[Jes.]. Lond. 
Systematic View of the Laws of England. Ri. Woodeson (Magd.). 3 vols. 
Plan of Lectures ou Natiu-al Philosophy. S. Vince (Cains and Sid.). 

Lond. 



416 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 

Sectiones Couicae. A. Eobertson (? Ch. Cli.). 4to. Oxon. 
Uuiversal Meridian Dial. F. WoUastou (Sid.). 4to. 
Peace aud Union. W. Frend (Jes.). 
Alma Mater. T. Castley (Jes.). Camb. 
On Kipling's Preface. T. Edwards (Triu. H.) 
179-i Holy Bible. Oxon. 

The Ch. of England Man's Companion, or a Eational Ulnstration of the 

Book of Common Prayer, by C. Wheatley {Joh.) [ed. 1. 1710]. Oxon. 
An Attempt to render the daily reading of the Psalms more intelligible to 

the unlearned. F. Travell {? Exon.). Oxon. 
Aristotelis Poetica, var. T. Tyrwhitt [Qa. and Mert.), T. Burgess {Corpus) 

and bp. J. Eandolph (Cli. Ch.). 4to and 8vo. Oxon. 
Horace. Gil. Wakefield [Jes.]. Lond. 
Flora Oxonieusis. J. Sibthorp [Line, and Univ.). 
Flora Eustica. T. Martyn (Emm. and Sid.). 4 vols. Lond. 
Horti Botauici Catalogus. Camb. 

Catalogue of Oxford Graduates. J. Gutch [All Souls). Oxon. 
Parecbolae Statutorum. Oxon. 

Tragoediarum Graec. Delectus. Gil. Wakefield [Jes.]. Lond. 
Short Treatise on Conic Sections. T. Newton (Jes.). Camb. 
Letter on Cehbacy of Fellows. Camb. 

1795 Notitia Librorum Hebr. Gr. Lat. saecl. xv., et Aldin. Oxon. 

Bion and Moschus. Gil. Wakefield [Jes.]. 8vo. and 12mo. Lond. 
Chaucer modernized by W. Lipscomb (Corj3Hs). 3 vols. Oxon. 
Translations from Petrarch, Metastasio, &c. T. Le Mesurier [New C). 

Oxon. 
Plutarchi MoraHa. Dan. Wyttenbach. 5 or 7 vols. 4to. ; 13 or 15 8vo. 

Oxon. 
Virgil, Heyne. 2 vols. Oxon. 

Phin. Pett [Ch. Ch.). Oxon. 

Analysis of Paley's Moral and Polit. Pliilos. ed. C. V. De Grice (Trin.). 

Camb. 
Analysis of Eoman Civil Law. S. Hallifax (Jes. aud Triu. Hall). 
Elements of Algebra I. Ja. Wood (Joh.). Camb. 
Fluxions. S. Vince (Caius and Sid. ). Camb. 

1796 Novum Testament. Vvdgatae Edit. Oxon. 
Job transl. C. Garden. Oxon. 

XXXIX Articles. Gil. Burnet (Aberd.). Oxon, 

Specimens of Arabic Poetry. J. D. Carlyle (Chr. aud Qn.). 

Cambridge University Calendar. Camb. 

On the Cheltenham Waters. J. Smith. Oxon. 

Dissertation concerning the War of Troy. Jacob Bryant (King's). 

Euripidis Hippolytus. Hon. F. H. Egerton [Ch. Ch., All S.). 4to. Oxon. 

Lucretius. Gil. Wakefield [Jes.]. 3 vol. 4to. Lond. 

On the Prosodies of Greek and Latin. [S. Horsley (Trin. Hall)]. Lond, 

Virgil. Gil. Wakefield [Jes.]. 12mo. Lond. 

W. Blackstoue's Commentaries, ed. E. Christian (Joh.). Lond. 

Syllabus of Locke's Essay. 12mo. Camb. 

Chronological Tables from Solomon to Alexander the Great. J. Falconer. 

4to. Oxon. 
Arithmetic and Algebra. T. Manning (Caius). 
Principles of Algebra. W. Frend [Jes.]. 
Hydrostatics. S. Vince (Caius and Sid.). 
Principles of Mechanics. Ja. Wood (Job.). Camb. 

1797 Bibha Graeca. Eo. Holmes [Neiv C. and Ch. Ch.). fol. Vol. 1. Oxon. 
Jeremiah, Lamentations, with Daniel. B. Blayney (IForc. and if erf.). 4to. 

Oxon. 
Zechariah, transl. B. Blayney (irorc. and iferf.). 4to. Oxon. 
Zechariah, ch. ii. T. Wintle (Joh.). Oxon. 
On the Creed. J. Pearson (lung's and Trin. Camb.). ed. Oxon. 
Origines Sacrae. E. Stillingfleet (Joh. Camb.). 2 vols. Oxon. 



APPENDIX IX. PUBLICATIONS. 417 

Aeschylus typis quos voeant honieric's. [R. Porsou (Triu.)]. Foulis. Glasg. 

Euripidis Hecuba. Ri. Purson (Trin.). Lond. 

lu Eur. Hec. Diatribe Extcmpuralis. Gil. Wakefield [Jes.]. Loud. 

Homeri Odyssea. 2 vols. Oxon. 

Musei Oxon. fasc. ii. T. Bur|i;ess (Corpus). Oxon. 

Voyage of Hauno. T. Falconer {Corpus). Oxon. 

lutrod. Lectui-e on Chemistry. R. Bourne {Wore). Oxon. 

Syllabus of Lectures on the Laws of England. E. Christian (Joh.). Lond. 

On Plants, &c. Analogy between Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms. Ro. 

Hooper (? Pemb.). Oxon. 
Complete Analysis of Adam Smithes Wealth of Nations. Jer. Joyce. Camb. 
Cambridge University Calendar. 

Astronomy. Vol. 1. S. Viuce (Caius and Sid.), 4to. Camb. 
Astron. Observations at Greenwich 1750 — 62. Ja. Bradley {Ball.}. 2 vols. 

fol. Oxon. 

1798 Vet. Testamentum Graec. vol. 1. Ro. Holmes {Neic C, Ch. Ch.). Oxon. 
Greek Testament, vol. i. (Gospels). J. White (Wadh.). Oxon. 

Method of Settling Canonical Authority of N. T. Jer. Jones (nonconf.). 
Oxon. 

T. Tyrwhitti Conjeeturae in Aesch. Eurip. and Aristoph. ed. 1. T, Bur- 
gess (Corpus). 

Aristotelis II^TrXos sive Epitaphia. T. Burgess (Corpus) . 

Euripidis Orestes. R. Porsou (Trin.). Lond. 

Demosthenis Olynth. ii, iii ; Philipp. ii. Jer. Wolf, &c. Oxon. 

Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, ed. T. Tyrwhitt {Qu., Mert.). ed. 2. 2 vols. 
4to. Oxon. 

Saxon and EngHsh illustrative of each other. S. Henshall (Bras.). 

Interview with the Jeshoo Lama. Capt. S. Turner. 12mo. Oxon, 

Algebra, vol. II. T. Manning (Caius). Lond. 

Elements of Optics. Ja. Wootl (Joh.). Camb. 

Greenwich Observations. J. Bradley (Ball.). N. Bliss, vol. 1, fol. Oxon. 

Reflections on the Caelibaey of Fellows. Camb. 

1799 Act. Apost. and Epistt. versio Syr. Philoxen. J. White (Wadh.). vol. 1. 

4to. Oxon. 
Appendix ad N. T. e cod. Alexandr. C. G. Woide (Haffn., Oxon.). ed. H. 

Fovd (Ch. Ch., Marid. H.). fol. Oxon. 
Diatessaron. J. White (Wadh.). Oxon. 
Horae Biblicae. C. Butler (Douay). Oxon. 
History of the Interpr. of Prophecy. H. Kett (Trin.). Oxon, 
Common Prayer with Psalms in Metre. Oxon. 
Antonini Iter Brit., ed. T. Reynolds (Line, and Camb.). 4to. 
Euripidis Phoenissae. R. Person (Trin.). Lond. 
Moliere. 2 vols. Oxon. 
Cambridge University Calendar. 
Principles of Algebra. W. Frend [Jes.] 
Principles of Astronomy. S. Vince (Caius and Sid. ). 
The Sizar : a Rhapsodv. 12mo. Camb. 

1800 Abollatiph Hist. Aegyp't. Jos. White {Wadh.). Oxon. 
Diet. Graec. H. Hoogeveen (Leyd.). 4to. Camb. 
Homer. Grenville. Oxon. 

Livy. H. Homer (Emm.). Oxon. 

Sophocles, S. Musgrave (Corpus, TTniv.). Oxon. 

Cambridge University Calendar. 

Fasciculus Astronomicus. F. Wollaston (Sid.). Lond. 

Latitude of the N. Hemisphere. J. Stephens (Joh.). Camb. 

Principles of Fluxions ) a 



Princi 
Plane 



pies of Fluxions )„ tt- /^ • ^ 

' , f TT 1 i i- f S. Vince (Cams and 

pies of Hydrostatics > q'l/ f i 

and Spherical Trigonometry and Logarithms... ) ^ ''' ^™ ' 



w. 27 



INDEX. 



•»• Names, &c., in italics refer to the University of Oxford. 

Under the names of the Colleges or Halls it has not heen thought necessary 
to give a reference to each page on which any alumnus is mentioned, though 
this has heen done in some instances ; the use of the brackets in this Index and 
in the foregoing List of Publications will enable any one to compile such a hst 
without mucli labom- if it be thought worth the while. 



Abbott, W. (Joh.), 31. 

Abinger, see Scarlett. 

'Academic' [Green's], 150. 

accents, 113. 

acts — comitia, 18. 

acts (in the schools) 15, 34 — 43, Gl, 
69, 218, 301, 321, 322. 

act's breakfast, 36. 

Adams, G. (Joh.), 42 ?i. 

Adams, Sh- T. (Camb.), 1G3. 

ad Baptistam, 58, 60 n. 

Addenbrooke, J. (Oath.), 173, 176. 

ad diem cinerum, 58, 60 n. 

Addiugton, H. (Bras.), 2G5n. 

Addison, Jos. {Qu. & Magd.), 157. 

ad eundem, 213 m., 225. 

admission, 24, 60, 347. See matricu- 
lation. 

ad oppositum, 219. 

aegrotat, 44, 45, 48, 35871., 360, 362. 

afternoons, 331. 

Ainsley, Mont. F. (Trin.), 374. 

Alcock, J. (Magd. ), 237. 

Alcock, Nathan (Leyden and Jes.), 
185, 206?!. 

Alderson, Jonath. (Pemb.), 375. 

Aldrich, H. (Ch. Ch.), 237. 

algebra, 13, 14, 40, 72—80, 356. 

Allen, J. (Trin.), 375. 

Allison, Ja. (Joh.), 375. 

AlUx, P. (Qu. and Jes.), 164, 268 «., 
308. 

AUsopp, T. (Emm.), 375. 

All Souls, 265. 



'Alma Mater Cantabrigiae ', 367, 380. 

almanack = duty, 389. 

' alphabet', 57. 

America, South, 327. 

Amhurst, Nic. [Joh.], 156, 223. 

Amos, W. (Jes.), 358, 363. 

analytical mathematics, 74 — 77, 257. 

anatomy, 174, 178, 182—186. 

Ancient Concerts, 236. 

' Anglic fe "bands'", 41. 

Anstey, Chr. (Joh.), 11. 

Anstey, Chr. (King's), 26, 156. 

answering, 217 (cf. 'respondent'). 

anteeedens, 223 71. , 228 «., 369 ?t. 

anthems, 237, 238. 

antiquaries, 158. 

Apollonius' Conies, 23. 

apostles, 57. 

Apthorpe, East (Jes.), 359, 362. 

Aquinas, T., 86. 

arable, 163—170, 266-268. 

Archdeacon, J. (printer), 389, 391, 

393. 
Arden, Ri. P. (Trin.), 142. 
arguments, 35—40, 321, 368—374, 376. 
Aristotle, 22, 65, 115, 124—126, 219, 

230. 
Arnold, S. (Magd.), 237. 
articles of religion, xxxix. ; 216, 221. 
asoendat, 37. 
Ash, E. (Ch. Ch.), 155 n. 
Ashmolean, 10. 
Ashpinshaw, J. (Emm.), 361. 
Ashton, C. (Jes.), 97. 



INDEX, 



419 



Ashworth, Ki. (Emm.), 3G2. 

Askew, Ant. (Emm.), 116, 

asses' milk, 207. 

Astley, H. N. (Chr.), 154 n. 

astronomy, 23, B5n., 46, 241—251, 

326;(., 356. 
Atcherley, Ja. (Magd.), 363. 
Atkinson, H. (Caius), 375. 
Atwood, G. (Trin.), 250. 
Austins (Augnstiuenses), 220. 
Avarne, W. (Emm ), 360. 
Ayloffe, T. (Trin. H.), 140. 
Aynsworth or Ainswortb, Ro., 100. 
Ayscough, Sam., 76, 

*E. B. Plulomed.' 185 m. 

B. A., 62, 82—84, 118, 154, 213—233, 

241, 261, 273, 302, 324, 336. 
bachelor, old; — 'of the stool,' 17. 
bachelor's schools, 39 n. 
Backhouse, Ja. (Trin.), 27, 28. 
Bacon, Fr. (Trin.), 78, 126. 
Baker, T. ('Act at Oxford') 3n. 
Baker, T. (Job. 'eiectus'), 6—9, 158, 

305, 307. 
Balguy, J. (Joh.), 122, 129. 
ballad, 199. 238, 252 n., 287. 
Balliol College, 3 m., 15. 
Balme, E. (Magd.), 360. 
bands, 41. 

Banks, Jonat. (Pemh.), 385, 386. 
Banks, Jos. [Ch. Ch.), 206, 327. 
Barker, E. H. (Trin.), 97 w. 
Barker, S. 97. 
Barker, W. B. (Joh.), 363. 
Barlow, T. (Qii.), 134. 
Barnaby lectures, 78, 83, 89. 
Barnard, F. (Clare), 69. 
Barnes, Josh. (Emm.), 94, 387, 391 n. 
Barnet, S. [Univ.], 157. 
Barnwell, F. (Caius), 363. 
Baronius, Vine. (0. S. B.), 129. 
barristers, 144 n. 
Barrow, Is. (Pet. and Trin.), 64, 105 n., 

188, 248. 
Bartholin, Casp. (Copenhagen), 79. 
Baskerville, J. (printer), 383. 
Bateman, S. (Joh.), 354. 
Bates, Joah (King's), 236, 239. 
Bates, W. (Emm. and Qu.), 35 n., 129. 
Bath, 12, 297. 

, bishop of, 318. 

Bathurst, Ra. {Trin.), 157. 
Battle, W. (King's), 177, 237 n. 
Baxter, Ri., 133. 
Bearblock, Ja. (King's), 158. 
Beaumont, (Pet.), 140, 385. 
Beaver, Herb. {Corpus), 157, 168. 
Beckwith, J. C. {Magd. U.), 237. 
Beddoes, T. {Pcmh.), 5. 
bedel], esquire, 117, 276, 280, 282. 



Bedford, A. {Bras.), 168 «. 

Bedwell, W. (Trin.), 287 m. 

Beevor, Aug. (Benet), 322. 

Beevor, J. (Chr.), 360. 

Belcher, P. (Joh.), 375. 

Bell, J. (Trin.), 85 w. 

Bell, Ri. (Clare), 359. 

Bell, W. (Magd.), 361. 

Belward, Ri. (Caius), 326, 329. 

'bene disputasti,' 38. 

Benet. See Corpus Christi College 

Cambridge (322). 
Bennett, Ja. (Jes.), 363. 
Bennet, T. (Joh.), 268 7^. 
Bennet, W. (Emm.), 58. 
Bennett, Ja. (Jes.), 363. 
Bennett, J. (Clare), 360. 
Bennett, T. (Joh.), 268??., 385. 
Benson, T. {Qu.), 159, 160. 
Bentham, E. {Ch. Ch., Corpus and 

Oriel), and Ja., 388 n. 
Bentham, Jer. {Qu.), 365 n. 
Bentham, Joe. 388, 389, 393. 
Bentley, Ri. (Joh., Trin. ; Waclh. ), 2, 

22 H., 25, 57, 67 m., 79, 92, 95, 97, 

102 n., 112, 129, 148, 207, 209, 210, 

248, 344, 347, 383, 384, 387, 388. 
Bentley, T. (Trin.), 110, 111. 
Berdmore, S. (Jes.), 359. 
Berkeley, G. (T. C. D.), 121, 129, 321, 

369, 376. 
Berkley, C. (King's), 363. 
Bernard, E. {Exon.),'d2. 
Berney, Sir J., 320. 
Bernouilli, Ja. (Bale, Heidelb.). 79. 
Bettesworth, J..(C/t. Ch.), 265??.. 
Beverley, J. (Chr.), 239, 359, 364. 
Bewicke, T. (Jes.), 362. 
Bezae, codex, 6, 391. 
bibliotheca critica, 93, 96. 
bibliotheca literaria, 96, 97. 
Bilsborrow, Dewh. (Trin.), 362. 
binomial theorem, 51, 76. 
' Bion,' 57. 
Bircham, S., 201. 
Blackburn, Ja. (Trin.), 53 ?z. 
Blackstone, Ja., (Neio I. H.), 144. 
Biackstone, W. {Femb. All S., Qu., 

New I. H.), 143, 144. 
Bland, ? {Corptis), 149 ?i. 
Blayney, B. (Wore, and Hart H.), 168, 

170. 
Bhck, R. G. {Pet.), 375. 
Bligh, Reg. (Qu.), 36j?., 55m. 
Bliss, Nat. {Pevib.), 247, 251. 
Bhthe, 385. 

Blomberg, F. W. (Joh.), 360. 
Blomefield, F. (Caius), 158. 
Blomfield, C. J. (Trin.), 97 m. 
Blomfield, E. V. (Cai. and Emm.), 97m. 
blood, circulation of, 172 n., 174. 



420 



INDEX, 



blood, transfusion, 184. 

blood-letting, 305. 

blne-stockiugs, 207. 

Blunders (Tiverton), 102. 

Bhmt, J. (Job.), 360. 

' boards,' 313. 

Bobart, Ko. (O.ron.), 204, 206. 

Bobart, Eo. (Oxon.), 203, 204, 20G. 

Bodleian Library, 3 — 7. 

Boerbaave, Herm. (Leyd.). 79. 

Boetbius de Musica, 287. 

•bona nova,' 277. 

Bonnyeastle, J, ('Aritb.' 1780.), 46, 

77, 250. 
Bonwicke, Aipbr. (Job.), 14. 
book-lists 1—10, 76—81, 129—132, 

160, 161, 206, 208, 248—251, 325, 

326 H., 328—336, 394—413. 
Borlase, G. (Pet.), 132. 
Bcseawen, W. {Exoii.), 144 n. 
Bossut, 77. 

botany, 154, 154 »., 178, 202—212. 
Bourcliier, E. (Cbr.), 359. 
Bourdieu, J. (Clare), 375. 
Bourne, J. (Job.), 316. 
Bourne, Laur. (Qu.), 316. 
Bourne, Vincent (Trin.), 27, 102—104, 

106. 
Bouquet, P. (Trin.), 268 n. 
Bowles, W. Lisle {Triu.), 102. 
Bowles, W. (Pet.), 363. 
Bowstead, Jos. (Pemb.), 34 m. 
Bowtell, J., 176. 

' box' (in tbe Scbools), 37, 39, 231. 
' bax-floimsb't ' type, 386. 
Boyce, W. (Canib.), 237. 
Boyle, Ro. {(Xxoii.), 248. 
Boys, Ei. (Job.i, 363, 
brackets, 53 — 55. 
Bradford, S. (Benet), 309, 310. 
Bradley, Ja. {Ball.), 247, 251. 
Bradley, Ei. (Camb.), 79, 173, 209, 210. 
Bradley, W. S. (.Job.), 362. 
Bradstreet, Eo. (Job.), 360. 
Brasenose College, Oxon., 86. 
Brasse, J. (Trin.), 63. 
breakfasts (acts'), 36 (fatber's), 50. 
brevier tyjje, 385, 392 n. 
Bridge, Bewick (Pet.), 76. 
Brinkley, T. (Caius), 257, 320- 323. 
Brockett, L. (Trin.), 150. 
Broderick, ? (Job.), 355, 356. 
Brome, W. (Job.), 157. 
Brooke, P. (Job.), 7 n. 
Brooke, T. (Clare), 393. 
' brotbers,' 276, 279, 281, 286. 
Brown, Nic. (Triu.), 363. 
Brown, Nic. (Cbr.), 359. 
Brown, T. (Ch. Ch.), 26n., 156. 
'Brown,' Tom (Eugby), 36 n. 
Browne, C. (Ball.), 138. 



Browne, Is. Hawkins (Trin.), 157. 

Bro\\ue, J. (Trin.), 154 ?i. 

Browne, Pet. (T. C. D.), 79, 129. 

Browne, T. (Jes.), 306. 

Biowne, Sir W. (Pet.), 37, 58, 68, 

71 n., 155, 173. 
Browning, F. (King's), 154 n. 
Broxbolme, N. [Ch. Ch.), 155 n. 
Bruttou, J. V. (Sid.), 359. 
Bryant, Jacob (King's) 93, 106, 158. 
BryJges, Sir Egerton (Qu.), 158. 
Buck, Ja. (Caius), 326. 
Buck, J. &T. (Catb.), printers, 381, 382, 

393. Fr. 393. 
Bucklaud, C. (Sid.), 374. 
Buddeus, J. F. (Halle and Jena), 129. 
Buddie, Adam (Catb.), 207. 
Bulkt'ley, S. (Clare), 363. 
bull-dog, 34, 37. 
Bullock, J. (Job.), 363. 
Burgersdicius, F. (Leyden), 85. 
Burges, G. (Trin.), 9. 
Burges, J. (printer), 391, 393. 
Burgess, T. (Corpus), 94, 95, 98, 101. 
Burkley, C. (King's), 363. 
Burlamaqui, J. J. (Geneva), 122. 
Burleigb, lord, 379. 
Burman, P. (Leyden), 92, 97. 
Burman, P. (Franeker) 93. 
Burn, Ei. (Qu.), 138 w. 
Burnaby, J. (Oriel), 149 ». 
Burnet, Gil. (Aberd. and Glasg.), 129, 

149. 
? Burnet, T. (New C), 99. (or Mert.). 
Burnet, T. (Clai-e and Cbr.), 35 n., 

79, 129 (emend.), 248. 
Burrell, Pet. (Job.), 354. 
Burton, Dan. (Ch. Ch.), 149 n. 
Burton, J. (Corpus), 12, 101, 325. 
Burton, H. (Job.), 355. 
Bury Scbool, 27, 101, 162, 183 h., 

189 n. (also E. Leedes). 
de Bussiferes, Jean (S. J.), 148. 
Butler, Jos. (Oriel), 37, 52, 53, 121, 

122, 129, 354, 356. 
Butler, Jos. [Milner] (Benet), 363. 
Butler, T. (Trin.), 360. 
butteries, 105 n., 284, 294 n. 
bye-term men, 58, 60 n., 364. 
Byne» H. (Job.), 359. 
Byrom, J. (Trin.), 21 «., 25, 152 n., 347. 
Byron, G. Gordon, Id., (Trin.), 88. 

cadit quaestio, 39, 40, 369, &c. 

Caedmon, 160, 161. 

Caius College, Gonville and, 3, 30, 47, 

48, 172 «., 182, 188, 273, 286— 288m., 

319—344 n., 356. 
Caldwell, G. (Jes.), 154 n. 
calendar, Cambridge University, 33, 

48,59, 323 n., 364-367. 



INDEX. 



421 



Camm, J. (Job.), 363. 

canonists, 134, 135, 142 m., 265. 

cap, 24, 303. 

caricatiu-ists, 158. 

Carlyle, Jos. Dacre (Chr., Qu.), 164, 

166. 
Carlyon, Clem., (Pemb.), 154 n. 
Carnan, T. (bookseller), 389. 
Carr, J. (Job.), 123. 
Carr, Nic. (Pemb. and Trin.), 108. 
Carswell, or Caswell, J. {U'adh. and 

Hart H.), 71, 246 w. 
Carter, T. (Trin.), 361. 
Cartes. See Descartes, 
'cartbarge paper,' 329. 
Carver, C. (Cai.), 323. 
Gary, H. F. {Ch. Ch.), 153, 170, 264 n. 
Cary, J. H. S. (Cbr.), 375. 
Casaubon, Meric [Ch. Ch.), 159, 
Casborne, J. (Emm.), 364. 
cassock, 311. 
Castell, Edm. (Emm, and Job.), 163, 

208, 267 n. 
Castell, J. (Caius), 359. 
Castellus, Bened. (Montp.), 79. 
'Castor and Pollux,' 57. 
casuistry, 132 — 134. 
Caswell, J. (Wadh.), 79. 
Catbarine-Hall, Saint, 173. 
Cato (Addison's), 102. 
Catten, or Catton, T. (Job.), 261. 
Caulet, J. (Job.), 354. 
Causton, T. (Job.), 362. 
cautions, 23, 218. 
Cavendisb, H. (Pet.), 187, 192. 
Caxton, W., 377. 
Caxton post-bag, 312, sqq, 
Cecil, Sir Eo., 380. 
Cecill, (Job.), 288 »i. 
celibacy, 178, 264. 
Cbaffin, or Cbafin, W. (Emm,), 29, 

30, 358, 362, 363. 
cballenging, 55, 102. 
cbamber-fellow, 291. 
Cbamberlayne, J. (Trin.), 160. 
Cbambers, Epbr., 129. 
Cbambers, Sir Eo. (Line, and Univ.)^ 

144. 
Cbandler, Ei. (Magd.), 12, 156. 
Cbanning, J. {Ch. Ch.), 170 «., 181. 
Cbapman, Bened. (Caius), 325. 
Cbapman, C. J. (Benet), 322. 
Cbappelow, Leon. (Job.), 164, 268 n. 
Cbarles II., K. 172 n., 264, 
Cbarles III., K. of Spain, 9. 
Cbarlett, A. {Univ.), 127, 158. 
'Cbatbam' sloop, 327. 
'Cbeese College,' 3. 
Cbeke, Sir J. (Job., King's ~Ch. Ch., 

King's Camb.), 106—109. 
cbemistry, 174, 176, 178—195. 



cbest, the King's Coll. , 174. 

cbest, tbe University, 280, 304. 

Cbestney, J. (Pet.), 361. 

Cbevallier, Temple (Magd.), 363. 

Cbevallier, T. (Pemb. ), 375. 

Cbeyne, G. (Edinb.), 79, 129. 

Cbiara, 315, 

Cbisbull, Edm. {Corpus), 155. 

cbocolate, 308, 310. 

cbopsticks, 165, 

cboristers, 3 n. 

Christ Church 13, 86, 102, 104, 114 n., 

146, 237, 267. 
Christ College, 13, 68, 123, 125, 238 n., 

259 m. 
Christian, E. (Job.), 142, 145. 
chronology, 25, 117. 
Chubb, T., 129. 
Churchill, Fleetwood (Clare), 268 re., 

358. 
Cicero, 13, 27, 85 w., 87, 326 »., 354. 
civilians, 135, 136, 139—142, 145, 

264, 265. 
Clare Hall, 52 n., 67—69, 71n., 139 «., 

212 re., 338. 
Clarendon Press, 94, 96, 384 n. 
Clarendon's History, 2. 
Clarke, E. D. (Jes.), 77, 156, 192 m., 

198—202, 
Clarke, Greg. (Cath.), 168 m. 
Clarke, J. [Wbitefield] (T. C. D., Job. 

and Trin.), 237. 
Clarke, S. (Caius), 13, 37, 52, 53, 67, 

68, 79, 121 M., 124, 129, 242, 298. 
Clarke, Wilfrid (Pet.), 361, 
Clarkson, T. (Job.), 128. 
•classes,' 45—48, 50, 53, 260, 261, 868. 
Classical Journal, 97 n. 
classics, 9, 13, 90, 225, 331—334, 337, 

354. 
Clay, C. J. (Trin.), printer, 393. 
Cleaver, W. (Bras.), 95. 
Clerke, J. (Pet.), 177. 
Clinton, H. Fynes (CJu Ch.), 102 n. 
Clobery. See Glynn, 
close fellowships, &c., 343. 
Clubbe, W. (Caius), 157. 
Cocksbutt, T. (Chr.), 363. 
de Coetlogon, C. E. (Pemb.), 360, 
Colbatch, J. (Trin.), 132. 
Colchester, W. (Job.), 359. 
Cole, W. (Clare and King's), 158. 
Cole's Dictionary, 326 n. 
Coleridge, S. T. (Jes.), 84, 121, 123, 157. 
Colladon, Theod. (Geneva), 189. 
collections, 119, 258 n. 
collectors, 220 n., 232 m. 
'college mss.', 75 — 77. 
Colliber, S. 129. 
Collier, Arthur, 130, 
Collier, Jer. (Caius). 158. 



422 



INDEX. 



Collier, W. (Trin.), 166. 

Collignon, C. (Trin.), 183. 

CoUins, Ant. (King's), 129. 

Collins, Brian Bury (Job.), 355. 

Collins, W. (Qu, and Magd.), 157. 

Colman, G. {Ch. Ch.), 156, 157. 

Colson, J. (Sid. & Emm.), 70. 

ColweU, J. (Trin.), 155 n. 

Comber, T. (Trin.), 163 w. 

combuiatiou-room, 30, 52. 

combinations, 387. 

Comings, T. (Trin.), 375. 

comitialia, carmina, 19, 103. 

comitia maiora et minora, 18, 38. 

commencement, 18, 38. 

' commodious schools,' 232 n. 

common law, 142 — 145. 

common-place-books, 331, 332. 

commons, 291, 293 n., 319. 

compendiums, 227. 

composition (see 'classics'), 225, 332. 

compounders, 52. 

Compton, W. (Cains), 363. 

concerts, 238—240, 245, 315, 317. 

confession, 133 n. 

conic sections, 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 

326 ?i., 336, 376. 
Couington, J. {Corpiis), 233, 234. 
consequeus and cousequentia, 39, 

369 n. 
' Constant Quantities,' 57. 
' consulate,' 57. 
cook, a college, 321, 324. 
Cook, capt. Ja. 325, 329. 
Cooke ? (Job.), 355. 
Cookson, H. W. (Pet.), 91, 198. 
Copley, J. Singleton (Trin.), 154 n. 
Cornwall, Ff. H. (Job.), 363. 
Cornwall, C. W., 327. 
Corpus Cbristi or Benet College, 175, 

188, 212 n. 
Cosin, J. (Cai., Pet.), 235. 
Costard, G. (JVodh.), 2i7. 
Cotes, Eoger (Trin.), 10, 49, 70, 74, 

242, 243, 245,326 m., 376. 
Cotter, Eogerson (Triu.), 344 m. 
coimties, 343, 344. 
CoveU, J. (Cbr.), 162 ?i., 385. 
Coventry, Fr. (Magd.), 183. 
Coveutry, H. (Magd.), 183 w. 
Cowell's Institutio Juris, 143 n. 
Cowper, J. (Benet), 268 n. 
Crab, 3, 5. 

Crabb, H. B. (Trin.), 360. 
Cradock, J. (Catb.), 364. 
Crasbaw, Ri. (Pemb., and Pet.), 163 n. 
Craster, T. (Job.), 359. 
Craven, W. (.Job.), 29, 164, 166, 363. 
Crawford, J. (Job.), 361. 
creation, 281. 
Creech, T. {Wadh.), 157. 



Cresswell, spherics, 76. 

Creygbton, Ri. (Trin.), 287. 

cribbage, 324, 327. 

Crick, T. (Caius), 360. 

Croft, G. (Univ.) 87 n., 144. 

Croft, W. (Ch. Ch.), 237. 

Croke, Alex. (Oriel), 265 n. 

Croke, Ri. (King's), 106. 

crosses (coins), 279, 284 n. 

Crotcb, W. (S. Mary H.), 237. 

Crowutield, Corn, (printer), 282—288, 

382—388, 393. 
Cubit, J. (Caius), 375, 
Cudwortb, Ra. (Emm., Clare, Cbr.), 

121*1., 125, 130. 
Cullum, Ja. (Cbr.), 360. 
Cumberland, Ri. (Magd.), 130. 
Cumberland, Ri. (Trin.), 27-29, 33, 

37 n., 102, 344—346. 
Cumming, Ja. (Trin.), 194. 
curate, 309. 

Cm-rey, W. W. (Qu.), 375. 
Cm-teis, C. (Job.), 360. 
Cutbbert, E. (Jes.), 375. 
Cutbbert, G. (Cbr.), 360. 

' Dffidalus,' H. M. S., 327, 329. 

' Damon and Pytbias,' 57. 

Daniel, Roger (printer), 381, 393. 

Davies, Ri. (Qu.), 177, 1/8. 

Davey, J. (Caius), 30. 

Dawes, Ri. (Emm.), 35 n., 95, 114. 

Dawes, Sir W. (Joh. and Catb.), 130. 

days in tbe tripos, 53. 

dean, 88 n., 89, 166 n. 

Dealtry, W. (Trin.), 77. 

Debreczin Univ., 99. 

decimals, 52, 56. 

declamations, 26, 88, 89, 213, 220. 

'decus et tutamen,' 105. 

Degge, Sir Simon, 139. 

degrees, 172. 

Deigbton's, 45 ; J. Deigbton (booksel- 
ler), 393. 

Delaval, E. (Pemb.), 15, 358. 

Demostbene.s, 326, 354, 356, 383. 

Deuue, J. (Benet), 363. 

Derliam, W. (Trin.), 130. 

Desaguliers, J. Tbeo., (Ch. Ch.), 246. 

Descartes, Rene (La Flcclie), 65 — 69, 
79, 121, 125 n., 129, 176, 241 n. 

' descendas,' 38, 39, 145 n. 

D'Ewes, Symonds (Job.), 87, 90. 

Dibdiu, T. Frognall (Joh.), 3 n. 

Dickes, T. (Jes.), 375. 

Dickins, F. (Trin. H.), 140. 

Dickinson, W. (Trin.), 360. 

dictionaries, 100, 328. 

digamma, 112 n. 

Dillenius, J. J. (Darmst., Gics., Oj;on.) 
204, 206, 211 n. 



INDEX. 



42Z 



dinner-hour, 38 n. 

Diopliautus, 92. 

disjunctive syllogism, 86. 

Disney, W. (Trin.), 29, 166, 2687(.,363. 

disputations, 145, 220—223, 291. 

disputationum formulae, E. F., 35 7i. 

Dixon, J. (Qu.), 375. 

Dobree, P. P. 92 n. 

Dodson's Kepository, 77. 

Dodsworth, F. (Chr.), 359. 

' dogging,' 232 n. 

Donn, Ja., 208. 

dormiat, 36. 

Douglass, J. (Ball), 149 n. 

Dowdaswell, G. (Ch. Ch.}, 155 h. 

Downes, (Job.), 363. 

Downing Professor of Laws, 145. 

D'Oyly, Matt. (Benet), 359. 

Drake, Ja. (Job.), 362. 

Ducarel, Andr. C. (Job.), 158. 

duelling, 123, 128, 376. 

Duncan's logic, 13, 85, 87 n., 127. 

'dunce's day,' 56, 58. 

Duncombe, J. (Corpus), 157. 

duplicity, Mr Woodd's, 63. 

Duport, Ja. (Trin. and Magd.), 273— 

286. 
Duport, J. (Jes.), 273. 
dutcb, 97, 100, 386. 
Dyer, G. (Emm.), 157. 
Dymoke, Nedham (Job. ), 154 n. 

Eacbard, J. (Catb.), 176, 241 n. 

Eaton, Ja. (Pet.), 268k. 

Eaton, Ri. (Job.), 360. 

Ediubm-gb, 211. 

Edmund Hall, S., 2, 92, 126 ?i., 127, 

225. 
Edwards, Ei. S. (Job.), 363. 
Edwards, T. (Clare), 94, 95. 
Edwards, Jonatb. (Ch. Ch. and Jes.), 

99 ?i. 
'elabatory,' 187 n. 
election, 280, 281, 306—310, 313, 315, 

345, 347. 
electricity, 190. 
' elegant extracts,' 57. 
EUiot, Lam-. (Magd.), 29. 
EUis, T. (Cains), 154 n. 
Ebnsall, H. (Job.), 358, 359 «. 
Elstob, Miss E. 159, 160, 161. 
Elstob, W. (Catb. and Univ.), 158— 

161. 
Ely, bp. of, 306—311, 344. 
Emerson, W. (matb.), 50. 
Emmanuel College, 18, 29, 58, 65, 344 w. 
Encyclopaedia, Green's Scbeme, 338 — 

342. 
Encyclopaedia Brit., 326 Jt. 
England, W. (Job.), 306. 
enthusiasm, 54. 



epigrams, 103 — 105. 

Episcopius, 35 11., 130. 

Erasmus, Desid. (Eoterd., Qu.), 87 7J. 

Ernesti, J. A. (Leips.), 92. 

ethics, 14, 62 n., 65, 333, 336. 

'etists,' 107. 

Eton, 104 n., 105 n. 

Euclid, 23, 46, 66, 73—75, 355. 

Euripides, 356. 

Evans, T. (Jes.), 268 n. 

Evans, W. (Cbr.), 375. 

Eveleigb, J. (Oriel), 222. 

Ewbank, T. (Catb.), 361. 

Ewin, W. H. (Job.), 363. 

examinations, 14, 16, 33, 46, 49—56, 
114 n., 116, 215, 217, 221—222, 256, 
258, 262, 322, 323, 343—357. 

' executive directory,' 57. 

Eyre, Ja. (Mert.), 265 ?i. 

E. F. 35 n. 

Faber, T. (Job.), 363. 

Fancourt, T. (Qu.), 375. 

Fancourt, S., 130. 

Parish, C. (Qu.), iln., 264 «. 

Farish, W. (Magd.), 40—42, 77, 190— 

192, 201. 
Farmer, Ki. (Emm.), 58. 
' father,' 24, 44, 47, 50, 52, 275, 281. 
Fawcett, ? Ja. (Job.), 122 ?i. 
Fawkes, Fr. (Jes.), 157. 
fees (college), 213, 262 m. 
fellow-commoners, 15, 33, 88, 200, 299, 

352. 
fellowships, 178, 262—265, 280, 281, 

299, 306—311, 343—346, 348. 
Felton, H. {Edm. H.), 130. 
Fenn, Sir J. (Caius), 11 n., 30, 31, 47. 
Fenton, Elijah (Jes. and Trin. H.), 157. 
Fenwicke, T. T. (Job.), 375. 
Ferguson, Ja., 49. 
Feme, H. {S. Mary H., and Trin. C. 

Camb.), 134. 
Ferrand, T. (Trm.), 39 n. 
Ferrari, Ant., 6. 
Fiddes, Ei. (Univ.), 35 n., 130. 
Field, J. (printer), 382, 393. 
'fights,' 102. 

Filmer, Su- Eo. (Trin.), 130. 
Finch's Discomse, 143. 
fireworks, 322. 
Fisher, Edm. (Benet), 363. 
Fitz-Herbert, Alleyne, (Job.), 154 n. 
Flaxman, J., 201. 
Fletcher, Carter (Job.), 363, 
FHtcroft, H. (Benet), 268 n. 
' florence,' 303. 
Floras, 325 n, 
fluxions, 29, 40 n., 46, 49—51, 65, 

73 n., 77, 369—371. 
Folkes, Martin (Clare), 69, 176. 



424. 



INDEX, 



Foote, C. (Job. ? Emm.), 359. 

foreigners, 98—100, 172, 204, 247, 322. 

^ forma,'' stare pro, 213, 220. 

'form-fellow,' 299. 

Forester, J. (Trin.), 860. 

Fortesciie, Sir J. 143 n., 144. 

Foster, J. (Qu.), 364. 

Foster, J. (King's) 111, 112. 

Fox, Hopkins (Trin.), 359. 

Fox, T. (Gatli.), 375. 

Francis, Eo. Bransby (Benet), 361. 

Francks, Wa. (Mert.), 149 n. 

Franclin, T. (Trin.), 116. 

Francoenr, 77. 

Frankfort on Oder, 98, 99, 295. 

Frankland, T, 327. 

Freind, J. (Ch. Ch.), 175. 

Freeman, J. (Clare), 359. 

french language, 25, 153, 225, 324, 

326. 
french mathematics, 74, 75, 79, 80, 

257 m. 
Trend, W. (Jes.), 72 m., 253, 254. 
Frere, J. (Cains), 47, 48. 
Frere, Sheppard (Trin.), 189. 
Frewin, Hi. (Ch. Ch.), 176. 
Friend, 187 «., 189. 
' furies,' 57. 

Gael, Eldred (King's), 385. 

Gagnier, Jean, 267. 

Gainford (co. Durham), 27. 

Gaisford, T. (Ch. Ch.), 96. 

Gaily, H. (Benet), 111, 112. 

Gambier, J. E. (Sid.), 371, 374. 

gardens, 202—206. 

Gardiner, Stephen (Trin. H.), 107. 

Ciarnier, algebr., 76, 77. 

Gascoigne, Wade (Trin.), 239. 

Gaskin, T. (Jes.), 34 n. 

Gastrell, Fr. (Ch. Ch.), 130. 

Garth, S. Fet., 157, 173. 

Gee, W. (Pet.), 363. 

Geldart, Ja. W. (Tr. H., Cath.), 145. 

' (jenerah,' 217, 229. 

Gentilis, Alb, (Perig. , New Inn II.), 

243. 
geogi-aphy, 147. 
geology, 196—198. 
geometry, 25, 30. 
George I., 7. 
Gergonne, 77. 
Giardini, Felice, 239. 
Gibbon, Edm. (Magd.), 5 ??,, 12, 15. 
Gibson, Edm. (Qu.), 138 «., 159. 
Gifford, W. (Exun.), 157. 
Giles, Saint, Camb., 40, 41 n., 108. 
Gill, Joseph (Job.), 362. 
Ginkcll, or Gingell, 324. 
Gisborne, T. (.Job.), 15, 54, 122, 177. 
Glisson, F, (Cains), 17?. 



Glynn (Clobery), Eo. (King's), 173, 174, 

177. 
Godfrey, Garrot (printer), 378, 393. 
Godolphiu, J. (Glon. II.), 139, 143. 
Goldwyer, G. (Job.), 363. 
Gooch, sii- T. (Caius), In., 27, 153. 
Gooch, W. (Caius), 55 ?(., 319—329. 
Goodson, Ei. (Ch. Ch.), 238. 
Goodwin, T. (Trin.), 312, 317. 
gooseberries, preserved, 327. 
Gordon, Jemmy, 36 n. 
Gorham, G. Corn. (Qu.), 198. 
Gough, Ei. (Benet), 158. 
Grabe, J. E. (Oxoti.), 99, 
Graces, Three, 57. 
'■ (jracious days,' 232 ?j. 
grammar, 88, 84. 
' gratuitous honorati,' 362. 
Graves Ei. (Pemb.), 157. 
's Gravesande, W. J. (Leyd.), 130. 
Gray, T. (Pet. and Pemb.), 26, 32, 150 

152, 153, 157, 173, 237, 327. 
Gray, W. (Pet.), 321, 362. 
Greame, J. (Trin.), 3()0. 
greek, 84, 106—118, 290, 300. 
Greek's coifee-house, 10. 
Greek Testament, 350—855. 
Green, Chr. (Caius), 172. 
Green, J. (Job. and Benet), 73, 150. 
Green, Leon, (printer), 398. 
Green, Maur. (Cambr.), 287. 
Green, Eo. (Clare), 69, 127, 180, 338. 
Green, T. (Pet.), 363. 
Green, T. (Trin.), 198. 
Greene, J. (Benet), 363. 
Gregory, Dav. (Ch. Ch.), 71, 99 «., 149, 

178, 24671. 
Gresham College, 176. 
Gretton, Phil. (Trin.), 130. 
Gretton, Walthall (Trin.), 361. 
Grew, Neh. (F.E.S.), 25, 130. 
Grey, Ei. (Line), 138?;. 
Grigby, G. (Caius), 375. 
Grigg. W. (Jes.), 98, 290, 291, 295 n. 
Grigson, W. (Caius), 860. 
Grimwood, Nic. L. (.Job.), 360. 
'groats,' to save, Wdn. 
Grotius, Hugo (Leyd.), 14, 121, 130, 

143 »., 146, 299, 358. 
'gulphing it,' 45. 
Gunning, H. (Chr.), 11 7?., 34, 53, 54, 

58, 257. 
Gwynne, Jonath. (Magd.), 863. 
gyp, 365. 

Hadley, J. (Qu.), 188, 189, 363. 
Haggitt, J. (Clare), 861. 
Hailstone, J. (Trin.), 198. 
Hale, sir M. (Magd. II.), 130, 143. 
Hales, Stephen (Benet and Oxon.), 
174, 175. 



INDEX. 



425 



Halford, Pet. (Chr.), 363. 

Hall, E. (printer), 382, 393. 

Hall, Jos. (Emm.), 133. 

Hall (Job.), 354. 

Hall, W. (Joh.), 47. 

Hallam, J. (Qu.), 364. 

vou Haller, Alb. (Gott.), 185. 

Hallev, Edm. (Qu.), ddn., 210, 247, 

372, 376. 
Hallifax, S. (Jes.), 77, 141, 142, 164, 

268 71. 
Hamilton, Hugh (? T. C. D.), 49, 376. 
Hammond, H. {Magd.), 256, 257. 
Hammond, Hor. (Benet), 360. 
Handel, 236, 237, 240. 
Hankinson, Ro. (Chr.), 268)?. 
Hankiuson, Eo. (Triu ), 321, 322, 324, 

362. 
Hardcastle, T. {Mcrt.), 161. 
Hardwicke, Id., (Benet), 9. 
Hardy, T. (Sid.), 154 w. 
Hargrave, Jos. (Magd.), 375. 
Harlaud, R. , 327. 
Harlestou school, 320. 
Harper (Joh.), 363. 
liarpsichord, 236, 237 n., 322. 
Harris, G. {Oriel), 265 n. 
Harris, J. (Joh.), 160. 
Harris, S. (Pet.), 149. 
Harrison, T. (Trin.), 361. 
Harrow school, 101, 169. 
liarry soph, 33, 140, 365 n. 
Hart, R. C. (Joh.), 354. 
Hartley, David [Jes.), 37, 122, 123, 

127. 
Hartley, David {Mert), 123 ?i., 155 n. 
Harvey, W. (Caius, Padua, 3Iert.), 

123 n., 155 n. 
Harwood, Busick (Chr.), 179 71., 183, 

184, 255, 324. 
Hasted, H. (Chi-.), 375. 
Hawaii, 329. 

Hawes, J. (Jes.), 359, 362. 
Hawkins, J. {Pcmb.), 157. 
Hawkins, W. (Pemb.), 158. 
Haworth, J. (Bra:^.), 155 n. 
Hay, G. (Joh.), 265 Ji. 
Hayes, J. (printer), 382, 393. 
Hayes, S. (Trin.), 128. 
Hayes, P. {3Iag(l.), 238. 
Hayes, W. {Ch. Ch. and Magd.), 238. 
Haynes, Hopton (Clare), 363. 
Hayward, C. (Caius), 361. 
Hearne, T. {Edm. H.), 3—5, 71, 127, 

158, 160, 185. 
Heathcote, Ra. (Jes.), 316. 
Heaton, R. (Caius), 359. 
Heberden, C. (Job.), 375. 
Heberden, W. (Job.), 66, 177, 179— 

181. 
Heberden, W. (Job), 177. 



bebrew, 162—170, 215 n. , 222 /;., 224— 

226, 267, 268, 335, 379. 
Hedges, C. (Pet.), 358. 
HeUins, J. (Trin.), 326 h. 
Helsham, Hi. (T. C. D.), 49. 
Heming, (Job.), 324. 
Hemsterbuys, Tib, (Amst., Franeker, 

Leyd.), 92, 95. 
Henley, J. (Job.), 160. 
Hensball, S. {Bras), 161. 
Henslow, J. S. (Job.), 209. 
Hepworth, J. (Caius), 362, 375. 
Hepwortb, J. (Benet), 359. 
Herbert, G. (Trin.), 87. 
' Hercules and Atlas,' 57. 
Herman, J. Godf. Ja. (Leips.), 112. 
Hertford College, 89. 
Hewitt, B. (Jes.), 359. 
Hey, Ei. (Magd. and Sid.), 128. 
Heywood, J. {Pemb.), 157. 
Hickes, G. {Joh., Maqd. C, Magd. II. 

and Line), 159, 160. 
Hickin, W. (Magd.), 360. 
Hickman, Matt. {Qu.), 155 h. 
Hierocles, 13. 

Hill, S. Heyrick (Trin.), 361. 
Hiuckesman, J. (Qu.), 313—315, 316— 

318. 
Hinckesman, T. (Trin.), 315, 318, 319. 
'bine lucem et pocula sacra,' 367, 380. 
history, 147—157, 158, 215 n., 222 n. 
Hoadley, B. (Cath.), 130. 
Hoadly, J. (Benet), 157. 
Hobbes, T. {Mat/d. H.), 121, 130. 
Hobson, T., 283. 
' bodiissime,' 213 w. 
Hody, Hum. {Wadh.), 134. 
Hogg, E. (Pet.), 63. 
Holcombe, S. (Trin.), 149 h. 
Holdsworth, E. {2Iagd.), 12. 
Holford, P. (Chr.), 363. 
Holliugwortb, J. B. (Pet.), 53 n. 
Holme, J. (Pet.), 199. 
Holmes, Ro. {New C. and Ch. Ch.), 157. 
Holmes, W. {Joh.), 149. 
Holwell, W. {Ch. Ch.), 157. 
Homer, 325 n. 
boodling, 59. 
hoods, 24, 25, 59. 
Hooke, P. (Catb.), 363. 
Hooke, Eo. {Ch. Ch.), 71. 
Hooper, Fr. (Trin.), 89, 345. 
honorary optimes, 30«., 57, 58, 358 — 

363. 
honours, honour-list, 55, 215, 216, 224, 

260, 305 n., 321—325. 
Hope, C. (Job.), 358. 
Hopkinson, S. E. (Clare), 360. 
Horace, 355. 
Home, G. {Ciiir. and Magd.), 12, 71 n., 

72, 168. 



426 



INDEX. 



Home, T, (Caius), 363. 

Home [Tooke], J. (Joh.), 160. 

'liorrida Palus,' 63 ?i. 

Homsby, T. {Corjms), 181, 247, 327. 

Horsley, S. (Trin. H.), 112. 

Hough, H. (Joh.), 363. 

hom-s, 38, 45, 47, 50, 225, 256, 257. 

Howe, Ei. (Eton), 327. 

Howell, L. (Jes.), 134. 

Howmau, Eoger Freston (Pemb.), 361. 

Luddlmg, 33, 38, 59—62, 213 «., 214, 

218. 
Hudson, T. {Qu., Univ. and S. Mary 

H.), 3—5, 110. 
Huet, P. D. (Caen), 130. 
Hughes, J. (Qu.), 361. 
Hughes, T. (rrin.), 185. 
Hughes, T. (Joh.), 356. 
Hugouots, 149. 
humanity ('literae humaniores '), 87, 

90—225. 
Hume, David, 37. 
Huut, T. (Hart H.), 168. 
le Hunt, J. (Joh.), 363. 
Hurdis, Ja. A. (Maqd.), 158. 
Hui-st, T. (Trin.), 314. 
Hutcheson, Fr. (Glasg.), 121, 130. 
Hutchinson, J. 71 n. ? 355. 
Hutchinson, Jul. (Sid.), 359. 
Hutchinson, (Trin.), 85 n. 
Hutton, J. (Joh.), 47. 
Hyde, T. (King's and Qu.), 168, 
hydrodynamics, 66. 
hydrostatics, 46, 75. 

lapis (= Glynn), 173. 
Ingram, Eo. Acklom, (Qu.), 151, 214. 
insignia doctoralia, 22. 
inspector of the press, 383, 388. 
instruments, mathematical and astro- 
nomical, 245, 325. 
international law, 146. 
' luvincibles,' 57. 
Isherwood, C. (Magd.), 375. 
Isola, Agostino, 153, 327, 390, 391. 
Isola, C. (Emm.), 153. 
Isted, G. (Trin.), 360. 
italian, 150, 152, 327, 390, 391. 

Jack, T. (Joh.), 375. 

Jackson, Ja. (Camb.), printer, 393. 

Jackson, J. (Jes.), 163 71. 

Jackson, J. 130, 131. 

Jackson, Cyril {Ch. Ch.), 222, 237, 247. 

jacobitism, 24, 298. 

Jago, Ei. (Univ.), 157. 

James I., 287. 

James, H. (Qu.), 140, ?386. 

Jebb, J. (Pet.), 31, 33, 35, 42, 71, 85, 

12571., 16171., 164, 166, 177, 183 ?i., 

215, 352—355. 



Jebb, J. (Joh. and Chr.), 149 7J., 313 n. 

Jebb, Joshua, 313 7i. 

Jebb, S. (Pet.), 96, 109 71., 177. 

Jebb, S. (Tvin.j, 312—318. 

Jeffries, Edm. (? Pemb., Pet.), 385. 

Jeukes, H. (printer), 393. 

Jenner, C. (Pemb.), 238. 

Jesuits, 77, 261 n. 

Jesus College Cambridge, 13, 83, 86, 

201 71., 290—311. 
Jesus College, Oxon., 126. 
Jewel, J. (Mert. and Corpus), 87. 
' jips,' 365. 
B.John Evangehst College, Cambridge, 

6, 13—15, 23, 36, 83, 85, 87, 123, 

243?(., 255, 256, 260, 264, 321, 322, 

344, 352—356. 
Johnson, J. (Magd. and Benet), 134, 

160, 161. 
Johnson, S. (Pemb.), 156, 157, 160. 
Johnson, T. (King's and Magd.), 26, 

34, 131. 
Johnson, W. (Caius), 359. 
Jolland, G. (Joh.), 363. 
Jolliffe, P. W. (Joh.), 361 
Jones, Owen (Jes.), 361. 
Jones, T. (Joh. and Trin.), 123, 128, 

353 n. 
Jones, W. (Univ.), of Nayland, 71 n. 
Jones, Sir W. (Univ.), 11 n., 127, 169. 
Jortin, J. (Jes.), 97. 
Journal Polytechnique, 77. 
journals, classical, 97, 98 nn. 
Jowett, Jos. (Trin. H.), 141. 
Joyce, Jer., 152 7i. 
juraments, 216, 217. 
Jurin, Ja. (Trin.), 99 n., 147 n., 148. 
Justinian, 143. 
Juvenal, 354. 

Karakakooa-bay, 329. 

'Kiise Collegium,' 3. 

Keckerman's logic, 85. 

Keill, Ja. (Edinb., Leyd., Oxon., 

Camb.), 182, 187. 
Keill, J. (Ball), 49, 245, 246. 
Kempton, T. (Qu.), 363. 
Kennett, White (Edm. H.), 158. 
Kennicott, B. (Wadh., Exon. and Ch. 

Ch.), 94, 169. 
Kent, Ja. (Trin.), 238. 
Kepple, ? 327. 
Kerrich, T.- (Magd.), 154. 
kettle-drum, 238. 
Kidby, J. (Ball.), 155. 
Kidd, T. (Trin.), 97. 
Kidgell, J. (Hert.), 157. 
Kidman, C. (Benet), 127. 
Kilbye, Ei. (Line), 167. 
King, C. (Mert.), 238. 
lung, Joshua (Qu.), 63. 



INDEX. 



427 



King, W. {Ch. Ch.), 176, 194. 
King, W. (T. C. D.), 35 n., 121, 131. 
Kingdom, Eoger (Joh.), 151 ?i. 
King's College, Cambriclge, 26, 34, 83, 

162, 173, 174, 238, 313, 343, 352. 
Kingston, .J. (printer), 393. 
Kinnersley, ? (Joli.), 355. 
Kinsman or Kyunesman, Arth. (Trin.), 

27, 183. 
Kipling, T. (Joh.), 86, 250, 251, 391. 
Knapp, H. (King's), 363. 
Knight, S. (Trin.), 158. 
Kuipe, F. (Qu.), 365. 
kuocking-out, 60. 

Knox, Vicesimus (Joh.), 5n., 15, 214;(., 
■ 228—233. 
Kuster, Ludolph (Camb.), 97 «., 98, 

387, 388. 

laboratories, 175, 176, 183, 187—189. 

Labntte, Eene, 153. 

Lacroix, 76, 77. 

'lads,' 291, 294:71. 

Lag.ange, Jo. L. (Turin), 77. 

Lambe, W. (Joh.), 85 ?!. 

Lambert, Ja. (Trin.), 207. 

Lane, Obad. (Emm.), 359. 

Langley, S. (Femb.), 157. 

Laugton, W. (Clare), 363. 

languages, 25, 150, 152, 153, 163 n. 

Laplace, P. S. (Paris), 77. 

latin, 27, 28, 32, 37, 40—43, 59, 66, 

87 n., 90—92, 94. 
Laud, W. (Joh.), 159, 167, 381 n. 
Laughton, J. (Trin.), 6, 385. 
Laughton, Ri. (Clare), 11, 25, 34 9i., 

37h., 58, 68, 125,385. 
laureat, 87. 
Lavater, J. C. , 185. 
law, 33, 134—146, 214, 264, 265, 285, 

331. 
Law, E. lord Ellenborough (Pet.), 142. 
Law, Edm. (Pet.), 31, 128, 132, ? 164. 
Law, G. (Qu.), 36 «. 
Law, J. (Chr.), 238 Ji., 259 n. 
Law, W. (Emm.), 18 7i., 21 ii., 103, 

?122, 131. 
Lawrence, Soulden (Job.), 265?;. 
Lax, W. (Trin.), 38, 244, 260, 321, 323, 

373, 375. 
Layard, C. P. (Job.), 128. 
lay-feUows, 263, 264, 346. 
lectures, 10—14, 86—89, 122«.— 121, 

179—181, 244, 259, 281, 292, 342, 

348. (See 'programma'). 
Lee, H. (Emm.), 69 n., 127, 131. 
Lee, or Leigh, Tim. (Trin.), 313. 
Legat, J. and J. (printers), 379, 380, 

393. 
Legge, Cantrell (printer), 380, 393. 
Legrice, C. Val. (Trin.), 89 ?i., 151 h. 



Logrew, Ja. (Joh.), 375. 

Leibnitz, Godf. W. (Leips. and Jena), 

131. 
Leigh, Eg. (Sid.), 360. 
Le Hunt, J. (Joh.), 363. 
Le Neve, J. (Trin.), 158. 
Leng, J. (Cath.), 383 n., 385. 
lent. See 'quadragesima.' 
letters from Cambridge, 289—329. 
Lewis, G. (archd".), 9, 165. 
Lewis, Eo. (Jes.), 359. 
Leybourne's Mathematical Eepositorv, 

76, 77. 
Leycester, G. (Trin.), 359. 
Leydeu, 99. 
Lhuyd, E. (Jes.), 196. 
libraries, 2 — 10, 55. 
Uceat. 217, 229. 
light, 66, (;9 7t. 
Lightfoot, Ro. (Trin.), 385. 
van Limborch, P. (Utrecht), 131. 
L^nacre, T. {All S.), 84. 
Liudewood's Constitution, 139. 
'line' ( = faculty), 173. 
Lingard, J. (Cath.), 359. 
Linnaeus, C. von Linuc, 2, 203, 207, 

210, 211 71. 
linseed-oil, 387. 
Littledale, J. (Joh.), 265 n. 
Li\-y, 355. 

Lloyd, C. (Caius), 157. 
Lloyd, H. (Trin.), 166 n., 268, 269 «. 
Locke, J. (Ch. Ch.), 2, 6, 13, 14, 25, 

37, 52—54, 62;;., 76, 86, 87, 121, 

122 7)., 124, 126—128, 131, 187 h., 

326 7j., 353— 356. 
Locke, Jos. (Qu.), 359. 
Locke, Eo. (Joh.), 363. 
Lotliugtou, Jos. (Sid.), 360. 
Loft, Capel (Pet.), 157. 
logic, 13, 14, 23, 62 n., 65, 66, 84—87, 

127, 226, 333, 336, 356. 
Lomax, J. (Cath.), 360. 
Lombard, Peter (Paris), 86. 
Long, Eoger (Pemb.), 49, 103, 111, 

189 «. 
Louge, J. (Magd.), 364. 
Longe, J. (Trin.) 361. 
longitude. Board of, 327. 
Lort, Mich. (Trin.), 115. 
Losh, Ja. (Trm.), 361. 
lounging, 331. 
Louvain, 107 «., 261 n. 
Lowten, Tim. (Joh.), 57. 
Lowth, Eo. {New C), 157, 169, 255, 
Lucas, Ei. (Jes.), 131. 
Lucas, Ei. (Caius), 323, 
Lucian, 325 n. 
Lucretius, 356. 
Ludlam, W. (Joh.), 76, 391. 
' lumber-hole,' 188. 



428 



INDEX. 



Liipton, W. (Qu,, Line), 35 n., 131. 
Lye, E. {Hart //.), 160. 
Lynch, lio. (Corjnis), 155 n. 
Lynclliurst. See Copley. 
Lyons, Isr. 50, 166, 167. 
Lyons, Isr., 206, 208. 
Lyttelton, G. (Ch. Ch.), 157. 
Macclestield, T. Parker, earl (Trin.), 

146, 158, 159;;., 160 7i., 263. 
Mackenzie, Gr. (Trin.), 364. 
Maclaurin, Colin (Glasg. , Aberd., 

Edin.), 49, 50, 72h., 373, 376. 
Madau, Spencer (Trin.), 236. 
magazines, 96 — 98. 
S. Mary Magdalen College Cambridge, 

183, 190, 212 «., 330. 
S. Mary Magdalene College, Oxon., 

12, 13, 89. 
Majendie, H. W. (Chr.), 58, 3r;0. 
Malebranche, Nic. (Sorbouue), 131. 
Maltby, E. (Pemb.), 375. 
Malyn, Ko. (Jes.), 363. 
Manning, O. (Qu.), 160. 
Manning, W. (Cains), 375. 
Mansell, J. (Emm.), 363. 
Mansfield, lord, {Ch. Ch.), 266 n. 
' Maps,' 386 n. 

Marisball, Edm. (Joh.), 363. 
Markham, W. {Ch. Ch.), 86. 
Markland, Jer. (Pet.), 96. 
Marlborough, J. Chu. duke of, 9. 
Marriott, Sir Ja. (Trin. H.), 138/(.,327. 
Marsh, Herbert 154, 353. 
Marsh, Ja. (Qu.), 363. 
Marsh, W. H. (13enet), 362. 
Marshall, Edm. (Joh.), 363. 
Marshall, J. (Chr.), 155. 
MarshaU, T. H. (Clare), 360. 
Martin, Era. (Trin.) 41, 42, 
Martin, Hugh (Pemb.), printer, 393. 
Martyn, J. (Emm.), 208, 210. 
Martyn, T, (Emm. and Sid.), 184?;., 

198, 208, 211, 212. 
Maryland mission, 2. 
Masclef's liebrew grammar, 167. 
Maseres, Era. (Clare), 72?*, 141. 
Maskelyne, N. (Cath., Trin.), 326/;., 

327. 
Mason, C. (Trin.), 189, 190 n., 197, 

345. 
Mason, W. (Joh.), 363. 
Mason, W. (Joh. and Pemb.), 157. 
Massey, Millington (Joh.), 260. 
Massey, Eoger (Joh.), 371, 374. 
Masters' Hist, of C. C. C. C, 288. 
masters of arts, 213—215, 218—227, 

232—234, 275. 
masters of the schools, 22, 217, 229. 
materia medica, 173, 179, 210, 
mathematics, 23, 40, 49—52, 56, 64— 

82, 84, 90—92, 214, 225, 226, 235 u.. 



249—251, 254, 255, 292, 300, 322, 

333—336. 
matriculation, 63, 258. 
Matthias, T. J. (Trin.), 153, 360. 
Maty, P. H. (Trin.), 154 «. 
Maule, J. (Chr.), 375. 
Mawer, J. (Trin.), 363. 
Mawson, Matthias (Beuet), 26, 32, 

34«., 183, 210. 
29"' May, 306. 
May examination, 350. 
Mayer, Tob. (Gott.), 326 n. 
Mayo, C. (Joh.), 161, 
Mead, Ei., 92, 210. 
mechanics, 64, 77, 255, 326 ?«., 356; 

practical, 190, 191. 
medals (BroT.^ne's), 115, 173. 

(Chancellor's), 20 ?i., 91??. 

medicine, 171. 

Meeke, W. (Emm, and Downing), 

154 n. 
Meredith, Moore (Trin.), 363. 
Merrick, J. {Joh.), 149 n. 
metaphrases, 105. 
metaphysics, 23, 29, 40, 52, 53, 120— 

127, 226. 
Metcalf, G. (Trin.), 359. 
Meyrick, W. (Joh.), 375. 
Mickleborough, J. (Qu.), 188, 189. 
Middleton, C. 327. 
Middleton, Conyers (Trin.), 153, 165, 

197, 314, 315, 378. 
Middleton, ladv 320. 
MiiUeton, lord "(Joh.), 355. 
Milbourne, T. (Pemb.), 363. 
Mill [or Mills], J. {Edm. H.) 2, 92, 

126 n. 
Miller, C, 211. 
Miller, P., 210. 
Milles, Is. (Joh.), IGSn. 
Milles, T. {Edm. //.), 126. 
Milman, Era. {E.von.), 155 n. 
Milner, Is. (Qu.), 36 »., 55, 71, 193, 

365, 371. 
Milnes, Jos. (Qu.), 173, 190, 391. 
Milton, J. (Chr.), 85, 121, 131, 273. 
mineralogy, 18, 196—201. 
Mirehouse, J. (Clare), 360. 
Miscellanea Critica, 95. 
Miseellaneae Observationes, 97. 
Mitchell, J. (Qu.), 197. 
moderators, 19, 23, 28, 30, 83—42, 

44—49, 52, 228 n.., 229 n., 321, 322. 
moderators of bachelors, 213 ii. 
moderator's man, 34. 
' modern schollars' (see ' languages '), 

149 n. 
' modeste te geras,' 39 n. 
Molineus' logic, 85. 
Monge, Gasp. (Beaune, fee), 77. 
Monk, Ja. H, (Trin.), 212. 



INDEX. 



429 



Monro, J. (Joh.), 155 n. 

Montagu, Basil (Clir.), '210h., 255h., 

389;*., 392. 
Moore, J. (Clare), 7. 
mootings, 62. 
moral philosophy, 40, 52—54, 120 — 

128, 355. 
moral (luestlon, 29, 37, 40, 373, 376. 
moral theology, 1.33. 
More, H. (Chr.), 121, 125, 131. 
Morell, T. (King'ts), 95. 
Morgan's Mechanics, 376. 
Morgan, J. (Triu.), 183. 
Morris, Edm. (Triu.), Win. 
Morris, E. (Pet.), 154 n. 
Morris, Morris Drake, (Triu.), 158. 
Morrison [Morisou, or Morisone], lio. 

(Aberd., Aujou and Univ.), 204. 
Moryson, Fynes (Pet.), 154, 155. 
Moss, (Benet), 385. 
Mountague, J. (Triu.), 385. 
Moxou, Ro. (Trin.), 363. 
Mules, C. (Cath.), 375. 
Mundy, E. esq., 320, 322. 
Musae Cantabrigieuses, 115. 
Musae Etouenses, 104 n. 
Museum Criticum, 97 n. 
Museum Oxoniense, 98. 
Musgrave, S. (Corjnis), 93—95, 155 u. 
miisic, 235—240, 245, 315, 317. 
musick-act, musick-lecture, 236. 
musick-speech, 287, 288. 



Nairn, Ri. (.Toh.), 363. 

Nares, Ja. (Camb.), 238. 

Nasmith, Ja. (Benet), 3, 9. 

natural philosophy, 30, 254, 255, 298. 

natural religion, 52, 53. 

Neale, Edm. {Ch. Ch.), 156. 

Nelson, Ro. (Trin.), 16071. 

' Neocorus.' See Kuster. 

nervous system, 172 7i. 

' nescio,' 62, 63. 

New, Capt°., 327. 

Neio College Oxon. , 247. 

Newcome, H. (Emm.), 304, 305. 

Newcome, J. (Joh.), 6n., 11, 122. 

Neiv Inn Hall, Oxon., 143, 144. 

Newman, S. (Cains), 363. 

Newman, T. (Benet), 363. 

Newton, sir Is. (Trin.), 2, 11, 29, 35, 
40, 46, 49, 50, 65—72, 92, 121, 127, 
131, 175, 189, 241, 245, (at Oxon. 
246), 254, 326 71., 344 n. 

neiv-y ear's gift, 114 «., 176, 

Nicholls, F. {Exon.), 185. 

Nichols, C, M.P., 320. 

Nichols, T. (Jes.), 196. 

Nichols, W. (Wadh.,Mert.), 35 n., 131. 

Nichols or Nicoll, .J. {Ch. Ch.), 27. 



Nicholson, Is. (Qu.), 375. 

Nicholson, Ro. (press messenger), 386. 

Nicholson, Begar {Gonv. H.), 378, 399. 

Nicholson, J. ('Majis'), 380?*. 

Nicholson's Lending Library, 366. 

' Noah Daniel and Job,' 57. 

noblemen, 88. 

Noke, Ri. (printer), 393. 

'non habes quod debes,' 41. 

nonjurors, 5. 

non-reading men, 34, 38. 

non-residence, 233, 259 n., 323. 

Nootka, 329. 

Norman, J., 134. 

Norris, J. {E.ron.), 131. 

Norris, T. {Ch. Ch. and Joh.), 2.38, 

?240. 
North, J. (Caius), 154??., 326. 
north and south, 308, 343. 
5'^ November, 317, 318. 
Novell, T. {Oriel), 149. 
Nourse, Pet. (Joh.), 385. 
Nycholson, Segar (Gonv. II.), 378, 393. 



oars,' ' next, 307. 
oath of allegiance, 316. 
observatories, 241, 243 m. — 245, 247. 
Ocldey, Simon (Qu.), 163, 266. 
Ode, Ja. (Utrecht), 131. 
Ogden, S. (Joh.), 197. 
Ogle, G. (Sid.), 157. 
Okes, T. (King's), 181. 
Oldershaw, J. (Emm.), 158. 
opponents, 25, 27, 35, 37—41, 321, 

322. 
optics, 35 ?i., 46, 64, 243, 248, 336, 

355. 
optime, 305, 321. 
optimes, senior and junior, 20, 29, 38, 

49,56, 57, 261JJ. 
orange pills, 293 n. 
Orde, T. 327. 
Orde, T. (King's), 158. 
orders, holy, 311, 312, 317, 331, 335, 

336. 
ordinaries (lectures), 10, 83. 
Oriel College, Oxon., 222, 223. 
oriental studies, 162 — 170. 
Osterwald, J. F. (Neufchatel), 131. 
Otley, ? (Joh.), 356. 
Otter, W. (Jes.), 85 n. 
' ould bachilom-,' 17. 
Outlaw, Ro. (Qu.), 359. 
Owen, A. (Chr.), 361. 
Owen, Hugh (Job.), 361. 
Owhyhee, 329. 
Oxford (' our aunt'), 252, 378, 392».,, 

394. 
Oxford races, 10. 
' Oxford Sausage,' 157. 



1-30 



INDEX. 



Paget, Miss (Lynn), 321. 

painting, lof*. 

Palev, W. (Chr.), 33, 35, 39, 47, 53, 

54, GG, 75, 76, 105, 121, 122?;., 123, 

127, 128, 133 7L, 151, 238?*,, 257 7(., 

374, 376. 
Palmer, J. (Job.), 56, ? 166, 266. 
palmer and rodcle. 
papers, 16, 256, 345, 348-351, 356. 
pai-agou type, 387. 
parclimeut, 387. 
Paris, J. (Triu.), 26. 
Parker, S. (Magd.), 131. 
Parker, T. See Macclesfield. 
Parker, J. W. (printer), 393. 
Parkburst, J. (Clare), 71 »., 165. 
Parldnson, T. (Cbr.), 74, 76, 257, 

259?i., 326?j. 
parliamentary debate, 124. 
parlour, 36. 

Parr, S. (Job.), 13, 100. 
Parslow, T. (Benet), 363. 
Parsons, J. (67*. Ch.), 186. 
Parsons, J. (Ball.), 222. 
partiality suspected, 260. 
party spirit, 291, 298. 
parvis, 135?;., 216, 217. 
pattens, 173. 
pauperistae, 139. 
' paving,' 101. 

Peacock, D. M. (Trm.), 321—324. 
Pears, J. (Magd.), 375. 
Pearson, Ben. (Qu.), 149. 
Pearson, (King's and Triu.), 131. 
Peck, F. (Trin.), 158. 
Peck, J. (Job.), printer, 393. 
Pegge, S. (Job.), 116, 158. 
Pegge, S. (Job.), 161. 
Pelbam, H. (Benet), 358. 
Pemberton, Andr. (Pet.), 141, 363. 
Pemberton, Jer. (Pemb.), 142. 
Pembroke College, Oxon., 15, 156. 
Pembroke Hall, Camb., 3, 15, 73, 89 ?i., 

128. 
Penneck, J. (Trin. and Pet.), 360. 
Pennington, Sir Is. (Job.), 172, 173, 

190, 243 /(. 
Penny, Nic. (Qu.), 386. 
Penrice, H. (Trin. H.), 98. 
Penry, J. (Pet. ; Alb. H.), 379. 
irei'TaXoyia (Biu'ton and Burgess), 94, 

101, 116. 
Pepper, J. (Jes.), 375. 
peppermint-drops, 327. 
Perigall, J. G. (Pet.), 375. 
Perkins, W. (Cbr.), 133 ?i. 
Perldns, ? W. (Job.), 385. 
Pern, Andr. (Pet.), 319. 
Peterbouse Cambridge, 3??., 4?;., 13, 

37, 53?)., 58, 62??., 70, 71, 89, 132, 

133, 149, 151, 157, 1G6, 173, 177, 



198, 199, 207, 319?!., 321, 343, 352, 

381. 
Peters, C. {Ch. Ch.) 155 n. 
Petberam, J. 159. 
Pettiward, J. (Trin.), 360. 
Petty, W. (Job.), 175. 
Pbilaletbes, 5?;., 123. 
Pbileleutberus Lipsiensis, 388. 
Pbilips, Ambr. (Job.), 157. 
Pbillips, Erasm. (Pemb.), 15. 
Pbillips, J. (Job.), 354. 
Pbillips, S. M. (Sid.), 15. 
pbilosopber's stone, 187, 188, 279 — 

284. 
philosophical society, Oxon. 175. 
pbilosopbus respoudens, 288. 
pbilosopby, 65, 254, 299, 322, 331 n. 
pbilosopby (experimental), 193. 
pbrenology, 200. 
pbysiciaus' college, 172, 177. 
pbysick, 171—181, 331. 
pbysick-fellows, 155, 173, 264. 
pby sick-garden, 205, 209, 210. 
pbysics, 23, 65, 226, 229, 333. 
pica, double, 385. 
Piers, W. (Emm.), 383??., 385. 
Pigott, ? (Job.), 356. 
Pilgrim, J. (Job.), 363. 
Pilgrim, Nic. (printer), 393. 
Pindar, Jonatb. (printer), 382, 393. 
Pitt, Cbr. [Neio C), 156, 157. 
Pitt, W. (Pemb.), 152, 367. 
[Place's] Complete Incumbent, 139 n. 
de la Placette, J., 131. 
Plato, 12, 115, 121, 131, 235??. 
Playfair, J. (St. And., Ed.), 67, 68??., 

125. 
Plott, Ro. {Magd. II.), 187 n., 196, 
plougb monday, 44. 
plucking, 25, 55, 227. 
Plumptre, H. (Qu.), 98. 
Plumptre, Eo. (Qu.), 36??., 106, 133, 

390. 
Plumptre, Eussell (Qu.), 106 n., 172, 

183 ??. 
'plus,' 371??. 

Pococke, E. (Corims), 168. 
poets, 156—158. 
points, bebrew, 167. 
Poiret, P. (Heidelb. and Pall), 131. 
Poisson, S. D., 77. 
political economy, 151, 152, 367. 
poll, ol TToWol, 38, 46, 56, 58, 116, 

128, 323, 354, 364. 
Polwbele, E. {Ch. Ch.), 157. 
'Polymetis' (Spence's), 158. 
' Pompey tbe Little,' 183. 
Popbam, E. (Oriel), 
Person, Ei. (Trin.), 92, 95, 96, 100, 

112—114, 156, 190??., 344??, 
Person type, 392. 



INDEX. 



431 



Portal, W. (Job.), 356. 
Porter, J. (printer), 393. 
Porter, J. (Triu.), 166. 
'posting and dogi/lnri,' 282 n. 
Poston, A. (Joh.), 355. 
Postlethwaite, T. (Trin.), 11, 316, 350, 

363. 
Potter, J, (Univ.), 100. 
Potter, E. (Emm.), 157. 
Powell, W. S. (Joh.), 14, 70, 71, 215, 

352. 
Powis, lord (Joh.), 355, 856. 
prae-election, 307. 
praevaricator, 18, 273—287. 
press, Cambridge Uuiversity, 99, 377 — 

393. 
Preston, W. (Trin.), 183, 363. 
Pretender, 319. 

Pretyman, J. (Pemb.), 36, 152, 3G0. 
previous examination, 116. 
Prideaux, Humf. {Ch. Ch.), 267. 
Primatt, Humf. (Clare), 359. 
Primatt, W. (Sid.), 112. 
printing, 159, 376, 377—393. 
Prior, Mat. (Joh.), 383. 
priorums of Ai'istotle, 60. 
Pritchett, C. P. (Joh.) 359. 
private tutors, 259—261, 322, 324. 
prizes, 66, 321. 
'probes aliter,' 37, 40. 
problems, 49—52, 74. 
proctors, professors in moral philoso- 
phy, 123, 363, 364. 
proctor's man, 34, 37. 
proctors' optimes, 30 n., 57, 58, 358 — 

362. 
professional education, 171, 194, 255, 

264. 
professorships, 262, 263. 
programma, 162, 163, 174, 179, 244, 

254, 255. 
prominciation, 106 — 112, 149. 
'propria quae maribus,' 100. 
prosody, 105, 106, 110—113. 
Puffendorf, S. (Leips., Jena), 121, 146. 
' pulpiteers,' 101 ?i. 
Putney, 297. 

Q. E. ( = quaestio est), 35. 

Q. S. ( = quaestiones sunt), 35. 

quackeries, 179. 

quadragesima, 16, 19, 22, 32, 61, 62, 

219. 
qtiadragesimalia, Carmina, 104 n. 
quadratic equations, 74, 75. 
quadriennium, 82. 
quadrivials, quadrivium, 82, 83, 213, 

235. 
quantity, 105, 106 ; cp. 235. 
Queen's College, Oxon., 117, 124, 159, 

160. 



Queens' College, Cambridge, 36 7i. , 55, 

71, 90, 173, 188, 197, 198, 203 »., 

212 m., 313—316, 365. 
questiouists, 26, 44, 59 — 63. 
questions, 11, 22, 24, 25, 26, 29, 34— 

37, 39, 42, 103 ;i., 214 ?i., 274, 301. 
'quid est Nomen?— Bex? — acs?', 62, 

63. 
Quintilian, 87, 326 n. 
quiz, 323. 
quodlibets, 220, 232. 

Eadcliffe, J. (Univ., Line), 155, 209. 

Bamus, Pet. (Navarre), 85. 

Kaudall, J. (King's), 237, 

Pandolph, J. {Ch. Ch.), 157. 

Eansome, W. (Caius), 363. 

Eaper, J. (Joh.), 360. 

Eaphson, Jos., 131. 

ratios, 73 n., 75. 

Eawhnson, Chr. (Qu.), 159. 

Eawlinson, Ei. (Joh.), 149, 158, 161. 

Eawliuson, Wa. (Trin.), 359. 

Eaworth, B. C. (Trin. H.), 152, 364, 
365. 

Eay, J, (Cath. and Trin.), 2, 25, 133, 
182 n., 203, 211 ?i. 

reading men, 34, 257. 

' Eear-Guard,' 57. 

Eebow, Is. M. (Trin.), 358, 863. 

'recte statuit,' 35, 42, 61. 

Eede lecture, 19. 

Eedesdale, lord (Neiv C), 266 ?i. 

Eeeve, J. (Job.), 361. 

Eeeve, S. (Caius), 359. 

regent-walk, 313. 

Eelhan, Ei. (Trin.), 208, 212 n., 360, 

390. 
Eeneu, P., 289, 290, 309, 310. 
Eeneu, W. (Jes.), 289—312. 
respondeat, 34, 364, 371, 373. 
respondent, 34, 288, 368, 364. 
respousal stall, 22. 
Eeynolds, ? H. (Neio C), lA.'dn. 
rhetoric, 23, 27, 62 n., 82, 87—89, 337. 
Eichardson, Alex. (Benet), 154;;. 
Eichardson, Alex. (Pet.), 363. 
Eichardson, W. (Emm.), 158. 
Eichmond, Legh, (Trin.), 362. 
Eider, Edm. (Emm.), 863. 
Bideout, J. (Jes.), 361. 
Biley, Bi. (Joh.), 373, 374. 
ring, 275 ?i. 

Bobertson, Barry (Joh.), 861. 
Bobertson, Ja. {Qu.), 155 n. 
Bobinson, Bethel (Chr.), 360. 
Eobinson, G. (Trin.), 358, 368. 
Bobinson, M. (Job.), 67 n. 
Eobinson, T. (Trin.), 36 n., 73 n., 

344 n., 346. 
Eobinson, T. (Joh.), 861. 



432 



INDEX. 



Eodorick, C. (King's), 385. 
Koduey, G. Brydges, 3'27. 
Kobault's Physics, 13, G7, 132, 298, 

333, 336. 
rolliug-press, 386. 
Eomilly, Jos. (Trin.), 63. 
Eoss, G., 327. 
Eoss, J. (Job.), 95. 
rostrum, 102. See 'box.' 
Eouse, J. (King's), 359. 
Eoutb, Mart. Jos. {Magd.), 12. 
Eoyal Society, 175, 176, 194, 195. 
Eubnkcn, Dav. (Leyd.), 93—96, 100. 
Eussel, Bert. (Triu.), 359. 
Eust, G. of Camb., 132. 
Eustat, Tobias (.Jes.), 294, 296. 
Eutberford, T. (Job.) 67, 77. 
Eymer, T. (Sid.), 35h., 132. 

Sadler, or Sadleir, lady, 72. 
Sanderson, Ant. (Clare), 363. 
Sanderson, or Saunderson, Nic. (Cbr.), 

11, 25, 50, 66—70, 133. 
Sanderson, J. (Douay), 84 n. 
Sanderson, J. (Clare), 363. 
Sanderson, Eo. (Line), 84;/. 85»),, 

121, 132, 133, 134, 257. 
Sandwicb, lord (Triu.), 238, 204. 
Sandys, Edwin [Wadk.), 204. 
Sandys, Fr. (Camb.), 185 n. 
van Santen, L. (Amst. and Leyd.), 

93. 
sasbes, 387. 
' satis et optimfe,' 38. 
Saunders, W. (Wadh.), 149 n. 
Samiderson. See Sanderson. 
Savile, sir H. [Mert.], T2. 
saxon, 158 — 161. 

Scarlett, Ja. lord Abinger (Trin.), 15. 
scbemes, 11, 221 /;., 230. 
scbolarsbips, 343, 344, 346. 
Scbomberg, Is. (Trin.), 172. 
scbools, 22—43, 60, 140, 228—233, 

306, 321, 322, 335. 
scbools, public, 76, 100—105. 
Scbiildbam, Fr. (Caius), 324. 
Scbulten, H. A. (Leyd. and Oxon.) 93, 

164 H.., 170. 
' Scipios,' 57. 
Scott, Alex. J. (Job.), 361. 
Scott, J., lord Eldon ( Univ. ), 222 n. 
Scott, Sir W., lord Stowell, (Corjms 

and Univ.), 12, 148. 
scribbling-paper, 323. 
Scurfield, G. (Job.), 359, 
Sedgwick, A. (Trin.), 121??., 192??., 

198. 
Seeley, G. (bookseller), 393 n. 
Selden, J. (Hart H.), 132. 
senate-bouse, 6, 7, 25, 26. 44 — 5-5, 

05, 323 ; gallery, 54, 59. 



Senbonse, Humf. (Cbr. and Peui.), 

363. 
' Septemvirate,' 57. 
Seton's logic, 85. 
' Seven Wise Men,' ' Seven Wonders,' 

57. 
Sewell, W. (Cbr.). 373, 374. 
Sbadwell, Lane. (Job.), 265 n. 
Shaftesbury, A. A. C, 121. 
Sharp, J. (Cbr.), 132, 
' Shavius,' 94, 168. 
Shaw, G. (Maqd.), 177. 
Shaw, T. (Macjd.), 94. 
Shaw, T. (Qn. a.nd E dm. H.), 155, 168. 
Sheeles, Ja. (Trin.), 268 «. 
Sheepshanks, T. (Job.), 354. 
Sheustoue, W. (Pemb.), 157. 
Shepbeard, ? (Line), 287. 
Shepherd, Ant. (Job. and Clu-.), 238 n., 

240, 244, 327. 
Sherard or Sherwood, W. (Jolt.), 206. 

209. 
Sherman, E. (Clare), 364. 
Shers, Pet. (printer), 393. 
Sberwill, ? T. (Cbr.), 385. 
Sbrewesbury, 101 h. 
Sbilleto, Ei. (Trin. and Pet.), 41, 42, 

392. 
Shuckford, S. (Caius), 363. 
Sibert, or Sibercb, J. (printer), 378, 

393. 
Sibthorp, Humf. (Magd.), 204. 
Sibthorp, J. (Line, Univ.), 204, 207, 

155 n. 
Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, 15. 
Sigean inscription, 155. 
Sike, H. (Trin.), 165. 
Simons, Nic. (Cbr. & Clare), 360. 
Simson, Eo., 50, 72 n, 
singing, 235—240. 
slave-trade, 128, 376. 
Sleep, Ant. (Trin.), 288 n. 
Sloane, sir Hans (Oxon.), 175, 195, 

207. 
smallpox, 316. 
Smigleciiis, 86. 
Smith, Adam (Ball), 152. 
Smith, Edm. (Magd. and Oxo7i.), 359. 
Smith, J. (Qu.), 132. 
Smith, J. (Job.), 363. 
Smith, J. (Caius), 327. 
Smith, J. (? Job.), 160. 
Smith, J. (printer), 393. 
Smith, sen. (Job.), 355, 356. 
Smith, sir J. E., 212. 
Smith, Eo. (Trin.), 27, 49, 67, 236, 260, 

345. 
Smith, Sydney (Neic C), 13 n. 
Smith, T. (Qu.), 106—138. 
Smithson, T. (Emm.), 321, 324. 
anioak- (i.e. smock-) race, 10. 



INDEX. 



433 



smoking, 299, 305. 

Smoult, T. (Joh. ), 385. 

' smugglers,' 101 n. 

Smyth, W. (Pet.), 148/1., 151, 199. 

' solidus anriulus,' 22-4, 

Somerset, C. duke of, 383, 384. 

Somervme, W. {New C), 157. 

sous, 60. See 'father.' 

' sooty-fellows,' 55. 

soph, junior, (sophista), 298, 299. 

Sophocles, 325 n. , 355. 

sophs, 26, 62, 354. 

sophs schools, 60. 

Soiith, E. (Ch. Ch.), 175, 194. 

Southern, T. (Pemb.), 157. 

Southey, Eo. {Ball.), 157. 

S. P. C. K. and S. P. G., 2. 

Spanheim, Ez. (Geuev.), 99. 

Spanish, 326, 327. 

Spearman, Jac. (Pet.), 3??. 

Spelman, Sir H. (Triu.), 159, 

Spelman, Eoger, 159. 

Spenee, Jos. {New C), 72, 149, 157, 

158. 
Speryug, Nic. (printer), 378, 393. 
spinuet, 237 )i. 

Spinoza, Beuet (Amst.), 121, 132. 
Squire, S. (Joh.), 160, 161. 
Stackhouse, Nat. (Joh.), 361. 
' standiugup,' 101. 
Stauger, Edm. (Joh.), 375. 
Stanhope presses, 392. 
Stanley, Ja. (Pet.), 375. 
statutes, 30. 

Steele, sir Ei. {Mert.), 87. 
Stephens, Ja. {Corj)us), 155 n. 
Stephens, J. (Camb.), 238. 
Stephens, L. P. (Pemh.), 361. 
Stephens, P., 327. 
Stephens, Ei. {All S.), 99j(. 
Stephens' Thesaurus, 388. 
Stephenson, Josh. (Joh.), 154 n, 
Stevenson, W. (Joh.), 359. 
Stewart, Dugald (Edinb., Glasg.), 76. 
Stillingfleet, Ben. (Triu.), 207. 
Stilliugfleet, Ed. (Job.), 132. 
'stool.' See 'bachelor' and 'tripos,' 
Stowell, see Scott. 
'strings,' 36h., 221, 223, 228 n. 
Strong, W. (Triu.), 359. 
Slrutt, S. {Mert.), 132. 
Strvmesius (Fraukft. on Oder), 98, 

99 n. 
Strype, Hester, 292—294 n. 
Strype, J. (Jes. and Cath.), 158, 289— 

312. 
Stubb's, H. (Triu.), 347. 
Student ox0.rford [and Camb.] Monthly 

Miscellany," 97, 167, 185, 247. 
Student's Guides, 330—337, 338—342, 

347, 348. 

W. 



Sturm, J. Chr. (Altd.), 99 n. 

subscription, 24, 54, 59. 

' suicidium,' 42. 

' Suitors of the Muses,' 57. 

supplicat, 59, 61. 

surgery, 171, 172. 

Sutton, C. Manners (Emm.), 154 n. 

suspension, 356 n. 

Swiuburne, H. 'On Testaments,' 143. 

Swinden, Tob. (Jes.), 132. 

Sykes, A. Ashley, (Beuet), 165. 

Sykes, Godf. (Sid.), 375. 

syllabus, 75. 

syllogism, 35, 39. 

Sj'mouds, J. (,Joh. and Pet.), 148;/., 

150, 151. 
Symonds, J. (Joh.), 363. 
synaphea, 112. 

Tacquet's Euclid, 13. 

' take off an argmueut,' 37, 42. 

Talbot, Ja. (Triu.), 383 n., 385. 

Tamehameha, 329. 

' tam moribus quam doctriua,' 60??. 

Tauner, T. {Qu. and All S.), 158. 

tar-water, 175. 

Tasker, W. {E.ro7i.), 157. 

Tatham, E. {Qu., Line), 85 n. 

Tavel, G. F. (Triu.), 375. 

Taylor, Brook (Joh.), 243 n. 

Taylor, Jer. (Cains), 121, 132, 133. 

Taylor, J. (Joh.), 383. 

tea-parties (act's), 36; cf. 52, 275, 321. 

tee-totum, 54. 

Templer, J. (Trin.), 132. 

Tenuant, Smithson (Emm.), 151, 193, 

199. 
Terence, 12, 13, 78, 83, 383. 
term, 322. 
term-trotters, 233. 
terrae-filius, 274, 278, 288. 
testamur, 227. 
testimonium, 230, 231. 
thea, 310. 

Theatre Coffee-House, 314. 
themes, 347, 348. 
Theology, 162, 171, 331—336. 
theses, 35, 37, 88, 306. 
'thin, perhaps Turkish,' 164 h. 
Thirlby, Styau, (Jes.), 
Thistlethwaite, Eo. (Joh.), 363. 
Thomas Thomasius (printer), 379, 393. 
Thornhm, J. (Joh.), 354. 
Thornton, Bounel {Ch. Ch.), 156. 
Thorp, Eo. (Pet.), 71. 
Thwaites, E. {Qu.), 159, 160. 
TickeU, T. {Qu.), 157. 
' tigellis paludiuosis,' 288. 
Tighe, T. (Joh., Pet.), 354. 
Tillotson, J. (Clare), 35 «., 132. 
Tilyard, Eo. (Gains), 359. 

28 



434 



INDEX. 



Tyudal, N. C. (Triu.), 265n. 

Titley, Wa. (Triii.), 

Tiverton school, 102. 

Todhuuter, Jos. (Qu.), 159. 

' togatae,' 314. 

Tomliue, J. [Pretyman] (Pemb.), 36 n., 

152, 360. 
Touson, Jacob, 385. 
toriacall, 298. 
Torriano, C. (Trin.), 166. 
Totty, J. (Wore), li9 n. 
Toup, Jouath. [Exon. ; Pemb. H. ), 

93 n., 94. 
Towers, Johnson (Qu.), 361. 
town and gown, 313. 
Towusend, S. (Jes.), 164, 298. 
Townshend, J. (Joh.), 355. 
translators, 157. 
Trapp, Jos. (]Vadh.), 157. 
travelling-fellowships, 154, 155, 264. 
treats, 36 n. , 302. 
Tremenheere, W. (Pemb.), 157. 
Trenchard, ? (Jes.), 291, 292, 296. 
triennium, 82, 219. 
Trinity College, Cambridge, 2, 3, IS- 
IS, 21, 25, 62 71., 67, 240—245, 313, 

316, 343—351. 
Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 13, 34 «., 

138 H., 139 H., 255;?.. 
tripos, 16—21, 44, 103, 261, 323. 
tripos, mathematical, 17. 
' Triumph of Dulness,' 261 n. 
trivials, trivium, 82, 83. 
' Tschies Colledge,' 3. 
Tudway, T. (King's), 298. 
Turkey, 155. 

Turner, Jos. (Pemb.), 73. 
Turner, Shallet (Pet.), 150. 
Tm'ner, Sharon, 161. 
Turner, W. (Chr.), 375. 
turret-staircase, 317. 
Turton, J. [Qit.), 155 n. 
tutor, 11, 12, 258 ?f., 259— 262, 290- 

293 ?i., 295, 313, 315, 330, 331, 

353 n. 
Tweddell, J. (Trin.), 20 n., 101 n. 
Twells, J. (Emm.), 359. 
' Twelve Judges, ' 57. 
Twigger, Jos. (Cath.), 361. 
T^vyford school, 102 n. 
Tyrwhitt, E. (Cath.), 364. 
Tyrwhitt, Eo. (Jes.), 93, 94. 
Tyson, Mich. (Benet), 158. 

von Uffenbach, Zach. C, 2—5, 9—11, 

71. 
Vnirersity College, Oxon., 127, 155, 

222 n. 
university church, 304. 
Uri, J., 170. 
Urry, J. (Ch. Cli.), 158. 



vacation, 306, 322. 

Vachell, J. (Pemb.), 361. 

Vancouver, Capt"., 327. 

varier. See ' praevaricator.' 

' varying,' 105. 

Vaughan,C. E. {Mert.fmdiAllS.), 155 ?i. 

VeUy, T. [Qu.], 149 n. 

vepers, uesperiae. See ' comitia.' 

Verelst, A. C. (Clare), 152. 

Vernon, W. (Pet.), 154, 207. 

verse composition, 103 — 106, 113 — 115, 

344. 
'verte canem ex,' 41. 
Vigani, J. F., 173, 188. 
ViUiers, J. C. (Joh.), 356. 
Viuce, S. (Caius), 74, 75, 77, 193, 244, 

250, 251, 254, 320, 326. 
Vinerian larofessor, 143, 144. 
Virgil, 325 n., 383 n. 
uiua uoce examination, 117, 224, 258, 

344—346. 
Vivian, J. {Ball.), 149. 
'vortices,' cartesian, 68 n., 125 ?i., 241. 
Voskius, widow, 387. 
' vulgus, ' 104. 

Wace, H. (Joh.), 91?^. 
WadJtaiii CoUciic, Oxon. 175. 
Wagstaff, T. (Chr.), 359. 
Wake, Is. (Mert.), 288 ?j. 
Wake, J. (Jes.), 268 n. 
Wake, T. (Caius), 288. 
Waketield school, 101 ?!. 
W^akefield, G. (Trin.), 313. 
Wakefield, Gil. (Jes.), 67, 58, 74, 100, 

113, 157, 167, 391. 
Wakefield, Eo. (Camb. and 0,ro«.), 379. 
Waldegrave, T. (Maf/d.), 12. 
Walker, Chr. (Qu.), 363. 
Walker, Ei. (Trin.), 132, 208, 210/i., 

211, 245. 
Walkiugham (arith.), 76. 
W^xll, Adam (Chr.), 358. 
Wallace, T. (Benet), 361. 
n-all-Iectares, 10, 185, 220, 232. 
Waller, J. (Benet), 188. 
Wallis, J. (Qu. and E.i-on.), 65, 172?;., 

175. 
Walter, P. (Clare), 363. 
Walton, Brian (Magd. and Pet. and 

O.rott.), 163. 
Wanley, Humf. {Univ.), 7, 158, 159, 

160. 
Ward, Eo. Plumer (Ch. Ch.), 266 n. 
Ward, Seth (Sid. and Trin.), 132, 175. 
Waring, E. (xMagd.), 31, 46, 70, 74, 77, 

183, 323, 327, 390. 
Warton Jos. (Oriel), 101, 156. 
Warton, T. (Magd.), 157. 
Warton, T. (Trin.), 87, 148, 156, 157. 
Wasse, Jos. (Qu.), 96, 97. 



INDEX. 



43i 



Wateiiaud, Dan. (Magd ), 10, 11, 330. 

(Advice to a Young Student), xii. n., 

406. 
Watson, G. (Trin.), 360. 
Watson, Jos. (Sid.), 371, 373, 374, 375. 
Watson, Ei. (Triu.), 31, 35, 77 n., 106, 

183, ISy, lyo, 260, 352 n. 
Watts, Is., 132. 

Watts, J. Stauliawe (Cains), 360. 
Watts, E. (printer), 386 ?i., 392, 393. 
Waugh, J. (Clir.), 363. 
Webb, W., (Clare), 174, 392. 
Webster, W. (Caius), 132. 
weigli-goes, 387. 
Weldon, J. (New C), 233. 
Wells ordination examination, 317, 318. 
Wentworth's 'Executor,' 143. 
Wesley, C. (Chr.), 35 7*., 37, 39, 87. 
Wesley, J. [Line), 175, 223 h., 337. 
Wesley, S. (Ch. Ch.) 102, 156. 
West, Gil. [Ch. Ch.), 149 /(., 157. 
West, ? T. {Ex., Mert.), 172. 
Westminster school, 27, 101—105, 162, 

347. 
Wetstein, J. Ja. (Amst.), 387. 
Wbateley, Ei. (Oriel and Alb. H.), 86. 
Wbear, Deg. (Exon.), 25. 
Wbeeler, Ben. (Magd.), 157. 
Wheelocke, Abr. (Trin. and Clare), 

159, 163. 
Wheler, C. (Clare), 363. 
Wheler, G. (Line), 156. 
Wliewell, W. (Trill.), 41 n., 43, 67. 
Whinn, Mat. (Job.), printer, 393. 
Wbisson, Steph. (Trin.) 346, 347, 353. 
Wbistler, J. (Mai/d. II.), 149 ". 
Wbiston, W. (Clare), 11 n., 25, 67, 

242, 245, 308, 326 n. 
Whitaker, T. (Emm.), 361. 
Whitby, Dan. (Trin.), 35 «., 132. 
Whitcher, G. (Pemb.), 360. 
White, H. Kirke (Job.), 88. 
White, Jos. (Wadh.), 170. 
Whitehead, W. (Clare), 157. 
Whiter, Wa. (Clare), 96, 360. 
Whitheld, J. (Ch. Ch.), 158. 
Whitgift, abp. J. (Pemb., Pet., Trin.), 

379. 
WUkins, Dav. (D.D.), 138 «., 160, 163, 

164, 170 ?i., 175. 
Wilkins, J. (New Inn, Magd. H., 

Wadh. and Trin.), 132. 
Wilkinson, (Job.), 354. 
WiUiams, H. (Trin.), 360. 
Willis, Browne (Ch Ch.), 158. 
Willis, T. (Job.), 354. 
Willughby, Fr. (Trin.), 182 n. 
Wilson, Chr. (Sid.), 361. 
Wilson, Dan. (Edia. H.), 223—227. 
Wilson, F. C. (Trin.), 375. 
Wilson, J. (Pet.), 31, 70, 106, 142. 



Wilson, J. (Trin.), 2G3n., ?313ji. 

Wilson, Mat. (Trin.), 361, 371, 374. 

Wilson, T. (Trin.), 106. 

Winchester school, 12, 101,104, 236,238. 

wines, 36. 

Wiugtield, T. (Job.), 321, 362. 

Winstauley, T. (Hertf.), 94. 

Wise, Fr. (Trin.), 160. 

Wish, Ei. (Trin.), 360. 

wits, 156, 157. 

Wittenberg, 99. 

Woahoo, 329. 

Wollaston, C. H. (Sid.), 275. 

Wollastou, F. (Sid.), 250, 251. 

Wollaston, G. (Clare), 361. 

WoUaston, G. (Sid., Qu.), 71. 

WoUaston, F. J. H. (Trin. H. and Sid.), 

190, 193, 194, 244, 255, 371, 374. 
Wollaston, H. J. (Sid. and King's), 362. 
Wollaston, W. (Sid.), 132, 376. 
Wollaston, W. H. (Caius), 193. 
Wolsey, T. cardinal, 379. 
Wood, A. (Magd.), 374. 
Wood, Ja. (Job.), 36, 74, 75, 76, 323. 
Wood, T. (New C), 138, 142. 
Woodcock, T. (Sid. and Cath.), 375. 
Woodds, 63. 
wooden-spoon, 56. 
Woodeson, Ei. (Magd.), 144. 
Woodford, W. (New C), 185. 
Woodbouse, Eo. (Cai.), 76. 
WoodhuU, Mich. (Line), 157. 
Woodward, J., 196, 197. 
Wordsworth, Chr. (Trin.), 75, 255, 354. 
Wordsworth, J. (Trin.), 97 ?t., 165. 
Wordsworth, W. (Job.), 75, 153, 157. 
Worsley, sir E. benefactor, 9. 
Worthiugton, benefactor, 9. 
Worts, W. (Caius), In., 154, 303, 344 ; 

(travelling bachelors, 154?*., 304). 
Wotton, W. (Job.), 97, 160. 
Wrangbam, Fr. (Magd., Trin. H., 

Trin. C), 20m., 142 h., 255 n. 
wranglers, 33, 48, 49, 55, 73, 321—323, 

362. 
Wright, ? W. (Job.), 354. 
Wright, J. (Chr.), 359. 
Wyatt, (Ch. Ch. and S. Mary H.), 99. 
Wycherley, J. (Qu. and Sid.), 359. 
Wyndham, G. (Wadh.), 149 ?t. 
Wynne, J. (Jes.), 126. 
Wyntle, Eo. (Mert.), 155 «. 
Wyttenbach, Dan. (Leydeu), 93—96. 
WyvUl, J. (Trin.), 98. 

Yalden, T. (Magd. C), 157. 

Yardley, J. (Trin.), 188;;. 

Young, P. (Trin.), 27. 

Young, T. (Emm. and Gbtt.) 66, 178 n. 

Zouch, T. (Trin.), 31, 57, 317. 



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"Students of the Bible should be particu- 
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of the Editor, 'would have been executed 
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than tiie greatest and best known of English 
classics.' Falling at a time when the formal 
revision of this version has been undertaken 
by a distinguished company of scholars and 
divines, the publication of this edition must 

be considered most opportune 

For a full account of the method and plan of 
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the reader to the editor's Introduction, which 
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From the Athenieiim. 
"Apart from its religious importance, the 
English Bible has the glory, which but few 
sister versions indeed can claim, of being the 
chief classic of the language, of having, in 
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language beyond any possibility of important 
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literature of the subject, by such workers as 
M r Francis Fry and Canon Westcott, appeal to 
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now be added Dr Scrivener, well known for 
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ment criticism, who has brought out, for the 
Syndics of the Cambridge University Press, 
an edition of the English Bible, according to 
the text of 1611, revised by a comparison with 
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the history of the chief editions of the version, 
and of such features as the marginal notes, 
tlie use of italic type, and the changes of or- 
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question as to the original texts from which 

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Dr Scrivener may be congratulated on a 
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From the Spectator. 
"Mr. Scrivener has carefully collated the 
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its [the Talmud] valuable parts accessibl 
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Mr Charles Taylor has achieved for the 
interesting Mishnah tract Masseketh Aboth 
or Pirque Aboth, which title he paraphrases 
as "Sayings of the Fathers." These fathers 
are Rabbis who established schools and taught 
in the period from two centuries before to 
two centuries after Christ. They are the 
men who, living in the age immediately 
succeeding the completion of the Hebrew 
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—Saturday Revievj. 

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out." — Dublin University Magazine. 



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able manner the flexibility and graces of the 
language he loves so well, and of which he 
seems to be perfect master.... The Syndicate 
of Cambridge University must not pass with- 
out the recognition of their liberality in 
bringing out, in a worthy form, so important 
an Arabic text. It is not the first time that 
Oriental scholarship has thus been wisely 
subsidised by Cambridge." — Indian Mail. 

" It is impossible to quote this edition with- 
out an expression of admiration for the per- 
fection to which Arabic typography has been 
brought in England in this magnificent Ori- 
ental work, the production of which redounds 
to the imperishable credit of the University 
of Cambridge. It may be pronounced one of 
the most beautiful Oriental books that have 
ever been printed in Europe : and the learning 
of the Editor worthily rivals the technical 
get-up of the creations of the soul of one of 
the most tasteful poets of IslAm, the study 
of which will contribute not a little to save the 
honour of the poetry of the Arabs. Here 
first we make the acquaintance of a poet who 
gives us something better than monotonous 
descriptions of camels and deserts, and may 
even be regarded as superior in charm to al 
Mutanabbi." — Mvthologv among the He- 
brews {£7/^/. TransL), p. 194. 

" Professor Palmer has produced the com- 
plete works of Beha-ed-din Zoheir in Arabic, 
and has added a second volume, containing 
an English verse translation of the whole. 
He thinks, and we believe rightly, that this 
is the first time a translation of the entire 
works of an Arabic poet has ever been pro- 
duced in England ; and he has done his work 



well. It is a difficult problem how to trans- 
late an Eastern poet. A prose version is 
generally unreadable ; and if verse be chosen, 
it IS still hard to give any notion of the 
movement of the original. Professor Palmer 
has, we think, grappled successfully with the 

problem It is time the English public 

altered their views about Oriental poetry. A 
fair translation has enlightened them about 
Omar Khayyam and Persian poetry; and 
now Professor Palmer's very able rendering 
of Beha-ed-din should .show them that they 
have been under an illusion about Arab 
poetry. It is very different from Persian ; in 
some respects not so fine ; but it is certainly 
worthy of careful study. And Beha-ed-din 
is a good specimen of the later style of Arab 
poetry. It is only fair to add that the book, 
by the taste of its arabesque binding, as well 
as by the beauty of the typography, which 
reflects great credit on the Cambridge Uni- 
versity Press, is entitled to a place in the 
drawing-room. " — Times. 

"For ease and facility, for variety of 
metre, for imitation, either designed or un- 
conscious, of the style of several of our own 

poets, these versions deserve high praise 

We have no hesitation in saying that in both 
Prof. Palmer has made an addition to Ori- 
ental literature for which scholars should be 
grateful ; and that, while his knowledge of 
Arabic is a sufficient guarantee for his mas- 
tery of the original, his English compositions 
are distinguished bj' versatility, command of 
language, rhythmical cadence, and, as we 
have remarked, by not unskilful imitations of 
the styles of several of our own favourite 
poets, living and dead." — Snt?irday Re7'ic7ti. 
"Zoheiris exhibited by Mr Palmer as a bold, 
lively, and versatile writer, who casts an un- 
expected lighton the varied moods of thought 
and feeling that could gain popularity among 
intelligent men :\i Cairo in the thirteenth 
century of our asra." — 'J'ke Gicardian. 



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THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 



MATHEMATICS, PHYSICAL SCIENCE, &c. 

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ELEMENTS OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 

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AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON 
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speculation. fessor Clerk JMaxwell. 

THE MATHEMATICAL WORKS OF 
ISAAC BARROW, D.D. 

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A CATALOGUE OF THE COLLECTION OF 
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LAW. 

THE FRAGMENTS OF THE PERPETUAL 
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THE COMMENTARIES OF GAIUS AND RULES 

OF ULPIAN. (New Edition, revised and enlarged.) 
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For one thing the editors deserve ties are alive to the importance of the move- 
special commendation. They have presented ment, and the fact that the new edition has 
Gains to the reader with few notes and those made its appearance within four years from 
merely by way of reference or necessary the original production of the book, should 
explanation. Thus the Roman jurist is encourage the Syndics to further efforts in the 
allowed to speak for himself, and the reader same direction. The auspices imder which 
feels that he is really studying Roman law Messrs Abdy and Walker produce their book 
in the original, and not a fanciful representa- are a guarantee that it is a scholarly and 
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genuine and increasing. The present edition 

THE INSTITUTES OF JUSTINIAN, 
translated with Notes by J. T. Abdy, LL.D. Judge of County Courts, 
late Regius Professor of Laws in the University of Cambridge, and 
formerly Fellow of Trinity Hall ; and Bryan Walker, M.A., LL.D. 
Law Lecturer of St John's College, Cambridge ; late Fellow and 
Lecturer of Corpus Christi College ; and formerly Law Student of 
Trinity Hall. Crown Odlavo, i6s. 

" We welcome here a valuable contribution Instead of a general historical summary in 

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the /«.?;'//«;'« is occasionally perplexing, even ber of disquisitions on various points, partly 

to practised scholars, whose knowledge of historical and partly purely legal, in the 

classical models does not always avail them Appendix at the end. We conceive that 

in dealing with the technicalities of legal these short essays, treating o{ patria potestas, 

phraseology. Nor can the ordinary diction- marriage, adoption, and the like, will be of 

aries be e.xpected to furnish all the help that much service to the student, as presenting, 

is wanted. This translation will then be of in a compendious form, yet not too scantily 

great use. To the ordinary student, whose to be useful, that which would otherwise 

attention is distracted from the subject-matter have to be gleaned with labour from a large 

by the difficulty of struggling through the surface. The new book is also distinguished 

language in which it is contained, it will be by another special feature; an 'Analysis of 

almost indispensable." — Spectator. the Institutes' is given, in a tabular form, at 

" The notes are learned and carefully com- the beginning. . . The 'Analysis' is, undeni- 

piled, and this edition will be found useful ably, a useful addition, and the authors de- 

to students. " — Laiv Times. serve credit both for the idea and for the 

" Dr Abdy and Dr Walker have produced style of execution." — Atheneeum. 
a book which is both elegant and useful. . . 

GROTIUS DE JURE BELLI ET PACIS, 

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Translation of the Text, by W. Whewell, D.D. late Master of Trinity 
College. 3 Vols. Demy Ocflavo, 30.5'. The translation separate, \os. 

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14 PUBLICATIONS OF 



HISTORY. 

LIFE AND TIMES OF STEIN, OR GERMANY 
AND PRUSSIA IN THE NAPOLEONIC AGE, 

by J. R. Seeley, M.A., Regius Professor of Modern History in the 
University of Cambridge. \_In the Press. 



SCHOLAE ACADEMICAL: 

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HISTORY OF NEPAL, 

translated from the Original by MuNSHi Shew Shunker Singh 
and Pandit Shri Gunanand; edited with an Introductory Sketch 
of the Country and People by Dr D. WRIGHT, late Residency Surgeon 
at Kathmandu, and with numerous facsimile Illustrations from native 
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torian but also to the ethnologist; Dr Indian Mail. 

Wright's Introduction is based on personal "Von nicht geringem Werthe dagegen sind 

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value of the volume. The coloured litho- Unigen namlich der in Nepal iiblichen Musik- 

graphic plates are interesting." — Nature. Instrumente, Ackergeriithe, Miinzen, Ge- 

"The history has appeared at a very op- wichte, Zeittheilung, sodann ein kurzes 

portune moment... The volume... is beautifully Vocabular in Parbatiya uud Newari, einige 

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" In pleasing contrast with the native his- tiits-Bibliothek in Cambridge deponirt sind." 
tory are the five introductory chapters con- A. Whber. 

tributed by Dr Wright himself, who saw as Literattirzeitung, Jahrgang 1877, Nr. 26. 



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THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 



15 



THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE FROM 
THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE ROYAL 
INJUNCTIONS OF 1535, 

by James Bass Mullinger, M.A. Demy 8vo. cloth (734 pp.), i2j-. 



"We have hitherto had no satisfactory 
book in English on the subject. . . . 'J'he fourth 
chapter contains a most interesting account 
of "Student Life in tlie Middle Ages," but an 
abstract of it would take up so much space 
that we must refer our readers to the book 
itself. Our difficulty throughout has been to 
give any adequate account of a book in which 
so much interesting information is condensed, 
and we must for the present give up any hope 
of describing the chapters on 'Cambridge 
at the Revival of Classical Learning' and 
'Cambridge at the Reformation,' though a 
better accoimt nowhere exists of one of the 
most eventful periods of our history. . . . 
We trust Mr Mullinger will yet continue 
his history and bring it down to our own 
day. " — A cademy. 



"Any book which throws light on the ori- 
gin and early history of our Universities 
will always be gladly welcomed by those who 
are interested in education, especially a book 
which is so full of varied information as Mr 
Mullinger's History of Cambridge. He has 
brought together a juass of instructive details 
respecting the rise and progress, not only of 
his own University, but of all the principal 

Universities of the Middle Ages We 

hope some day that he may continue his 
labours, and give us a history of the Uni- 
versity during the troublous times of the Re- 
formation and the Civil War." — Atliejicouvi. 

" Mr Mullinger's work is one of great 
learning and research, which can hardly fail 
to become a standard book of reference on 
the subject. . . . We can most strongly recom- 
mend this book to our readers." — Spectator. 



HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF ST JOHN 

THE EVANGELIST, 

by Thomas Baker, B.D., Ejected Fellow. Edited by John E. B. 

Mayor, M.A., Fellow of St John's. Two Vols. Demy 8vo. lA.s. 

and it will be of great use to members of the 
college and of the university, and, perhaps, 
of still greater ilse to students of English 
history, ecclesiastical, political, social, literary 
and academical, who have hitherto had to be 
content with 'Dyer.'" — Academy. 

" It may be thought that the history of a 
college cannot be particularlyattractive. The 
two volumes before us, however, have some- 
thing more than a mere special interest for 
those who have been in any way connected 
with St John's College, Cambridge; they 
contain much which will be read with pleasure 
by a far wider circle. Many of the facts 
brought under our notice are of considerable 
value to the general historical student. . . . 
Every member of this ancient foundation 
will recognize the worth of Mr Mayor's 
labours, which, as it will appear, have been 
by no means confined to mere ordinary edi- 
torial work. . . . The inde.v with which Mr 
Mayor has furnished this useful work leaves 
nothing to be desired." — Spectator. 



" It may be doubted whether there is any 
MS. in existence which Cambridge men have 
been more an.xious to see committed to the 
press, under competent editorship, than the 
History of St John's by that Socius Ejectus 
Thomas Baker, whose life Walpole desired 

to write It is perhaps well for Baker's 

reputation . . that it was reserved for so pecu- 
liarly competent an editor as Mr Mayor to 
give this history to the world. . . If itbe highly 
to the credit of the Syndics of the Pitt Press 
to have printed the book, the manner in 
which he has edited it reflects no less credit 
upon Mr Mayor." — Notes and Queries. 

"To antiquaries the book will be a source 
of almost inexhaustible amusement, by his- 
torians it will be foimd a work of considerable 
service on questions respecting our social 
progress in past times ; and the care and 
thoroughness with which Mr Mayor has dis- 
charged his editorial functions are creditable 
to his learning and industry." — Athenceum. 

" The work displays very wide reading, 



THE ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF THE 
UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGES OF CAMBRIDGE, 

By the late Professor Willis, M.A. With numerous Illustrations. 
Edited by John Willis Clark, M.A., formerly Fellow of Trinity 
College, Cambridge. [In the Press. 



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i6 PUBLICATIONS OF 

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CATALOGUE OF THE HEBREW MANUSCRIPTS 

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SCHiLLER-SziNESSY. Volume I. containing Section I. The Holy 
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A CATALOGUE OF ADVERSARIA and printed 
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A CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE GRACES, 

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THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 17 



THE CAMBHIDGE BIBLE POR SCHOOLS. 

The want of an Annotated Edition of the Bible, in handy portions, 
suitable for School use, has long been felt; and the experience of the 
University Local Examinations has brought this want into greater 
prominence within the last few years. 

In order to provide Text-books for School and Examination pur- 
poses, the Cambridge University Press has arranged to publish the 
several books of the Bible in separate portions at a moderate price, 
with introductions and explanatory notes. 

The text of the Authorized Version will be followed and printed in 
paragraphs, the chapters and verses being marked in the margin. 

The Rev. J. J. S. Perowne, D.D., Hulsean Professor of Divinity, 
has undertaken the general editorial supervision of the work, and will 
be assisted by a staff of eminent coadjutors. Some of the books have 
already been undertaken by the following gentlemen : 

Rev. A. Carr, M.A., late Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, one of the 

Masters of Wellington College. 
Rev. Professor A. B. Davidson, D.D., Edinburgh. 
Rev. F. W. Farrar, D.D., Canon of IVestiiiijister, late Head Master 

of Marlborough College. 
Rev. A. F. KiRKPATRiCK, M.A., Felloto and Lecturer of Trinity 

College, Cambridge. 
Rev. J. J. Lias, M.A., Professor of English and Modern Languages, 

St David's College, Lampeter. 
Rev. J. R. LUMBY, B.D., Fello^u and Lecturer of Si Catharine's 

College, Cambridge. 
Rev. G. F. Maclear, D.D., Head Master of King' s Coll. School, London. 
Rev. H. C. G. MouLE, M.A., Fellow and Lecturer of Trinity Coll., Camb. 
Rev. W, F. MouLTON, D.D., Head Master of the Leys School, Cambridge. 
Rev. E. H. Perowne, D.D., Felloiu and Tutar of Corpus Chf-isti 

Coll., Cambridge, Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Norwich. 
Rev. T. T. Perowne, M.A., late Fellozu of Corpus Christi CollegCi 

Cambridge, Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Norwich. 
Rev. E. H. Plumptre, D.D., Professor of Biblical Exegesis, King's 

College, London. 
Rev. W. Sanday, M.A., Principal of Bishop Hatfield Hall, Durham. 
Rev. Professor Robertson Smith, M. A., St Andrew's. 
Rev. G. H. Whitaker, M.A., Felloav and Lecturer of St John's 

College, Cambridge. 



Noiv Ready. 

ST MARK, 

by the Rev. G. F. Maclear, D.D., (with 2 Maps) cloth, extra fcap. 

Svo. IS. 6d. 



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1 8 PUBLICATIONS OF 



THE PITT PRESS SERIES. 



" We discover ivitJiin the last jive years a laudable emulation antoNg 
publishers to produce handy, inexpensive, and satisfactory annotated texts 
of special portions of the best classical authors. No doubt the mature 
scholar prefers an entire edition of Virgil, Horace, Eiwipides, or even 
Lucan, and disdains extracts and selections ; yet not only are selections 
sei-viceable for the younger students needs, bttt -well-edited repaints of a book 
or a play are very convenient for the extra private reading of the sixth-form 

hoy or undergraduate We have before us sajnples of an equally handy 

and, in some instances, a more thorough ideal of this land of text-book in 
the volumes of the PITT PRESS SERIES, now being issued at Cam- 
bridge." — Saturday Review. 



I. GREEK. 

THE ANABASIS OF XENOPHON, Book III. 

With English Notes by Alfred Pretor, M.A., Fellow of 
St Catharine's College, Cambridge ; Editor of Persius and Cicero 
ad Atticutn Book i. Price 2s. 

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for the Local Examinations."— Times. 

BOOKS IV. AND V. By the same Editor. 

Price 2s. each. 

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Cambridge scholarship, with experience of what is required by learners gained in 
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London: Cambridge Warehouse, I'j Paternoster Roto. 



THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 19 

PITT PRESS SERIES {continued). 
EURIPIDES. HERCULES FURENS. With 

Introduclions, Notes and Analysis. By J. T. Hutchinson, B. A., 
Christ's College, Cambridge, and A. Gray, B.A., Fellow of 
Jesus College, Cambridge, Assistant Masters at Dulwich College. 
Cloth, extra fcap. 8vo. Price is. 

"INIessrs Hutchinson and Gray have produced a careful and useful edition.... 
Generally the editors of the play for this series pave the student's way by adequate 
notes wherever they are wanted. . . . The condensed note on v. 637 with reference to 
the connexion of the Chorus with the poet's old age, and the retrospect of his literary 
life, is very much to the purpose ; and, on the whole, this volume, like those with 
which we have grouped it, speaks very well for modern Cambridge scholarship." — 
Saturday Review. 

LUCIANI SOMNIUM CHARON PISCATOR 
ET DE LUCTU 

with English Notes. Edited for the Syndics of the University Press, by 
W. E. Heitland, M.A., Fellow and Lecturer of St John's College, 
Cambridge, Editor of Cicero pro Murena, &c. Extra fcap. 8vo. 

\_N'early ready. 



II. LATIN. 



BEDA'S ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, 

BOOKS III., IV., the Text printed from the very ancient MS. 
in the Cambridge University Library, and collated with six other 
MSS. Edited, with a life from the German of Ebert, and with 
Notes, Glossary, Onomasticon, and Index by J. E. B. Mayor, 
M.A., Professor of Latin, and J. R. Lumby, B.D., Fellow of 
St Catharine's College. \Nearly ready. 

P. VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS Liber X. 

Edited with Notes by A. Sidgwick, M.A. (late Fellow of 
Trinity College, Cambridge, Assistant Master in Rugby School). 
Cloth, extra fcap. 8vo. Price \s. 6d. 

BOOKS XI. AND XII. By the same Editor. 

Price IS. 6d. each. 

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BOOKS X., XL, XII. bound in one volume. 

P}-ice 3J-. dd. 

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PUBLICATIONS OF 



PITT PRESS SERIES {contimte(T). 
M. T. CICERONIS ORATIO PRO L. MURENA, 

with English Introduction and Notes. By W. E. Heitland, 
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bridge. Second Edition, carefully revised. Small 8vo. Price y. 

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M. T. CICERONIS IN O. CAECILIUM DIVI- 

NATIO ET IN C. VERREM ACTIO PRIMA. With Intro- 
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